Chapter 8 MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND INTERVENTIONS

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2 CHAPTER 8 MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND INTERVENTIONS 97 Chapter 8 MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND INTERVENTIONS t he management issues here are based on oca consutation and from information gathered during meetings with the oca communities. Issues are summarized in 3 perspectives namey: environmenta, socioeconomic, and ega and institutiona. Environmenta Issues Perhaps, the most common management issue among the 3 cities and 6 municipaities is coasta habitat destruction. Coasta habitat destruction is a resut of many factors one of which is anthropogenic stress on the resources. Human terrestria activities contribute to the degradation of the coasta resources. The increased dependence on the coasta resources prompts the resource users to use destructive means of resource utiization thus increasing degradation. Other environmenta issues are presented in Tabe 8.1. Socioeconomic Issues Among the socioeconomic issues in the profie are the ack of aternative iveihood to augment ow income resource users and the ack of environmenta education and information. Tabe 8.2 presents some of the issues refecting the socioeconomic conditions of the profie area. Lega and Institutiona Issues Lega and institutiona issues in the profie area center on governance and enforcement of coasta aws. The profie area and particuary the province of Negros Orienta is practicing an open access regime in resource utiization thus creating more stress and pressure on the coasta resources. Proper governance and enforcement of coasta aws may ensure the

3 98 Tabe 8.1. Environmenta issues and their causes. Issues Causes Destruction of habitat Use of destructive fishing gear Use of sodium cyanide and bast fishing and other destructive practices Harvesting of coras Conversion of mangroves into fishponds and human settements Port expansion Lack of awareness of the peope on the ecoogica and economicbenefits from the different habitats (i.e., mangroves, coras, and seagrasses) Poverty Ineffective enforcement of fishery and environmenta aws Unpanned deveopment in the coasta areas Unreguated tourism activities Sand extraction Water poution Gathering of tropica aquarium fish for commercia purposes Absence of coasta zoning of the municipa waters Overfishing De facto open access regime Unreguated use of fishing gear Use of destructive fishing gear Poverty Limited iveihood activities Lack of awareness of the peope Increase in number of resource users Absence of reguatory mechanisms to imit access to the sea Intrusion of commercia fishing vesses in the municipa waters Ineffective enforcement of fishery aws Absence of coasta zoning of the municipa waters Sitation Degradation of watersheds Sash and burn practices and improper agro-forestry practices Construction of buidings and other infrastructure in the foreshore area Quarrying activities Tabe 8.2. Socioeconomic issues and their causes. Issues Causes Poverty Low income of fishers Decining fisheries Limited iveihood options Low education Popuation pressure Popuation growth in the coasta area Limited iveihood activities Conficts with tourism Absence of reguatory mechanisms on tourism deveopment Poor infrastructure Limited funds of the government protection and sustainabiity of the coasta resources. Lega and institutiona issues existing in the profie area are enumerated in Tabe 8.3. MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS To address the environmenta, socioeconomic, and ega and institutiona issues confronting the profie area, one concrete intervention is panning. Impementation of CRM at the LGUs

4 CHAPTER 8 MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND INTERVENTIONS 99 Tabe 8.3. Lega and instutiona issues and their causes. Issues LGUs have not adjusted to their new responsibiities or do not have the capacity to address these responsibiities Intrusion of commercia fishing vesses and continued expoitation of the seas Iega titing of ands within the mangrove areas Dupication of functions and uncear deineation of powers and tasks of DA-BFAR, DENR, PNP, DILG on program impementation and aw enforcement Absence of comprehensive municipa fisheries ordinance Causes Lack of trained personne, financia resources, equipment, and poitica wi Lack of awareness on CRM Absence of CRM pans and fisheries ordinance Ineffective enforcement of aws Absence of cear deineation of municipa water boundaries Ineffective enforcement of aws on mangrove protection Absence of a nationa framework on CRM Lack of a cear set of roes for each nationa agency Lower eve awareness of oca government officias on fisheries egisation reies on a set of goas, objectives, and strategies. With the nature of issues and probems in the profie area, a comprehensive and muti-year CRM/ICM pan is needed. Once CRM/ICM pans are formuated, LGUs wi have a cear direction on how to manage their coasta areas. It wi aso faciitate resoution of confict between resource users. Formuation of ordinances wi aso be easier if pans are aready in paced. The pan can aso be used in everaging funds for iveihood activities. However, to ensure effective panning activity, community participation is inevitabe. Integrated Coasta (ICM) ICM panning is a process of anayzing the interactions and needs of resources, economic activities, and society, incuding probems and opportunities in the designated panning area or zone and proposing future actions. It is a process of organizing ideas and resources to make things happen. Two questions are important to be answered in panning: (1) What do you want to happen? and (2) How do you want it to happen? The panning framework is iustrated in Figure 8.1. An ICM pan for any area (barangay, municipaity or city, muti-municipa wide) requires the foowing basic contents to be a good pan: 1. Description of the area provides background information. This can incude geography, demography, important coasta resources and their condition, socioeconomic status of the peope, institutions and aws, and other reevant information for management. 2. Maps of different scaes are needed. Incude a map of the entire area and detaied maps of the coasta area with resource ocations and use patterns, existing management interventions, and other data.

5 100 Issues and Probems Environmenta Lega and Institutiona Socia Economic Strengths and Opportunities VISION, MISSION, and GOAL Objectives for Genera Specific Information, Education and Communication Options (Programs) Fisheries Habitat Coasta Zoning Shoreine Enterprise & Liveihood Coasta Tourism Waste Lega Arrangements & Institutiona Deveopment Watershed Community Organizing Poicies & Reguatory Mechanisms Strategies 1 Activities Schedue, Budget, Responsibe Agencies 2 Activities Schedue, Budget, Responsibe Agencies 3 Activities Schedue, Budget, Responsibe Agencies Administration and Coordination of Impementation Pan Impementation Impementing Structure Budget Operationa Pan Participatory Monitoring & Evauation Figure 8.1. Strategic panning framework. 3. issues must be ceary stated aong with their contributing causes and factors. Trends in decine of resources can be used to iustrate issues of concerns. 4. Goas and objectives shoud derive from the main issues. The goa is broad whie each objective must be achievabe and measurabe within the 3-to-5-year ife of the pan. 5. Strategies and actions are the heart of the pan. One strategy and severa actions with assigned responsibiities shoud address each major issue. A strategy is a we-conceived means to sove a probem. The actions impement the strategy. Actions can be budgeted. 6. Institutiona and ega framework is needed to support pan impementation. This section expains what institution is responsibe and why as supported by aw. 7. Timeine for impementation heps organize a responsibe parties to impement the pan. 8. Monitoring and evauation must be incuded as a set of activities to provide feedback on pan impementation and impact on environment. Foowing are some of the basic programs and strategies on coasta management. A number of strategies have been proven technicay feasibe and are being impemented in some LGUs. However, aside from ooking at the technica feasibiity of each program and strategy, socia acceptabiity is aso important. Note that the success of program impementation ies in both technica feasibiity and socia acceptabiity.

6 CHAPTER 8 MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND INTERVENTIONS 101 Strategies are not excusive to 1 program. There are strategies that can be used in 2 or more programs, such as the estabishment of sanctuary - a strategy in fisheries management and in habitat management. There are aso cross-cutting strategies, such as IEC and community organizing, that are appicabe in a programs. The strategies can be operationaized through specific activities and actions. In January 1999, the Negros Learning Area of the CRMP sponsored a 2-day Strategic Review and Panning Workshop attended by eected officias and technica personne of CRMP-covered LGUs and representatives of nationa and provincia government offices. At the workshop, the participants recognized the need to integrate a their efforts and management programs into a CRM pan, and for a communa fishing ground bordered by 2 or more LGUs, a baywide CRM pan is inevitabe. The participants aso recognized that it wi be easier to manage their municipa waters if they wi deineate zones for specific uses. In the profie area, CRM panning is now being undertaken by the LGUs in Manjuyod, Bais, Tanjay, Aman, San Jose, and Bacong. The panning process started with the conduct of Participatory CRM Panning Workshop attended by representatives of different stakehoders in each of the LGU. During workshops, working drafts of the CRM pan in the 6 LGUs, incuding proposed zonation scheme of their respective municipa waters with broad reguatory mechanisms and poicies, were prepared. The workshops provided the participants with a working knowedge of what strengths and opportunities they have with regard to the use and management of their resources. Mutisectora Technica Working Groups (TWGs), composed of representatives from the different coasta stakehoders were convened in each of the LGU. In Manjuyod, the TWG is headed by the Sangguniang Bayan Chair on Environment and Natura Resources, in Bais by the City Panning and Deveopment Coordinator, in Tanjay by the Vice-Mayor, in Aman by the Municipa Interior and Loca Government Operations Officer (MILGOO), in San Jose by the Chair of the Association of Barangay Captains (ABC), and in Bacong by the Chair of the FARMC. The TWGs were tasked to conduct and faciitate community and sectora consutations and draft their respective CRM pan. A the LGUs, except Bais which opted to have a different process, went through the process of participatory panning by foowing the stages iustrated in Figure 8.2. During the community consutation, the TWGs were guided by a set of questions to ensure smoothness of the fow and minimize unreated discussions. Possibe Interventions for the Municipaities and Cities in the Profie Area The goa of CRM is to upift the iving condition of the coasta dweers through the rehabiitation of coasta habitats and rejuvenation of fisheries resources and the proper management of different human activities that have direct and indirect impact on the

7 102 Figure 8.2. The participatory CRM panning process. coasta area. Tabe 8.4 shows the common programs, objectives, and strategies, based on the draft CRM pans of the LGUs in the profie area that wi be impemented to address the environmenta, socioeconomic, and ega and institutiona issues confronting their coasta environment. The strategies are not excusive to 1 program. There are strategies that are common to 2 or more programs. The estabishment of a sanctuary, for exampe, is a strategy in both fisheries management and habitat management. There are aso cross-cutting strategies, such as IEC and community organizing, that are necessary in a programs. The strategies are operationaized through specific activities and actions. The programs and their constituent strategies make the greatest contribution to the ong-term rehabiitation and deveopment of the profie area s coasta resources. LGUs reinforce each other in addressing the issues and probems in the area, thus making management cost-effective.

8 CHAPTER 8 MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND INTERVENTIONS 103 Tabe 8.4. Common management programs, objectives, and strategies. Program Fisheries and Habitat Coasta Zoning Shoreine Coasta Tourism Objectives To increase productivity of fishery resources in order to achieve food security To protect, conserve, and rehabiitate existing habitats To improve productivity and biodiversity of coras, seagrasses, mangroves and estuaries To reguate access to the municipa waters and reserve its resources for the benefit of the municipa fishers To reguate the expoitation of fisheries resources and imit fishing efforts to sustainabe eves To ensure the rationa and sustainabe deveopment and management of the fishery resources To deveop monitoring, contro, and surveiance mechanisms and strengthen aw enforcement units To ensure equity in fisheries expoitation To deineate zones for specific uses or activities in the municipa waters To eiminate use confict in the utiization of the municipa waters To reguate activities in the different zones To protect the shoreine from further degradation due to destructive activities To maintain access of the peope to foreshore area To reguate activities in the foreshore area that woud affect the condition of the shore To minimize erosion and oss of beach to natura and human induced forces To provide economic incentives for the municipaity and the coasta communities by optimizing the tourism potentia of certain areas To deveop oca capabiity in ecotourism projects that contribute to better coasta management and community deveopment To deveop incentives for resource conservation Strategies Estabishment and management of marine protected areas or fish/marine sanctuaries of mangroves under the Community-Based Forest (CBFM) framework Designation of cosed season in harvesting siganids during their spawning season Protection of seagrass beds by reguating fishing activities destructive to the habitat Licensing and permitting of fishers, fishing gear, and fishing boats Sustainabe management of coasta aquacuture Reguation on the depoyment, use of, and access to artificia reefs Reguation of the construction and operation of fish corras Restriction of commercia fishing vesses in the municipa waters Enforcement of environmenta and fisheries aws Deineation of municipa waters boundaries Designation of zones for specific uses such as for strict protection, rehabiitation, sustainabe capture fisheries, sustainabe aquacuture, tourism, trade and navigation, etc. Setting up and maintenance of coasta setbacks for a deveopment Construction and maintenance of seawas Watershed management Reguation on the number of tourism faciities and activities Maintenance of waste disposa faciities Ecotourism product deveopment Visitor education and management User fees and appropriate business deveopment continued

9 104 Tabe 8.4. continued Enterprise and Liveihood Waste Lega Arrangements and Institutiona Deveopment To deveop aternative and suppement empoyment of fishers in order to reduce fishing effort and pressure on the sea To diversify income source of the fishers to reduce dependence on fishing To deveop environment-friendy enterprise and iveihood projects To eiminate or minimize the potentia adverse impact of wastes on human and environmenta heath To improve mechanisms and arrangements for oca governance on coasta management To enhance community participation in coasta management panning, egisation, impementation, monitoring and evauation To strengthen environmenta and fishery aw enforcement To improve the deivery of coasta management-reated services To strengthen network and inkage with other LGUs, nationa government, internationa and oca organizations, and community and peope s organizations Identification and impementation of environment-friendy and economicay-feasibe projects Identification of beneficiaries Conduct of water quaity monitoring Domestic waste segregation Sewage waste treatment, especiay for tourism and industria faciities Legisation of comprehensive CRM ordinance Formation and strengthening of peope s organizations Strengthening of FARMC and Bantay Dagat, and training of fish wardens Monitoring, contro and surveiance Training and staff deveopment on CRM SUMMARY Athough much remains to be done, the Negros Orienta profie area has accompished a great dea in its efforts to bring the natura resources of the profie area under integrated, sustainabe management for the benefit of the peope who rey on those resources. In essence, the successes achieved in Negros Orienta are the resut of a sound management process and the participation of the stakehoders. Negros Orienta can provide a mode, essons, and encouragement to other areas of the Phiippines wishing to undertake comanagement of their coasta resources for their own benefit and that of future generations.