Value Engineering and its role in energy efficiency in educational buildings

Transcription

1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2013 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, 4 (7): Science Explorer Publications Value Engineering and its role in energy efficiency in educational buildings Hossein Refahi¹,Maryam Taghvaee Yazdi² 1.Department of Elctrical Engineering,Aliabad Katoul Branch,Islamic Azad University,Aliabad Katoul,Iran 2.Department of Management,Aliabad Katoul Branch,Islamic Azad University,Aliabad Katoul,Iran Corresponding Author h_refahi_28@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Figures show that about 37 percent of total energy in the building sector's energy that has been increasing by an average increase of about 7%. Energy in buildings of 6/2 times the developed countries and is estimated 310 kwh per square meter per year. And while, in developed countries this rate is equivalent to 120 kilowatt-hours per square meter. According to the existing problems, various organizations are seeking solutions for energy efficiency and demand side management. In this paper, the purpose is use of value engineering activities leads to reduced energy and optimization in the Aliabad Katool Branch of Islamic Azad University. In this first phase of the project, the identification, analysis, design should be reviewed. Establishment of Value Engineering Committee moreover spacing and prepare the necessary steps to implement value engineering, will be caused to perform the project reasonable and appropriate in the context of macroeconomic policies in the Islamic Azad University. Keywords: Value Engineering, Educational Institutions, Optimization, Modeling, Intelligent Control Systems. INTRODUCTION In cases that competition concept in reduce costs and optimization energy had cast its heavy shadow on business supply, and governmental and non-governmental organizations to survival motivation and stability in their professional world are trying to minimize costs and maximize quality and profitability and for this purpose, in a competitive market, research and academic programs of work to improve and optimize the performance of each of its facilities was inevitable, and requires the use of value engineering techniques will be felt, that also caused to increased profits and reduced manufacturing costs. History of Value Engineering Creation of value engineering is back to the years following World War II, in General Electric Company by Mr. "Lawrence Miles" due to the lack of original material and special materials in industrial production, and then used in maritime. Then in the 80th decade its use was also considered in most contracts for architectural, engineering, and construction. Introduction of Value Engineering Value Engineering (Value Engineering) is an organized attempt with the aim of study and analyze all activities of a project (Since the formation of initial thought to the design and implementation and then commissioning and operation) can be done, and has been known as one of the most efficient and most economical methods in engineering activities. Conversely, value engineering offer, information, and identification of problem areas, propose and develop methods and initiatives projects, develop new ideas and combining the holistic view that is going to be suggested.

2 Comparison of energy of buildings in Iran and Europe #$! " Figure 1. plot structure of energy in Iran and Europe According to the researches of Studies Office and Utilization of Energy Organization of Iran, energy in Iran s buildings is about 4 times the average of European countries, 21% of energy in buildings floors, 26 percent in exterior walls and 3 percent in the walls of the stairs is wasted. Educational buildings in Islamic Azad University of Aliabad Katool Islamic Azad University of Aliabad Katool that is founded more than 32 years ago, is provided educational services to about 8,000 students in undergraduate and graduate courses in different educational levels in the range of about 20 hectares with several buildings scattered around the foundation with approximately 40 thousand square meters. Room of the facility heating - cooling of buildings is also scattered in the number of 9 units in which them heat - cooling facility has been installed. The share of energy supplies The share of various supplies in electricity of a building or a training set is approximately according to the following table Table 1. the contribution of different means in a building's energy Lamp types Optical efficiency (watts / lumen) Useful life (hours) Filament Fluorescent Mercury Electronic ballast fluorescent (CFL)

3 Table 2. Consumption power of conventional supplies in a building Means name Power (watts) Filament lamp r 100 Long fluorescent lamp 40 Short fluorescent lamps 20 Water Cooler (on average) 500 Gas cooler (on average) 2000 Electric Heater (on average) 2000 Radiator (for 150 people) Burner2500+Pump2200 Refrigerator (10 feet) 150 Ordinary photocopies 750 Personal computer (PC) 100 Lift (6 members) 6000 Points of expensive and high-opportunity in the educational building According to the survey of university site from the perspective of consumer equipment used in each of the colleges, equal to value engineering techniques points of expensive and high-opportunity in the educational building is studied professional and investigated techniques in order to strategic options and new ideas to reduce energy, and optimization the use of electronic equipment at the point of value engineering, and also the key role of value engineering in a number of following cases is examined in this article. Standby Energy Use of CFL for lighting of buildings peak filing (using the diesel units at peak times) Using of intelligent management systems in lighting control systems Remove unnecessary consumer Applying value engineering in the engine rooms thorough of intelligent systems Use of electrical equipment with lower Management of electric energy saving based on peak amplitude control Use of solar lamp for illumination University site Saving in costs of systems maintenance Using of BMC (Building Management System) Annual income by using the sale of electricity at peak times using diesel generators Cauterization Executive ideas Due to the obtained points of expensive and high-opportunity in the educational building, this article is only studied the effects of application of 6 saving opportunities in electric energy in the educational buildings along with economic analysis, which can be seen in Table 3. Table 3. Saving opportunities in the studied electrical energy Number Title of saving opportunity 1 Standby Energy 2 Peak filing (use of diesel generators in the unit at the time of between load and peak load) 3 Annual income by using the sale of electricity at peak times using diesel generators 4 Applying value engineering in the engine rooms thorough of intelligent systems 5 Use of CFL for lighting of buildings 6 Use of electrical equipment with lower Standby Energy in Iran Energy in the Lack of operation of electrical equipment and standby mode is one of the important topics in value engineering in the use of electrical equipment. Energy dissipation in the standby mode devices is in a wide range of significant and due to the lack of operational of this equipment in this case will result in higher losses and reduced efficiency of the set. Attitude to the use of very small and very large scale systems design and in terms of value engineering, has led the leaders of the country's energy into deep studies in control and management of standby energy, for better understanding of this energy (according to figure 4 and 5) can be referred to the energy of television in standby mode that is an average of 11 watts (for TV inside of Iran). It should be said; the old devices had a lot of applications in standby mode and sometimes are equal with the energy of new devices standby working. Computer, printer, phone by electric feeding, mobile charger,

4 charge of DVD electrical appliances, audio, remote and video iphone, are equipment that use electrical energy in a standby mode. Device Name Table 4. The use of electronic equipment in standby in Iran Consumption power Device standby time per day Throughout the and night country (MW) Energy throughout the country (GWH) Day Month Year TV DVD Microwave Computer Monitor Printers Speakers Electrical phone Mobile charger Sum Table 5. The use of electronic equipment in standby in Iran Device Name Consumption Power (W) Conventional television 15 DVD Players 11 Microwave 30 Computer 15 Conventional Monitor 8 Laser Printer 9 Computer speakers 9 Wireless telephone answering 3.5 Mobile charger 0.9 Scanner A- Now, if we assume 18 hours standby working mode for this equipment, it would be about daily 3168 MWh and yearly 1,156 GWH of energy consumed. B- Consumption in transformers feeding equipment in no-load mode, control circuit electronic board, LED display showing time the device is in standby mode, are such cases that will Cause of energy in equipping in standby mode. Electrical equipment of energy in standby mode in Islamic Azad University of Aliabad Katool branch The important point is the function rate of device in standby mode during the day and night. For example, television approximately 18 hours, computers in general 16 hours, printers 20 hours are in standby mode, that most of administrative and executive entities don t use special this equipment in this case. Table 6 shows the estimation the amount of device s used energy in standby mode during the month and the year. Table 6. energy-consuming equipment in standby mode at the Islamic Azad University of Aliabad Katool Device Name Consumption Power Standby hours per day and night Device s energy in the month (W) Energy in the year (W) Computer , TV , Conventional , Monitor Laser Printer Computer , speakers Scanner , Audio rack , Table of comparison applying value engineering and cost estimates of energy in mid-load and peak-load in standby devices, in Islamic Azad University of Aliabad Katool

5 All electrical devices in all faculties of the academic unit are listed and equal to Table (4) re-calculate energy and ultimately obtain the reduce rate of energy by applying value engineering. Due to applying value engineering will provide reduce energy at least 174,240 W up to W, that this rate is equal to of square meter base and is significant figure. Table 7. Comparison table of applying value engineering and cost estimates of energy of unit standby equipment Device Name Consumption power (W) Standby hours per day and Number of existing equipment in Device energy per energy per year (W) Reduce energy mid-load (Rials) Reduce energy peak- load(rials) night unit month (W) Computer TV Conventional Monitor Laser Printer Computer Speakers Scanner Audio rack ,2 Video projector Cooler Total sum (Rials) 5,769,738 11,539,484 The use of diesel generators (peak filing) Value engineering techniques in annually electricity, mid-load hours Annual electricity in this academic unit is kwh. Due to the rate of mid-load hours we have: in mid-load hour 83350kwh *190=1583 Rials, in mid-load hours *12= Rials, reduce electricity costs in mid-load hours in the year by counting 190 Rials rate that according to the chart the most used is related to mid-load mode, 190rials is considered as the price per kwh. Annual diesel fuel of diesel generator 45 liters per 50% load 67 liters per 75% load 92 liters per 100% load Also, due to the fact that diesel generators have been calculated for the entire load, as a result is calculated in 50% load of the diesel : in every one hour 45 liters in 50% load is generators fuel, which annual amount of fuel for these two devices can be calculated as fallowing: 45 * 30 * 12= litr/year By assuming the average price per liter of diesel fuel about 1500 Rials, the needed cost to provide annual fuel for these two devices is as follows: 16200*1500= Rials If maintenance costs per three months service be equal to Rials, we have: *4= The total cost of generator diesel during annually mid-load is equal to: = Rials Title 50 % load Table 8. total cost of generator diesel, including annually service and maintenance Fuel (liters) Monthly cost (Rials) Annual cost (Rials) Maintenance and service cost (Rials) The total annual cost (Rials) %

6 The cost of mid-load by using of diesel & O ( ( $) '$ $ Figure 3. the costs of mid-load and peak- load in 4 hours by using of diesel The role of value engineering in annual income from the sale of electricity at peak load by using of diesel generators Due to desubsidazation of energy cart, one of the ways to return invests is selling energy to the electricity distribution companies in peak-load. As it is announced previously in done calculations in cost reduction of electricity, and due to the peak-load is from 18 to 22 p.m., in fact educational classes are closed at this hours, so by assuming of selling electricity during 4 hours of peak have: 83350kwh/30= kwh Kwh in 4 hours of peak times kwh*380*30* 12= Cost savings of power sales in peak times Kwh of (peak-load) kwh Table 9. Profitability of selling electricity in mid-load by deduction of all costs Kwh of 4 hours Monthly profitability Annual profitability The total annual profitability of (Rials) (Rials) cost (Rials) selling electricity in (peak-load) peak times, kwh including all costs

7 $ (- ( $$- & & O %&& $ ( (./0 & % ($ An( $)load hours !$ $,-$ /0 ( $ Figure 4 and 5. Graph of revenue through the sale and use of generator diesel * $) , ( -$ ,-$./ ($ Figure 6. Graph of total cumulative savings Applying value engineering in the engine rooms by using of intelligent systems Intelligent building is the building that its all controlling subsystems has been designed and implemented according to predefined logical framework and appropriate with the usage of construction. Control process in the intelligent building is done through the control systems, that operated itself intelligently and constantly are in direct relation and interact with each other and finally, is the supplier and designer of user needs in order to achieve their goal of creating intelligent buildings. One of the most famous open standards design of intelligent buildings, is a Native BACnet standard, by implementation of this standard within the controller of local independent (DDC Controllers) and by planning them will be provided the ability to control all systems of SACS, LIGHTING, VAV, HVAC, fully independent and can be controlled via central processor and will be created the communication and coordination in order to interact with each other. In this line the vast variety of analog and digital control signals (Universal I / O) either the input or the output will be covered.

8 Benefits of Intelligent Systems A) Convenience: The most important factor in the use of intelligent systems, creating convenience for the building's residents. This means that each resident based on their taste preferences to control the lighting, temperature, and other subsystems of intelligent building can create a pleasant environment. B) Optimization: Another goal in the use of intelligent systems is to optimize energy. With this system, the energy is used always reasonable and due to the comprehensive control, the loss is significantly reduced. Studies show that by using a correct control logic will be reduced by 40 percent of the energy used in the intelligent buildings. C) Reduce costs: Because the energy is controlled completely, the price paid is close to an acceptable level of useful energy. This means that the user only pays the actual cost of the energy required. Figure 2. Principles of optimization of fuel and energy through intelligent control systems of powerhouse Independency of system performance of the base area of the building despite the above methods, intelligent control systems powerhouse have unique and distinctive features of "independency of function is of the area of the building.in other words, in the powerhouse of every building, regardless of its size; only by install of one device at a fixed and least cost, the powerhouse will be intelligent. According to research conducted at the level of the engine rooms of the country in more than 99% of existing buildings the number of boilers and burners is a maximum of 3 units. In the small building by the area of 2000 square meters, thermal capacity of burners and boilers is low and about kcal / h, and by increasing building area with the constant number of boiler and burner, thermal capacity increases, and even reach around kcal / h or more. According to figure (2) each output of burner or pump in intelligent control systems of engine rooms is in the form that has been placed in serial (series) in the electrical circuit of this equipment, and regardless of the load current and ampere control them by ON / OFF order in due time. Value engineering solutions in reducing standby energy Cauterization One of the best solutions to reduce the standby power is consumers knowledge of it and recommend in order to unplug of these supplies when are not needed to function. It is needed to hold effectively Culturization and planning and educational workshops for employees in the campus. The knowledge of positive effects of regarding this culture in reduce cost of unit is required to faster decrease the. Turning off the computer, printer and office supplies in except office hours and during the weekend so that will be out of standby mode. As an administrative instruction to staff turning off the television in the guest house during the absence at there and other appliances were not only reduce energy but also will cause the longevity of the equipment. Using of Electrical sockets that made it easier to disconnect the equipment when don t need them and standardization would be very effective on a large scale. Understanding the need for a general mobilization of all partners in this field is required. Using of electrical equipment with low Lack of buying equipment with the high by the university, and sell or exchange equipment with high that these days even in developed countries exchange this equipment for free. At present, some developed countries reached the grade of A and A + and A ++ in energy label that shows more interest in this field

9 and will be able to achieve good results. Some research results show the economical saving in the replacement new device with the old appliance for free on the overall level of society that is due to the function of correction new equipment. For example, in the past few years improved of refrigeration system has led to reduce of 290 kwh to 980 kwh annually. [7] Benefits of using of CFL Long life and low energy are among the major advantages that are proposed the CFL lamps as new methods of energy management in order to replace with filament lamp. During the past 10 years technical advancements in technology of this type of lamp caused to improve the quality of light, eliminating the flicker phenomenon, smaller in size, reducing the sustained time and cost reduction and have been sales growth unutterable. It is estimated that between 2000 and 2004 the growth of CFL sales was up to 443% (from approximately 21 million sold bulbs in 2000 reached to about 93 million sold bulbs in 2004). This figure rose in 2007 to about 397 million sold bulbs that in compared to sales of 2006 approximately is two-fold. China that is also count as the largest producer of CFLs, in 2006, has produced two billion CFLs (equivalent to 85% of the total lamp / about 4 producers in the world). CONCLUSION However, in this paper we did not use the full value engineering techniques, to achieve energy savings targets should be given factors that by value engineering help and implementing them, using of energy optimization is achieved, these factors are: 1 - The use of intelligent systems and its installation in the engine rooms. 2 Use of Photocell systems where traffic is limited. 3 - Try to use bulbs of low-watt and high brightness known to low lamps. 4 In order to correction of power coefficient about fluorescent lamps, use of accumulator with the appropriate capacity. At the present age and at the end of energy resources, the importance of management in the electricity industry caused to study the consideration to low in the large scale such as energy of equipment in standby mode that has great effect on energy. According this to reduce the rate of devices energy in standby mode, practical and cultural solutions are suggested: 1 Culturization for different levels of society. 2- Turning off computer, printer, and administrative devices in the hours except of working hours and weekends, so that come out of standby mode. 3 - Setting administrative guidelines for staff. 4 - Utilization sockets keyed easier to cut supplies in the conditions of no need them. 5 Due to the value engineering solutions to reduce the standby power, will provide reduction of between least 174,240 watts up to 13,824,000 watts in standby energy of electrical devices of unit, which is equal to energy of 115,200 square meter foundation, which is significant figure. 6 - Cost savings for the sale of electricity at peak by use of generator diesel only in 4 hours in peak times will be Rials savings. REFERENCES Alison T, Joan G, Jeffrey H.2004 Alan Federal Purchasing: Leading the Market for "Meier IEEE" Low Standby Products Dr Bouzar J Ghasemi Calculate and compare pricing of provide water heater using solar energy and fossil energy of buildings, facades, "Journal of Construction Engineering Organization profit, No , October - December Dr Bouzar J Ghasemi. et al. Modeling, monitoring, optimization and comparison of energy in public buildings with internal and external standards Dr Bouzar J Ghasemi Management role in reducing the energy spent in the library new building of Esfahan University, facade "Journal of Engineering Organization, No , February Kristien C Ief Pardon, Johan Driesen Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"Standby Power Consumption in Belgium"Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, EPQU th International Conference on 11-9 Oct. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Fuel Conservation in Buildings, February Tehran. Report of the Office of Culture and Communication, Optimization of fuel, December Site of Energy Research Laboratory, Berkeley University Chairman's speech of optimization fuel organization in Malek Ashtar University, February Site of Federal U.S. Department of Energy: The Energy Efficiency Organization, Energy Friends Network Annual Conference, 2001.