Looking to a Sustainable Water Management in Asia

Transcription

1 WEPA International Workshop February 18, Reap Looking to a Sustainable Water Management in Asia Motoyuki Suzuki Advisor to WEPA suzuki@ouj.ac.jp

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4 Human Impacts in Asia Ulaanbaatar Beijing Seoul Tokyo Shanghai New Delhi Kathmandu Dakka Taipei Hanoi Bangkok Siem Reap Manila Phnon Penh Colombo Kuala Lumpur Singapore Melekeok Jakarta Port Molesby

5 Water Environment Crisis The water environment crisis in the world will be more and more serious mainly because of rapid increase of population and economic activities. Deterioration of water resources in quantity and in quality will certainly limit future achievement of sustainable development. Lack of reliable information on the water environment and its complicated structure hinder timely and effective decision making.

6 To Realize Sustainable Water Environment DPSIR structures of Water Environment Problems Information: Factbase/database, statistics, etc. Local Characteristics: Geographical/Climatic Conditions, Anthropogenic/Cultural/Traditional/Indigenous Backgrounds, etc. Sustainable Systems For Future Generations Countermeasures: Legal/economic policy options, available technologies, changing way of living Assessment: Concept, Optimization, objective function, etc

7 DPSIR structure: Water Environment Problems Driving force (Basic causes) Population increase, economic development, lifestyle changes, development of agricultural/industrial activities, etc. Pressure to water environment Waste emissions from human livings, industrial wastewaters, agro chemicals, excess fertilizer use, land use change, excess consumption of water, diminishing available water resources, etc. State change Bacteria/virus contamination, organic pollution causing heterotrophic growth, algae growtheutrophication, loss of aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity, heavy metal accumulation Impact to human activities Occurrence of infectious diseases, drinking water deterioration, degradation of fishery productivity, contaminated aquatic products, loss of recreational values Response (Policies) Macro policies Identification of sustainable human activity vision, Amendment of current paradigms Environmental policies Laws and acts for conservation of environment, Technology development for removal and mitigation Monitoring, analysis, awareness, value added information, Recovery of degraded environment Social systems Compensation, recovery, Technology development M. Suzuki

8 Factors Influencing Water Qualities in Basin Area Sun Light Water Quality Model in Eutrophicated Water Body Sun Light Volatile OrganicsAeration IC Oxygen Precipitation Sources Forest, Mountainous Area Flow Organincs, N, P, IC, SS IC, N, P Sediment, Dissolvd Orgaanics Flow Algae Heterotrophs Metabolites Organics IC, Metabolites Sedimentation Algae Metabolites, IC, P Metabolites recurrence Sedimentation Aerobic/Anaerobic Agriculture, Stockbreediing. Evaporation Anthropogenic Sphere Water supply Rivers Public Water Body Receiving water body M. Suzuki

9 Water Withdrawals per Capita, m 3 /person/year 10,000 Fresh Water Resources and Withdrawal in Asia/Oceania (2000) USA 1,000 DIA (Domestic+ Industry+ Agriculture) 100 Sri Lanka Germany Korea Japan China Philippines Thailand Nepal Indonesia Vietnam Myanmar Lao PDR Cambodia Malaysia Increasing Economic Activity Population Increase Falkenmark s Criteria Renewable Water 1,700 m 3 /person/day Resources per Capita, ,000 10, ,000 m 3 /person/year Q

10 Population (million) Population trends in WEPA countries (UNDESA, Population Div.) China USA Indonesia Japan Philippines Viet Nam Germany Thailand Korea Myanmar Nepal Malaysia SriLanka Cambodia

11 Percentage of Population Residing in Urban Areas (UNDESA: World Urban Prospect (2009)) Korea USA Germany Malaysia Japan Philippines China Indonesia Thailand Myanmar Lao PDR Viet Nam Cambodia Nepal

12 Economic Development in Asian Countries ( GDP per Capita (1991 USD) USA Germany Japan Korea Malaysia Thailand China Indonesia SriLanka Philippines Lao PDR Vietnam Cambodia Nepal

13 Economic Development in Asian Countries ( GDP per Capita (1991 USD) Urban Environment Problems Compressed Industrial Pollution Environmental Problems Poverty Level < $2/day Global Climate USA Germany Japan Korea Malaysia Thailand China Indonesia SriLanka Philippines Lao PDR Vietnam Cambodia Nepal

14 Per Capita Domestic and Industrial Withdrawal of Water 1000 Withdrawal per Capita (m 3 /year) WD=0.485GDP WI=0.033GDP Domestic Demand Industrial Demand GDP per Capita (1991 USD) From David Seckler et al: IWMI Research Report 19 (1998), World Water Demand and Supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues, Figure 4

15 Per Capita Domestic Withdrawal of Water 1000 Withdrawal per Capita (m 3 /year) Indonesia Philippines WD=0.485GDP China Sri Lanka Thailand Laos Vietnam Nepal Cambodia Malaysia USA Japan Korea Germany Domestic withdrawal in WEPA countries ( ) FAO: AQUASTAT Domestic Demand GDP per Capita (1991 USD) From David Seckler et al: IWMI Research Report 19 (1998), World Water Demand and Supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues, Figure 4

16 Per Capita Industrial Withdrawal of Water Withdrawal per Capita (m 3 /year) Philippines Sri Lanka Vietnam Laos WI=0.033GDP Cambodia Malaysia China Thailand Indonesia Korea USA Germany Japan Nepal Industrial Demand Industrial withdrawal in WEPA countries ( ) FAO: AQUASTAT GDP per Capita (1991 USD) From David Seckler et al: IWMI Research Report 19 (1998), World Water Demand and Supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues, Figure 4

17 Coverage of City Water and Sewerage Systems in Japan 100 Population Coverage (%) City Water On site Treatment, Jokaso 2000 Large scale Sewerage Systems GDP per Capita (1991 USD)

18 Urban Population Proportion versus GDP per Capita (UN DESA Pop. Div.) GDP per Capita (1991 USD)

19 To Realize Sustainable Water Environment DPSIR structures of Water Environment Problems Countermeasures: Legal/economic policy options, available technologies, changing way of living Assessment: Concept, Optimization, objective function, etc Information: Factbase/database, statistics, etc. Sustainable Systems For Future Generations Local Characteristics: Geographical/Climatic Conditions, Anthropogenic/Cultural/Traditional/Indigenous Backgrounds, etc. WEPA Project

20 db.net/index.htm Activities/documents First Phase ( ) Dialogues with member countries for Information Sharing Linkage with WWFs Annual Meetings and Workshops State of water / Organizational arrangement /Legislative framework / Background / Law enforcement / Cases Database Database of technologies in operation / Information on appropriate technologies Activities by NGOs and CBOs / Governmental activities Various sources of water related information, Global level / Asia regional level / National level

21 Second Phase ( ) Knowledge Sharing for Solutions Review of Water Environmental Management Starting with Two Fields of Topics Domestic Wastewater Treatment Climate Change and Water Environment Identification of Specific Issues to be discussed Experiences Sharing and Knowledge Sharing among Member Countries through Solution Findings through: Workshops, Bilateral meetings, Annual meetings etc. Development of Twinning Programmes for Capacity Empowerment etc.

22 Common Challenges : Some of the Issues identified by WEPA Partner Countries Legislation and Organization: Detailed systems and capacity development required in order to implement a legislative framework Identification of proper paths for a new form of development, leap frog approaches Ensuring implementation of proper monitoring and data management Adequate settings of water quality standards/effluent standards Coordination among relevant water organizations and regulations Partnership among NGOs, GOs and various stakeholders, Cooperation between member countries, etc. Water quality management at the basin level Integrated management?, upstream/downstream relations, diversified stakeholders, multiphase problems, long range optimization, etc.

23 Third Phase?? Should be discussed at the Annual Meeting of the Governing Board, 19 th afternoon.

24 International Trends of Water Management Activities 1972 UNCHE, Stockholm: Declaration of UNCHE 1992 UNCED, Rio de Janeiro: Agenda Int. Conf. on Water and Env. (ICWE): Dublin Principle 2000 UN Millennium Summit, NY Millennium Development Goal (MDG) WEPA 2002 WSSD (Rio+10), Johannesburg 2003 WWF3, Kyoto POI, upgrading MDG st Phase 2012 UNCSD (Rio+20), Rio de Janeiro nd Phase Outcome Document: The Future We Want 2015 Target Year of MDG Discussion platform on Post 2015 UN Water: UN related organizations UNSGAB: Advisory Board to Secretary General Issues 1. Safe drinking water and sanitation 2. Wastewater management and pollution prevention, water quality 3. Integrated water resources management and water use efficiency

25 Challenges for Sustainable Water Use To clarify structural relations between expanding human activities, including domestic, industrial and agricultural activities, and water environment so that appropriate responses may be identified. To promote awareness of citizens and all the stakeholders and to raise the political will to meet commitments to achieve the sustainable water environment. To integrate/structuralize diverse information on the water environment and to disseminate in a systematic manner To develop criteria for the formulation of policies and technological measures for achieving a sustainable water environment

26 2013 is the Year of Water Cooperation