Annual Report INTRODUCTION

Transcription

1 Annual Report INTRODUCTION The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted as Central Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (CBPCWP) on 22nd September, 1974 under the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and later under The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Amendment Act 1988 (No. 53 of 1988) its name was amended as Central Pollution Control Board. The main functions of CPCB, as spelt out in The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, are: (i) To promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States through prevention, control and abatement of water pollution; and, (ii) To improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country. The Central Pollution Control Board has been playing a key role in abatement and control of pollution in the country by generating relevant data, providing scientific information, rendering technical inputs for formation of national policies and programmes, training and development of manpower and through activities for promoting awareness at different levels of the Government and Public at large. 1.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD In addition to the main functions of promoting cleanliness of streams and wells and improving the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution, CPCB has been assigned following functions: Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of water and air pollution and improvement of the quality of air; Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution; Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them; Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of water and air pollution, and for their prevention, control or abatement; Plan and organise training of persons engaged in programmes for prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution; Organise through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme on

2 prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution; Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air pollution and the measures devised for their effective prevention, control or abatement; Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts; Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution and their prevention and control; Lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State Governments concerned, the standards for stream or well, and lay down standards for the quality of air; Establish or recognize laboratories to enable the Board to perform, and; Perform such other functions as and when prescribed by the Government of India. 1.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD AS STATE BOARD FOR THE UNION TERRITORIES Advise the Governments of Union Territories with respect to the suitability of any premises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to pollute a stream or well or cause air pollution; Lay down standards for treatment of sewage and trade effluents and for emissions from automobiles, industrial plants, and any other polluting source; Evolve efficient methods for disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land; Develop reliable and economically viable methods for treatment of sewage, trade effluents and air pollution control equipment; Identify any area or areas within Union Territories as air pollution control area or areas to be notified under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; and, Assess the quality of ambient air and water, and inspect wastewater treatment installations, air pollution control equipment, industrial plants or manufacturing processes to evaluate their performance and to take steps for the prevention, control and abatement of air and water pollution.

3 1.3 DELEGATION OF POWERS BY CPCB As per policy decision of the Government of India, the Central Pollution Control Board, delegated its powers and functions under Section 4, Sub Section 4 of The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Section 6 of The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 with respect to Union Territories to respective Pollution Control Committees under the local Administration. 1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL ACTS, RULES AND NOTIFICATIONS ENFORCED Subject Water Pollution Air Pollution Environment Public Liability Hazardous Waste Legislation The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (Procedure for Transaction of Business) Rules 1975, amended 1976 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Procedure for Transaction of Business) Rules, 1975 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1988 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Second Amendment Rules, 1976 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess (Amended) Act, 1991 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Amended Rules, 1991 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess (Amended) Act, 2003 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Amendment Rules, 1992 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Union Territories) Rules, 1983 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1987 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Rules, 1988 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Union Territories) Rules, 1989 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as amended in 1991 The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 The Environment (Protection) (Second Amendment) Rules, 1998 The Environment (Protection) (Third Amendment) Rules, 2002 The Environment (Protection) (First Amendment) Rules, 2006 for Amendment of Schedule I The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995 The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 The National Environment Appellate Authority (Appeal) Rules, 1997 The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 The Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1991 as amended to date The Manufacture, Use, Import and Storage of Hazardous Micro-Organisms Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules, 1989 The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989

4 Subject Guidelines/ Notifications Gu Guidelines/ Notifications Guidelines/ Notifications idelines/ Notifications Rules Legislation The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 Notifications under Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 Notification for Constitution of Apellate Authorities Notification for Delegation of Powers on State Board by the Central Board to various Pollution Control Committees Notification for Central Water Laboratory Notification regarding Declaration of Air Pollution Control Areas under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Notifications Under the Environment (Protection) Act/Rules, 1986 Delegation of Powers and Functions by the Central Board to the Committees in Union Territories Water Quality Assessment Authority, 2001 Uniform Protocol on Water Quality Monitoring Order, 2005 Officers Authorised for taking Cognizance of Offences Authorised Officers//Agencies to enter the Premises for Inspection Officers/Agencies Authorised to take Samples Environmental Laboratories and Government Analysts recognized by Central Pollution Control Board Delegation of powers to the State Governments under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Emission Standards for pollutants from various Industries General Standards for Effluents, Noise Standards, Emission Standards for Vehicles, etc. (Schedule IV) - Ambient Noise Standards - Vehicular Emission Standards - General Standards (Schedule VI) - National Ambient Air Quality Standards Notification on Doon Valley Prohibition on Handling of Azodyes Authorities created under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) and Coastal Zone Management Authorities Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Projects (EIA) Guidelines for seeking Environmental Clearance National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development, 1992 Scheme of Labelling of Environment Friendly Products (Ecomark) & Ecomark Criteria for 16 Product CAtegories Temperature Limit for Discharge of Condenser Cooling water from Thermal Power Plant Environmental Standards for Gas/Naphtha Based Power Plants Use of Beneficiated coal with ash content not more than 34% in thermal power plants Restricting Use of Top Soil for manufacture of bricks and other building materials within specified radius of 50 km from coal/lignite based Thermal Power Plants to promote use of fly ash utilization The Plastics Manufacture, Sale and Usage Rules, 1999 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

5 Subject Legislation The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001

6 CONSTITUTION OF THE CENTRAL BOARD 2.0 According to the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Board consists of the following members : a full-time Chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to environmental protection or a person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the Central Government; such number of officials, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government to represent Government; such number of persons, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government, from amongst the members of the State Boards, of whom not exceeding two shall be from amongst the members of the local authorities; such number of non-officials, not exceeding three to be nominated by the Central Government, to represent the interest of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or any other interest which, in the opinion of the Central Government, ought to be represented; two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the Central Government, to be nominated by the Government; and a full-time Member Secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control, to be appointed by the Central Government. 2.1 List of Board Members during is provided in Annexure-I. The organisational structure of the Central Pollution Control Board is provided in Annexure-II. Staff strength as on March 31, 2006 is furnished in Annexure-III & IV.

7 MEETINGS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD 3.1 MEETINGS OF THE BOARD During the reporting period (i.e. April 1, 2005 to March 31, 2006), four meetings of the Central Board were held as under : S.No. Meeting No. Date Place th June 30, 2005 Delhi th September 28, 2005 Delhi th November 23, 2006 Delhi th March 27, 2006 Delhi 3.2 MAJOR DECISIONS TAKEN BY THE BOARD Board approved the proposal of National Emission Standards for Common Hazardous Waste Incinerator Board approved the schemes proposed for setting up of demonstration facilities for implementation of Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handing) Rules, 2000 during Board approved the Proposed emission standards for sulphuric acid plant Board approved the proposal for Utilisation of plastic waste in road construction Board approved the proposal for characterisation of PM 10 to PM 2.5 at traffic intersection in Kolkata and assessment of their impact on human health Performance of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) / Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) in India sent for action by the SPCBs/PCCs Board approved the Environmental Standards and Code of Practice for Pollution Prevention for Sponge Iron Plants Board approved the Environmental Standards for Coffee Industry Upgradation of Scale of Pay in respect of Hindi Officer, Senior Hindi Translator and Junior Hindi Translator in CPCB Delegation of Powers (Administrative & Financial) Scholarship programme for CPCB staff Cadre Restructuring of Stenographers in CPCB, as per DoPT Guidelines 3.3 NATIONAL CONFERENCE

8 52 nd Conference of Chairmen & Member Secretaries of CPCB/SPCBs/PCCs was organized during Jnuary 5-6, 2006 at Mumbai. Over 100 participants from 26 State/UTs, MoEF and CPCB attended the Conference. The major issues discussed during the conference are as follows: Review Of Environmental Data Bank Activities and QA/QC of data Air Pollution Source Apportionment Studies Strengthening of Pollution Control Boards and Committees with specific reference to the Rules framed under Environmental Protection Act. Status of functioning of CBMWTFS/CETPS. Setting Of Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations In 16 Cities. Status of implementation of CREP recommendations and followup actions. Review of implementation of action plan in 24 critically polluted areas. Standards and guidelines for operation of sponge iron plants in India. Proposed strategy for Hazardous Waste Management with respect to interstate movement and Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facilities Inventory of hazardous wastes generation submitted by the SPCBS/PCCS. Identification of hazardous wastes dump sites & remediation plans Feasible cleaner technology initiatives for adoption in identified industries.

9 COMMITTEES CONSTITUTED BY THE BOARD AND THEIR ACTIVITIES No committee has been constituted by the Central Board, during the reporting period

10 AIR AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK 5.1 NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NWMP) CPCB in collaboration with concerned SPCBs/PCCs established a nationwide network of water quality monitoring comprising 1019 stations in 27 States and 6 Union Territories. The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and on half yearly basis in case of ground water. The monitoring network covers 200 Rivers, 60 Lakes, 5 Tanks, 3 Ponds, 3 Creeks, 13 Canals, 17 Drains and 321 Wells. Among the 1019 stations, 592 are on rivers, 65 on lakes, 17 on drains, 13 on canals, 5 on tanks, 3 on creeks, 3 on ponds and 321 are groundwater stations. Presently the inland water quality-monitoring network is operated under a three-tier programme i.e. Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS), Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and Yamuna Action Plan (YAP). Water samples are being analysed for 28 parameters consisting of 9 core parameters, 19 other physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters apart from the field observations. Besides this, 9 trace metals and 22 pesticides are also analysed in selected samples. Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific locations. In view of limited resources, limited numbers of organic pollution related parameters are monitored i.e. micro pollutants (Toxic Metals & POPs) are analysed once in a year to assess the water quality. The water quality data are reported in Water Quality Status Year Book. No. of Monitoring Stations Figure 5.1: National Water Quality Monitoring Network Pond Creek Tank Canal Drain Lake Well River Total Table 5.1: River basin wise distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations

11 River (main stream), Tributaries and Sub-Tributaries, Lake, Ponds, Tanks, Canals, Creeks and Groundwater Stations Total Stations Baitarni (5) 5 Brahmani (11) 16 Tributaries-Karo (1), Koel (2), Sankh (2) Brahmaputra (6) 39 Tributaries-Burhidihing (1), Dhansiri (7), Disang (1), Jhanji (1), Subansiri (1), Bhogdoi (1), Bharalu (1), Borak (1), Deepar Bill (1), Digboi (1), Mora Bharali (1), Teesta (5), Dickhu (1), Maney (2), Ranchu (2), Mahananda (1), Rangit (5) Cauvery (20) 36 Tributaries-Arkavati (1), Amravati (1), Bhawani (5), Kabini (4), Laxmantirtha (1), Shimsa (2), Hemavati (1), Yagachi (1) Ganga (39) 127 Tributaries-Barakar (1), Betwa (3), Chambal (7), Damodar (5), Gandak (1), Saryu-Ghaghra (3), Gomti (5), Hindon (3), Kali (West) (2), Kali Nadi (2), Khan (1), Kshipra (2), Mandakini (Madhya Pradesh) (1), Parvati (3), Ramganga (1), Rapti (1), Rihand (2), Rupanarayan (1), Sai (1), Sone (5), Tons (Madhya Pradesh) (2), Yamuna (23), Sind (1), Johila (1), Sankh(1), Gohad (1), Kolar (1), Sai (1), Churni (1), Tons (Himachal Pradesh) (1), Sikrana (1), Daha (1), Sirsa (1), Dhous (1), Farmer (1) Godavari (11) 30 Tributaries- Manjira (3), Maner (2), Nira (1), Wainganga (4), Wardha (1), Kolar (1), Kanhan (1), Purna (1), Karanja (1), Indravati (2), Sankhani (1), Gandigudem (1) Indus 55 Tributaries-Beas (18), Chenab (1), Jhelum (3), Larji (1), Parvati (1), Ravi (3), Sutlej (21), Tawi (1), Gawkadal (1), Chuntkol (1), Sirsa (3), swan (1) Krishna (19) 54 Tributaries- Bhadra (3), Bhima (10), Ghataprabha (2), Malprabha (3), Muneru (1), Musi (2), Nira (1), Paleru (1), Tunga (1), Tungabhadra (6), Panchganga (3), Chandrabhaga (2) Mahi (9) 11 Tributaries-Anas (1), Panam (1) Mahanadi (18) 38 Tributaries-Ib (4), Hasdeo (2), Kathajodi (1), Kharoon (4), Kuakhai (2), Sheonath (3), Birupa (1), Arpa (1), Kelo (2) Narmada (15) 16 Tributaries-Chhota Tawa (1) Pennar (5) 5 Sabarmati (9) 12 Tributaries-Meswa (1), Shedhi (1), Khari (1) Subarnerekha (6) 6 Tapi (13) 16 Tributaries-Girna (2), Rangavali (1) Medium rivers 126 Ambika (1), Ulhas (2), Ulhas-Bhatsa (1), Ulhas-Kalu (1), Imphal (4), Mandovi (2), Palar (1), Pamba (3), Pariyar (3), Rushikulya (2), Tambiraparani (7), Achankoil (2), Chalakudy (1), Damanganga (6), Ghaggar (21), Kallada (1), Kali-Karnataka (1), Manimala (2), Mindhola (1), Nagavalli (3), Amlakhadi (2), Chaliyar (2), Iril (2), Kharkhala (1), Karmana (1), Kolak (2), Kundalika (1), Meenachil (1), Muvattupuza (1), Patalganga (2), Umtrew (1), Vamanpuram(1), Zuari(2), Gumti(2), Kalna (1),Valvant (1), Madai (1), Khandepar (1), Asanora (1), Bhadar (1), Neyyar (1), Ithikkara (1), Kadalundy (1), Kuttiyady (1), Mahe (1), Kuppum (1), Neelsvaram (1), Karingoda (1), Chandergiri (1), Chitrapuzha (1), Nambul (2), Ganol (1), Simsang (1), Myntdu (1), Arasalar (1), Kodra (1), Haora (1), Khuga (1), Khujairok (1), Sekmai (1), Markanda (2), Sukna (1), Baleshwar Khadi (1), Netravati (1), Kumardhara (1), Purna (1), Kaveri (1), Dhadar (1), Tlawng (2), Tuirial (2) Lakes (65) 73 Hussainsagar (1), Saroornagar (1), Himayatsagar (1), Pulicate (1), Salaulim (1), Kankoria (1), Chandola (1), Ajwah (1), Sursagar (1), Brahamsarovar (1), Sukhna (2), Govindsagar (1), Pongdam (1), Renuka (1), Wuller (1), Dal (1), Ulsoor (1), HebbalaValley (1), Oruvathikotta (1), Sasthamcotta (1), Ashthamudi (1), Paravur (1), Vembanad (1), Periyar (1), Kodumgallor (1), Kayamkula (1), Punnamadakayal (1), Pookotekayal (1), UpperLake (1), LowerLake (1), MultaiLake (1), Loktak (4), Umiam (1), Ward (1), Thadlaskena (1), Osteri (1), Bahour (1), Harike (2), Pichola (1), Udaisagar (1), Ramgarh Jaipur (1), Pushkar (1), Fatehsagar (1), Kalyana (1), Nakki (1), Udhagamadalam (1), Kodaikanal (1), Yercaud (1), Lakshminarayan Baridigh (1), Rudrasagar (1), Ramgarh-UttarPradesh (1), Naini (1), Rabindrasarovar (1), Nalsarovar (1), Bindusaraovar (1), Sahastrling Sarovar (1), Lakhota Talav (1), Narsimehta Talav (1), Nadiad city Lake (1), Ranjitnagar Talav (1) Tanks (5) Dharamsagar (1), Bibinagar (1), Kistrapetrareddy (1), Goysagar (1), Thol (1) Ponds (3) Elangabeel System (1), Lakshadweep (1), Olpad village pond (1), Creeks, Canals and Drains 33 Creeks (3), Agra Canal (1), Gurgaon Canal (1), Western Yamuna Canal (10), Agartala Canal (1), Drains (17) Groundwater 321 Total 1019

12 5.2 NATIONAL WATER QUALITY AT A GLANCE The water quality data on rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater locations being monitored under the network is evaluated against the water quality criteria and the monitoring locations in exceedence with respect to one or more parameters are identified as polluted, which requires action for restoration of water quality. The locations on rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater not meeting the criteria are summarized ahead. The Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD), one of the most important indicator of pollution, was observed highest in Amlakhadi river at Ankleshwar (947 mg/l) followed by Markanda river d/s Kala Aam, HP (855 mg/l), Khari river at Lali village, Ahmedabad (580 mg/l), River Sabarmati at Ahmedabad (380 mg/l), River Kalinadi at Gulauti, UP (165 mg/l), River Hindon at Binauli and Saharanpur ( mg/l), River Satluj d/s Ludhiana (64 mg/l), River Khan at Kabitkhedi, Indore, MP (60 mg/l), River Musi at Hyderabad (42 mg/l), River Bhima at Pune (42 mg/l), River Damanganga d/s Daman (42 mg/l), River Bharalu at Guwahati, Assam (38 mg/l), River Yamuna between Delhi and Etawah (10-35 mg/l), River Kalana at Chandel, Goa (37 mg/l), River Tapi at Ajanad, Maharashtra (36 mg/l), River Dhadar at Kothala (30 mg/l). Because of high BOD, dissolved oxygen was observed either nil or very low most of the time in these stretches. Total numbers of observations having BOD less than 3 mg/l, 3 to 6 mg/l and above 6 mg/l were 68%, 18% and 14%, respectively. The total number of observations having Total Coliform number less than 500 MPN/100 ml was 46%, between MPN/100 ml was 31% and exceeding 5000 MPN/100 ml was 23% MPN/100 ml. Similarly the number of observations having Faecal Coliform bacterial count less than 500 MPN/100 ml was 60%, between MPN/100 ml was 28% and 12% observations were exceeding 5000 MPN/100 ml. Fecal coliform, another important indicator of pollution, was found highest in Yamuna River in Delhi (MPN 3.9 x10 7 ) followed by River Hindon after confluence with River Krishni (2.1x10 6 ), River Ganga at Dakshineshwar (7x10 5 ), Rabindrasarovar, Kolkata (8.5x10 5 ), River Damodar at Haldia (4x10 5 ), River Khari at Lali Village, Ahmedabad (2.8x10 5 ), River Sabarmati at Ahmedabad (2.4x10 5 ), River Bharalu, Assam (2.4x10 5 ), River Ganga at Varanasi ((1.1x10 5 ), River Satluj at Ludhiana (0.9x10 5 ), River Tapi at Bhusaval (9x10 4 ), River Kalinadi at Muzaffarnagar (9x10 4 ), River Ghaggar (9x10 4 ), River Sabarmati at Ahmedabad (7.5x10 4 ), River Gomti at Lucknow (7x10 4 ), River Godavari at Nasik (5x10 4 ) and River Musi at Hyderabad (4x10 4 ). Lakes and Tanks that have high concentration of organic matter and do not comply to the standard limits for BOD are Hussain Sagar lake, Dharamsagar tank, Bibinagar lake, Kistarareddypet tank, Saroornagar lake, Pulicate lake, Gandhigudem tank, Heballa Valley lake, Kayamkula lake, Kodungalloor lake, Osteri lake, Bahour lake, Udhagamandalam lake, Kodaikanal lake, Periyar lake,

13 Vembanad lake, Ashthamudi lake and Paravur lake. Lakes and Tanks having very low DO and high BOD that does not meet the water quality criteria limits are Kankoria Lake, Chandola lake, Pichola Lake, Udaisagar lake, Fatehsagar lake, Kayalna lake, Nakki lake, Pushkar lake, Lower lake Bhopal, Renuka lake, Harike lake, Naini lake, Ramgarh lake, Rabindra Sarobar lake, Elangabeel System, Goy Sagar Tank, Loktak lake at Sendra, Umiam lake at Barapani, Ward Lake at Shillong, Thadlaskena lake and Laxminarayan Bari Place Lake. The groundwater monitoring locations, where high conductivity exceeding water quality criteria for irrigation were observed at Ramagundam, Bollaram Panchayat Office, Pashamaylam, Vishakhapatnam (near Rama Temple) and Kakinada (near Pratap Nagar Bridge) in Andhra Pradesh; Nerol in Gujarat; Alwaye in Kerala; Circuit house, old police Barracks, Ottavathilpalli, near Helipad, MPSAF Quarters and Government Press in Lakshadweep; along Chunamber river in Pondicherry; and Pali, Jodhpur and Vidhani Village (Jaipur) in Rajasthan. Groundwater locations with BOD levels higher than the criteria are at Vijayawada, NTPC ash pond- kundanpally, Bibi nagar Primary school, Rudravally, near Tungabhadra river in Kurnool and Nandyal in Andhra Pradesh; Karbianglong and Bongaigaon in Assam; Kala Amb, Barotiwala and Paonta Sahib in Himachal Pradesh; JB School, Kadatpalli, near SB School, Ottavathilpalli and Chakikilum in Lakshadweep; Collector Well in Thirupuvanam and along Chunamber river in Pondicherry; near Kansua Nallah in Kota, Pali town, Jodhpur in Rajasthan; IOC Refinery Haldia, Barasat municipality in north 24 Parganas in West Bengal. Total coliforms are exceeding the criteria limits in groundwater locations in Silcher, Barpeta, Bongaigaon, Sibsagar, Guwahati in Assam, Chekkillam, Government press and old Police Barrack in Lakshadweep. ph is observed in acidic range at Kundra in Kollam, Punkunnam in Trissur, Kalamassery in Ernakulam, Punalur and Kannur in Kerala; and Capital hospital in Bhubaneshwar Orissa. 5.3 STATUS OF RIVER WATER QUALITY AT INTER STATE BOUNDARIES There is a increasing number of incidences, where interstate rivers are polluted and the downstream states are complaining about the quality of water it receives from the upstream state. Realising the gravity of the problem, CPCB has discussed this issue in the 51 st Conference of Chairman & Member Secretaries held in February 14-15, It was decided that CPCB would regularly monitor the water quality of the rivers at inerstate borders. As a follow-up of the decision CPCB through its zonal offices and Head office initiated monitoring of all the important rivers at interstate borders. The results obtained during 2005 are summarized. Out of 69 monitored rivers,14 rivers were found polluted which are : Yamuna river (Delhi-Haryana), Yamuna (Haryana UP, Kosi), Ghaggar (HP-Haryana), Ghaggar (Haryana-Punjab), Ghaggar (Punjab- Haryana), Ghaggar (Haryana-Rajasthan), Chambal (MP-Rajasthan), Mahi ( Rajasthan- Gujarat), Mahi (MP-Rajasthan), Wardha (MP-Maharashtra), Churni (Bihar-West Bengal), Betwa (MP-UP), Ganga (UP-Bihar) and Thenpennai (Kain-Tamil Nadu).

14 5.4 WATER QUALITY TRENDS The water quality monitoring results obtained during 2005 indicate that the organic and bacterial contamination continue to be critical in water bodies. This is mainly due to discharge of domestic wastewater mostly in untreated form from urban centres of the country. Secondly, the receiving water bodies also do not have adequate water for dilution. Therefore, the oxygen demand and bacterial pollution is increasing day by day. The water quality monitoring results were analysed with respect to indicator of organic matter (Bio-chemical oxygen demand) and indicator of pathogenic bacteria (total coliform and faecal coliform). The trends of percent of observations in different ranges of pollution during last 11 years ( ) with respect to BOD & Total coliform and Faecal Coliform are graphically shown in Figures 5.2 to 5.4 and illustrated below. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) The number of observed BOD values less than 3 mg/l were between 57-68% during year 1995 to The maximum value of 68% was observed during This shows that there is a gradual improvement in number of locations meeting the level of desired criteria. The number of observed BOD values in 3-6 mg/l range were between 18-28% during year 1995 to 2005, the maximum value of 28% was observed in the year It was observed that there was a gradual decrease in number of observations having BOD between 3-6 mg/l. The number of observed BOD value more than 6 mg/l were between 15 and 19% during year and the maximum value of 19% were observed in the year 2001 and It was observed that there was a gradual decrease in number of observations having BOD >6 mg/l. Fig. 5.2: River water quality ternds in terms of percent no. of observation in various BOD ranges BOD >6 BOD 3-6 BOD<3

15 Total Coliform (TC)) The number of observed TC values less than 500 MPN/100 ml were between 44-63% during , the values gradually increases to 63% in year 1999 and then decreased to 46% in It was observed that first the values gradually increased and then decreased in number of observations having TC < 500 MPN/100 ml. The number of observed TC values in MPN/100 ml range were between 28-37% during year The maximum value of 37% was observed in 1997 and this gradually decreased to 31% in It was observed that there was a gradual decrease in number of observations having TC between MPN/100 ml. The number of observed TC values more than 5000 MPN/100 ml were between 9-23% during year The maximum value of 23% was observed in the year Fig. 5.3: River water quality ternds in terms of percent no. of observation in various TC ranges TC>5000 TC TC<500 Faecal Coliform (FC) The number of observed FC values less than 500 MPN/100 ml were between 48-67% during year The maximum value of 67% was observed in the year 1998 that gradually decreased to 48% in 1999, and rose to 60% in The number of observed FC values ranges from MPN/100 ml was between 22-35% during year 1995 to The maximum value of 35% was observed in the year 1999, which decreases to 28% in the year The number of observed FC values ranges > 5000 MPN/100 ml were between 7-20% during year The maximum value of 20% was observed in 2000, which gradually decreases to 12% in the year 2005.

16 Fig. 5.4: River water quality ternds in terms of percent no. of observation in various FC ranges FC>5000 FC FC< WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY (WQAA) Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, has issued a notification (Notification No. S.O.583 (E)) in exercise of powers conferred by sub-section (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act,1986 in the Gazette of India dated 22 June 2001, constituting the Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) with effect from 29 th May 2001, The WQAA is responsible for standardization of methods for water quality monitoring and to ensure quality of data generation. During the year 2005, 4 th Meeting of Water Quality Assessment Authority was held under the Chairmanship of Secretary, MoEF and 6 th and 7 th m eeting of Water Quality Monitoring Committee (WQMC) was held under the chairmanship of Additional Secretary, MoEF. As per the decision taken by WQAA and WQMC, CPCB extended the support and provided documents on the accreditation of laboratories of CWC and CGWB for evaluation & assessment of environmental laboratories for recognition for water analysis under The Envoironment (Protection) Act 1986 and for development of Referral Laboratory at Central Ground Water Board and Central Water Commission. Two training programmes were organized to train 30 scientists of Central Water Commission to develop the skill for bacteriological analysis of water samples. CPCB appraised the WQMC about the status of operation and maintenance CETPs and STPs in the country and prepared an Approach Paper on management of water quality in the country. 5.6 UNIFORM PROTOCOL ON WATER QUALITY MONITORING The MoEF notified Uniform Protocol on water quality monitoring under Water Quality Assessment Authority on 17 th June 2005 to maintain uniformity in the procedure for water quality monitoring mechanism by all monitoring agencies, departments, Pollution Control Boards and such other agencies so that water related action plans may be drawn up on the basis of reliable data. The notified protocol was discussed in the

17 Stretegy Workshop for State Water Quality Review Committees held on July As a follow up of the workshop, the copies of the notified protocol were circulated to State Pollution Control Boards. 5.7 HYDROLOGY PROJECT PHASE -II The Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) is to implement the Hydrology Phase II Project with assistance from the World Bank. This will be a six-year project, starting in April 2006, and it will involve the state surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) agencies in the thirteen States and concerned central agencies including Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). CPCB, together with Ministry of Water Resources, would ensure that the recommended methodologies/procedures are adopted for water quality monitoring and management by all agencies dealing with the irrigation, water supply and public health. The scope of the work shall be as follows. Prepare program for implementing this activity in collaboration with states and central agencies, including CPCB, the nodal agency for this sub-component. Collect information available at central/state levels on water quality data collection /sampling procedures and its standardization. Critically review the information collected with a view to identify which of the methods currently in use conform to internationally acceptable methods and could be adopted as uniform methodologies throughout India. Standardise methods of preparing local/regional water quality maps showing different water quality parameters and develop uniform methodologies for calculating water quality parameters. Develop any other design aids necessary as per the project requirements. Consolidate all information on water quality standards that are being applied in India and internationally and recommend standards for each water quality parameter in collaboration with Water Quality Assessment Authority. Train staff at Central/State levels in the use of the recommended methodologies by organizing seminars/workshops. Train trainers in the new methodologies. Update the existing water quality data collection/monitoring manual and incorporate all new methodologies/procedures recommended. Procure any additional software necessary and train the Central/State staff in its use. 5.8 WATER QUALITY STATUS OF RIVER GANGA Central Pollution Control Board, Lucknow is regularly monitoring River Ganga twice in a month at 16 locations from u/s Allahabad up to Tarighat (Ghazipur) (i.e. a/c of River Gomti) under NRCD project. With reference to designated best use classification

18 (CPCB), the entire stretch of River Ganga from Haridwar to Tarighat has been designated as category B, which implies that water quality should be fit for uses like bathing, swimming, water contact sport. In case of River Yamuna, for which water quality is monitored at Allahabad, the water quality must also conform to Category B. The status of water quality as observed in different phases of monitoring is discussed below: 1. The D.O. observed in the complete stretch was more than 5 mg/lt i.e. well within the limit to conform the water quality as class B whereas in River Varuna DO was found below 5 mg/l. The River works as a drain to carry the effluent of Dinapur STP and few drains of Varanasi. 2. In terms of BOD the complete stretch do not conform the water quality under class -B especially in summer season as the BOD limit in this class permits up to only 3 mg/lt. 3. At all other locations water quality has been mainly affected by high concentration of coliform. 4. As a significant observation, the poor water quality was observed at Sangam in Allahabad and Dashashwamedh ghat (Varanasi), where high BOD (4.5 mg/l) has rendered the water unfit for bathing. 5. Water quality of River Varuna is deteriorating every year due to uncontrolled discharge of city waste and by pass of Konia pumping station feeder to Dinapur STP. Seasonal variation in water quality of the entire stretch of river Ganga and its tributaries monitored during is graphically presented in Figures 5.5 to 5.7 Figure 5.5: DO & BOD Profile of River in Winter Season DO & BOD Values in mg/l DO BOD Monitoring Locations

19 Figure 5.6: DO & BOD Profile of River in Summer Season DO & BOD Values in mg/l DO BOD Monitoring Locations Figure 5.7: DO & BOD Profile of River in Monsoon Season DO & BOD Values in mg/l DO BOD Monitoring Locations Details of sampling locations- 1. River Ganga u/s Allahabad 2. River Yamuna b/c with River Ganga 3. Bathing Ghat at Sangam 4. River Tons b/c with River Ganga 5. River Ganga d/s Allahabad ¼ width 6. River Ganga d/s Allahabad ½ width 7. River Ganga at Pakka Ghat Vindhyachal 8. River Ganga u/s Varanasi 9. River Ganga at Dashashwamedh Ghat 10. River ganga near Malviya Bridge at Varanasi 11. River Varuna b/c with River Ganga 12. River Ganga d/s Varanasi ¼ width 13. River Ganga d/s Varanasi ½ width 14. River Gomti b/c with River Ganga 15. River Ganga d/s Varanasi at Tarighat 5.9 WATER QUALITY STATUS OF RIVER YAMUNA Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring entire 1376 km stretch of River Yamuna under National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD/MoEF) sponsored project and under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP). There are19 sampling locations from the origin of Yamuna River at Yamunotri to its confluence with Ganga River at Allahabad. The entire stretch of Yamuna River can be segregated into five distinguished segments/ stretches based on water quality, ecological and hydro-geo-morphological characteristics. These stretches are Himalayan stretch, Upper

20 Stretch, Delhi Stretch, Mixed stretch & Diluted Stretch. The water quality characteristics in these stretches of River Yamuna are depicted in Table 5.2. There is no significant change in water quality status of these five stretches than previous year. Delhi stretch is severely polluted followed by mixed stretch, diluted stretch, upper stretch and Himalayan stretch. The Total coliforms in the entire river stretch are significantly high and most of the times do not meet the designated criteria (5000 nos./100 ml). The annual average of Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) values reflects that this parameter is within the limit at Himalayan and upper stretches. In Delhi stretch the Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) violate the prescribed limit (3.0 & 4.0 mg/l respectively). Table 5.2: Water Quality Characteristics of Various Stretches of River Yamuna (Year 2005) S. No. River Stretch Stretch details Trophic status ph Dissolved Oxygen mg/l Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l Total Coliform Nos./100 ml Faecal Coliform Nos./100 ml 1. Himalayan Stretch 172 km from origin to Hathnikund barrage Oligotrophic Min Max ,00,000 69,000 Av ,46,577 5, Upper stretch 224 km from Hathnikund barrage to Wazirabad barrage Mesotrophic Min , Max ,00,000 1,10,000 Av ,583 10, Delhi stretch 22 km from Wazirabad barrage to Okhla barrage Septic Min ,00,000 2,100 Max ,00,00,000 60,00,000 Av ,41,86,364 18,77, Mixed stretch 930 km Okhla barrage to river Chambal confluence Mesotrophic/ Eutrophic/ Septic Min , Max ,20,00,000 52,00,000 Av ,17,19,422 4,45, Diluted stretch 628 km River Chambal confluence to river Ganga confluence Mesotrophic/ Eutrophic Min ,000 1,070 Max ,70,000 88,000 Av ,32,625 14,742 Water quality trend at various stretches on the basis of annual average of BOD reflects that there is no change in the Himalayan stretch. However, there is slight reduction was observed in remaining four stretches. Trend of Total and Faecal Coliform reflects increase in Himalayan stretch and reduction in the remaining stretches. The annual averages of DO in the entire River Yamuna Stretch were in the range of Nil to 11.6 mg/l, the BOD varied from 1 to 23.0 mg/l (Fig. 5.8), while Total and Faecal coliform ranged between 80 Nos./100 & Nos./100 and 18 Nos./100 to Nos./100 ml, respectively.

21 Yamunotri Shyana Chetti Lakhwar Dam Dak Pathar Hathnikund Kalanaur Sonepat Palla Nizamuddin Bridge Agra Canal Mazawali Mathura U/s Mathura D/s Agra U/s Agra D/s Bateshwar Etawah Juhika Allahabad Fig. 5.8: BOD Profile of RIver Yamuna (2005) The Delhi-to-Etawah stretch is the polluted stretch of river Yamuna. Such a situation has been achieved due to construction of barrages on the river viz. Tajewala (for supply of both drinking as well as irrigation water for Haryana, UP and Delhi; Wazirpur (for supply of drinking water for Delhi); Okhla (for supply of irrigation water for UP and Haryana) and Gokul (for water supply at Mathura and Vrindavan). Additionally, there is continuous discharge of wastewater at Delhi (both treated and untreated), UP (both treated and untreated) and Haryana (both treated and untreated). As a result, very little or no water is left to flow in the river and the water supply at down stream cities (Mathura & Agra) are badly affected. The situation at Agra was noted to be worst due to increase of ammonia in the flowing water in addition to organic staff. The average DO, BOD, COD and NH 3 -N profile for the year (average of 4 monitoring data) is presented in Figure 5.9 below: DO,BOD,COD & NH3-N Profile of River Yamuna (D/s Okhlla to D/s Agra) DO COD BOD NH3-N DO, BOD & COD Values in mg/l NH3-N in mg/l D/s Okhla U/s Shahpur D/s Shahpur U/s Gokul D/s Gokul U/s Agra D/s Agra Figure 5.9: Water quality of River yamuna between Delhi and Agra

22 5.10 GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN METROPOLITAN CITIES Due to inadequate arrangement for wastewater collection, treatment & disposal in urban areas it stagnates in the city percolating in the ground and causing groundwater pollution. In many cities the groundwater is only source of drinking. Realizing the importance of groundwater quality in urban areas, CPCB has initiated groundwater quality survey in large urban centers (Metro-cities). The study is taken up in collaboration with National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee and Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar. The study includes collection of information of land use, waste generation & disposal & collection of water samples from different locations in the city from structures (Hand pump, Tube well, or Dug well) and analyse them for relevant parameters. Studies of 24 metropolitan cities have been completed and reports on 8 metropolitan cities have been finalised. Groundwater quality with respect to compliance status with respect to drinking water standards (IS-10500, 1991) of the critical chemical parameters such as Chloride, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Nitrate-N, Fluoride are presented and summarized in Figure 5.10 to Groundwater Quality in Metropolitan Cities % Voilation - Chloride Percent Voilation 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% % Agra Meerut Coimbatore Chennai Madurai Lucknow Ludhiana Vijaywada Within Desirable Limit (DL) Between DL & PL Above Permissible Limit (PL) Figure 5.10: Groundwater Quality Percentage of samples complying Drinking Water Standards (DWS-IS:10500) in Eight Metropolitan cities Groundwater Quality in Metropolitan Cities % Voilation - T.D.S. Percent Voilation 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Agra Meerut Coimbatore Chennai Madurai Lucknow Ludhiana Vijaywada Within Desirable Limit (DL) Between DL & PL Above Permissible Limit (PL) Figure 5.11: Groundwater Quality Percentage of samples complying Drinking Water Standards (DWS-IS:10500) in Eight Metropolitan cities

23 Groundwater Quality in Metropolitan Cities % Voilation - Nitrate-N Percent Voilation 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Agra Coimbatore Madurai Ludhiana Within Desirable Limit (DL) Betw een DL & PL Above Permissible Limit (PL) Figure 5.12: Groundwater Quality Percentage of samples complying Drinking Water Standards (DWS-IS:10500) in Eight Metropolitan cities Groundwater Quality in Metropolitan Cities % Voilation - Fluoride Percent Voilation 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% % Agr a Meer ut Coi mbator e Chennai Madur ai Lucknow Ludhi ana Vi j aywada Within Desirable Limit (DL) Betw een DL & PL Above Permissible Limit (PL) Figure 5.13: Groundwater Quality Percentage of samples complying Drinking Water Standards (DWS-IS:10500) in Eight Metropolitan cities Groundwater Quality in Metropolitan Cities % Voilation - Total Coliform Percent Voilation 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% % Agr a Meer ut Coi mbator e Chennai Madur ai Lucknow Ludhi ana Vi j aywada Within Desirable Limit (DL) Betw een DL & PL Above Permissible Limit (PL) Figure 5.14: Groundwater Quality- Percentage of samples complying Drinking Water Standards (DWS-IS:10500) in Eight Metropolitan cities

24 Groundwater Quality in Metropolitan Cities % Voilation - Faecal Coliform Percent Voilation 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% % 0 Agr a Meer ut Coi mbator e Chennai Madur ai Lucknow Ludhi ana Vi j aywada Within Desirable Limit (DL) Betw een DL & PL Above Permissible Limit (PL) Figure 5.15: Groundwater Quality Percentage of samples complying Drinking Water Standards (DWS-IS:10500) in Eight Metropolitan cities 5.11 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP) Central Pollution Control Board is executing a nationwide NAMP network comprising 326 monitoring stations covering 116 cities/towns in 28 States and 4 Union Territories of the country. The objectives of the NAMP are to determine status and trends of ambient air quality; to ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated; to assess health hazard and damage to materials; to continue ongoing process of producing periodic evaluation of air pollution situation in urban and industrial areas of the country; to obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and corrective measures; and to understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment through pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated. Under the NAMP, four air-pollutants viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ), Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM or PM 10 ), have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and direction, relative humidity and temperature was also integrated with the monitoring of air quality. The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have 104 observations in a year. The monitoring is being carried out with the help of Zonal offices of Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Boards/Committees, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) and other research institutions/universities. CPCB coordinates with these agencies to ensure the uniformity, consistency of air quality data and provides technical and financial support to them for operating the monitoring station. The survillance of NAMP stations is also undertaken through CPCB Zonal Offices in their respective Zones.

25 SO 2 Levels Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration during 2004 is depicted in Figure National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was not exceeded at any monitoring station in residential and industrial areas. SO 2 levels at 76% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas and 88% of the monitoring stations in residential areas were less than 20 µg/m 3. Table 5.3 and 5.4 show top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of sulphur dioxide in residential and industrial areas during 2004, respectively. Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of SO 2 during 2004 is depicted in Figure At all the monitoring stations, the percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) was less than 2%. Number of monitoring stations with low and moderate levels of SO 2 during 2004 is depicted in Figure SO 2 levels at most of the monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas were low. The NAAQS (Annual average) of SO 2 was not exceeded at any of the monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas during 2004 Fig 5.16: Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of annual average concentration of SO 2 Number of Monitoring Stations Industrial Areas Residential Areas Annual Average concentration (µg/m 3 ) Table 5.3: Ten locations having highest concentration of SO 2 during 2004 (Residential Areas) S. No Residential Areas Location State Annual Average conc. (µg/m 3 ) 1 Nashik Municipal Council Building Maharashtra RTO Colony Tank Maharashtra Nalstop Maharashtra Swargate Maharashtra Vapi Nagar Palika Gujarat 25 6 Near Air India Office Gujarat Vishwakarma Chowk Punjab Durga Traders Gujarat Chamber of Commerce Pondicherry Vishak Hostel Chhattisgarh 21 Note: Annual average concentration of SO 2 were within the NAAQS of 60 µg/m 3 at all locations

26 Table 5.4: Ten locations having highest concentration of SO 2 during 2004 (Industrial Areas) S. No Industrial Areas Location State Annual Average conc. (µg/m 3 ) 1 Bistupur Vehicle Testing Center Jharkhand Golmuri Vehicle Testing Center Jharkhand Chemical Division Labour Club Madhya Pradesh Raunaq Auto Limited Uttar Pradesh Eloor Kerala 32 6 VIP Industrial Area Maharashtra Ballarpur Industries Haryana Bhosari Maharashtra GEB GIDC Gujarat Udhna Gujarat 25 Note: Annual average concentration of SO 2 were within the NAAQS of 80 µg/m 3 at all locations Figure 5.17: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg.) of SO 2. Number of Monitoring Stations Industrial Areas Residential Areas 0 0 < Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg) Figure 5.18: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low and Moderate Levels of SO 2. Moderate 2 Industrial Areas Moderate 4 Residential Areas Low 81 Low 109

27 NO 2 Levels Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration during 2004 is depicted in Figure NO 2 levels at five monitoring stations were equal to and exceeded National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) in residential areas and NO 2 level at two monitoring stations in industrial areas exceeded NAAQS (Annual average). The monitoring station at Vishwakarma Chowk, Ludhiana and Town Hall, Delhi are located near busy roadways and NO 2 levels are high may be due to high vehicular emissions. NO 2 levels at remaining monitoring stations were less than the NAAQS (Annual Average) during NO 2 levels at 77% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas and 83% of the monitoring stations in residential areas were less than 40 µg/m 3. Table 5.5 and 5.6 show top ten locations during 2004 in terms of annual average concentration of nitrogen dioxide in residential and industrial areas, respectively. Fig. 5.22: No. of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Annual Average Concentration of NO 2. Number of Monitoring Stations Industrial Areas 50 Residential Areas < >=80 Annual Average concentration (µg/m 3 ) Table 5.5: Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide during S.No Residential Areas Location State Annual Average conc. (µg/m 3 ) 1. Bator, Howrah West Bengal 83* 2. Lal Bazaar, Kolkata West Bengal 63* 3. Ananda Rao Circle, Bangalore Karnataka 61* 4. Vishwakarma Chowk, Ludhiana Punjab 61* 5. Town hall, Delhi Delhi Regional Office, Dhanbad Jharkhand Nalstop, Pune Maharashtra Sarojini Nagar, Delhi Delhi Swargate, Pune Maharashtra Town Hall, Udaipur Rajasthan 48 * Locations where annual mean conc.of NO 2 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m 3 for Residential areas.

28 Table 5.6: Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide during S.No Industrial Areas Location State Annual Average conc. (µg/m 3 ) 1. Bandhaghat, Howrah West Bengal 97* 2. Howrah Municipal Corporation, Howrah West Bengal 95* 3. Cossipore, Kolkata West Bengal MADA, Jharia Jharkhand Regional Office, Udaipur Rajasthan Mayapuri Industrial Area Delhi Bistupur Vehicle Testing Center, Jharkhand 56 Jamshedpur 8. M/s GEE PEE Electroplating and Uttar 55 Engineering Works, Noida Pradesh 9. Graphite India Limited, Bangalore Karnataka Amco Batteries, Bangalore Karnataka 52 * Locations where annual mean conc. of NO 2 exceeded the NAAQS of 80 µg/m 3 for Industrial areas Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of NO 2 during 2004 is depicted in Figure. Fig Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg.) of NO 2 Number of Monitoring Stations Industrial Areas Residential Areas < Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg) The number of locations where either annual average or 24-hourly concentration exceeded the standards of NO 2 during 2004 are listed in Table 5.7. Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate and high levels of NO 2 during 2004 is depicted in Figure NO 2 levels at 77 % of the monitoring stations in industrial areas and 68% of the monitoring stations in residential areas were low.

29 Table 5.7: Locations where either annual average concentration or 24-hourly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide violated the respective NAAQS. Location State Area Class Ann. Aver. Conc. (µg/m 3 ) % Violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) Bandhaghat, Howrah West Bengal Industrial Howrah Municipal Corporation., Howrah West Bengal Industrial Bator, Howrah West Bengal Residential Cossipore, Kolkata West Bengal Industrial 73 5 MADA Jharia Jharkhand Industial 67 5 Lal-Bazar, Kolkata West Bengal Residential Ananda Rao Circle, Bangalore Karnataka Residential 61 6 Vishwakarma Chowk, Ludhiana Punjab Residential 61 9 Town Hall, Delhi Delhi Residential R.O., Dhanbad Jharkhand Residential Nal Stop, Pune Maharashtra Residential Sarojini Nagar, Delhi Delhi Residential Town Hall, Udaipur Rajasthan Residential 48 6 NEERI Zonal Lab, Kasba West Bengal Residential 43 4 NEERI, Nagpur Maharashtra Residential 25 3 Note:- Residential includes residential and other areas. Figure 5.24 : No. of Monitoring Stations with Low, Moderate and High levels of Nitrogen Dioxide. 17 Moderate High 2 Industrial High Areas Moderate 5 31 Residential Areas 64 Low Low 78 RSPM Levels Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration during 2004 is depicted in Figure 5.28 and 5.29, respectively. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was exceeded at 37 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 81 monitoring stations in residential areas. Table 5.8 and 5.9 show top ten locations during 2004 in terms of annual average concentration of RSPM in residential and industrial areas respectively.

30 Number of Monitoring Stations >=180 Annual Average Concentration (µg/m 3 ) Figure 14: Num ber of Monitoring Stations (Industrial Areas) in Various Ranges of Annual Average Concentration of RSPM. Number of Monitoring Stations >= 90 Annual Average Concentration (µg/m 3 ) Figure 15: Num ber of M onitoring Stations (Residential Areas) in Various Ranges of Annual Average Concentration of RSPM. Table 5.8: Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of RSPM during 2004 (Residential Areas) S. Residential Areas No Location State Annual Average conc. (µg/m 3 ) 1. Vishwakarma Chowk, Ludhiana Punjab 321* 2. New HIG 9, Hirapur, Raipur Chattisgarh 275* 3. M/s Modi Oil & General Mills, madi Gobindgarh Punjab 254* 4. MC Tubewell, Jalandhar Punjab 228* 5. Deputy ka Padao, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 189* 6. Cadilla Bridge, Narol, Ahmedabad Gujarat 187* 7. Dabauli, Kanpur Kanpur 183* 8. Kunnathur Chatram, Madurai Tamil Nadu 180* 9. Regional Office, Alwar Rajasthan 178* 10 Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 178* * Locations where annual mean conc.of RSPM exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m 3 for Residential areas.

31 Table 5.9: Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of RSPM during 2004 (Industrial Areas) S. Industrial Areas No Location State Annual Average conc. (µg/m 3 ) 1. M/s Wool Worth (I) Ltd, Raipur Chattisgarh 292* 2. M/s Raj Steel Rolling Mills, Mandi Punjab 258* Gobindgarh 3. Rita Sewing Machine, Ludhiana Punjab 254* 4. Focal Point, Jalandhar Punjab 232* 5. Sardhara Industrial Corporation, Rajkot Gujarat 220* 6. Mayapuri Industrial Area, Delhi Delhi 213* 7. Sub-divisional Office, Satna Madhya Pradesh 209* 8. MADA, Jharia Jharkhand 202* 9. Fazalganj, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 196* 10 Talkatora, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 185* * Locations where annual mean conc.of RSPM exceeded the NAAQS of 120 µg/m 3 for Industrial areas. Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of RSPM during 2004 is depicted in Figure The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was less than 2% at 19 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 15 monitoring stations in residential areas. At all the remaining stations, the percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was 2% and more. Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of RSPM during 2004 is depicted in Figure RSPM levels at 55 % of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 16% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas were critical. Figure 5.30: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg.) of RSPM. Number of Monitoring Stations Industrial Areas Residential Areas < >=75 Percent Exceedence over NAAQS (24-hrly avg)

32 Figure 5.31: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of RSPM.. Critical 13 Industrial Areas 9 Low Low 2 Resi d ti Modera High Moderate Critical High 2 SPM Levels Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration of SPM during 2004 is depicted in Figure 5.35 and 5.36, respectively. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was exceeded at 16 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 78 monitoring stations in residential areas. Table 5.10 and 5.11 show top ten locations during 2004 in terms of annual average concentration of SPM in residential and industrial areas respectively. The highest concentration in residential area was observed at monitoring station located at Town Hall, Delhi and highest concentration in industrial area was observed at monitoring station located at MADA, Jharia. Figure 5.35: Number of Monitoring Stations (Industrial Areas) in Various Ranges of Annual Average Concentration of SPM. Number of Monitoring Stations Industrial Areas Annual Mean concentration (µg/m 3 )

33 Figure 5.36: Number of Monitoring Stations (Residential Areas) in Various Ranges of Annual Average Concentration of SPM. Number of Monitoring Stations Residential Areas >=210 Annual Mean concentration (µg/m 3 ) Table 5.10: Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of SPM during 2004 (Residential Areas) S.No Residential Areas Location State Annual Average conc. (µg/m 3 ) 1. Town hall, Delhi Delhi 508* 2. Deputy ka Padao, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 428* 3. Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 413* 4. New HIG 9, Hirapur, Raipur Chattisgarh 402* 5. Dabauli, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 398* 6. Kunnathur Chatram, Madurai Tamil Nadu 397* 7. Regional Office, Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 379* 8. Tripolia Bazaar, Jaipur Rajasthan 375* 9. Chitale Clinic, Solapur Maharashtra 364* 10. Sarojini Nagar, Delhi 356* * Locations where ann.mean conc.of SPM exceeded the NAAQS of 140 µg/m 3 for Residential areas Table 5.11:Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of SPM during 2004 (Industrial Areas) S. Industrial Areas No Location State Annual Average conc. (µg/m 3 ) 1. MADA, Jharia Jharkhand 508* 2. Mayapuri Industrial Area, Delhi Punjab 484* 3. Fazalganj, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 438* 4. Golmuri Vehicle Testing Center, Jamshedpur Jharkhand 434* 5. M/s Wool Worth (I) Ltd, Raipur Chattisgarh 416* 6. Talkatora, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 408* 7. Bistupur Vehicle Testing Center, Jamshedpur Jharkhand 405* 8. Shivalic Global Industries, Faridabad Uttar Pradesh 400* 9 Industrial Area, Gondpur Himachal Pradesh 386* 10 Shahibabad Industrial Area Uttar Pradesh 385* * Locations where ann. mean conc.of SPM exceeded the NAAQS of 360 µg/m 3 for Industrial areas.

34 The annual average concentration of SPM exceeded the NAAQS (Annual average) at 16 monitoring stations in industrial areas. The annual average concentration of SPM exceeded the NAAQS (Annual average) at 78 monitoring stations in residential areas. Table 5.12 provides the number of stations during 2004 where either annual average concentration or 24-hourly concentration exceeded the respective NAAQS. During 2004, 30 industrial and 85 residential locations violated the NAAQS of SPM. Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of SPM during 2004 is depicted in Figure The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was less than 2% at 44 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 19 monitoring stations in residential areas. At all the remaining stations, the percentage violation of NAAQS ( 24 hourly avg. ) was 2% and more. Table 5.12: Locations where either Annual Average Concentration or 24-hourly Average Concentration of SPM violated respective NAAQS during State Number of Monitoring Locations exceeding standards Industrial Residential Andhra Pradesh - 7 Assam - 2 Bihar - 2 Chandigarh 1 2 Chattisgarh 1 4 Delhi 3 6 Goa - 1 Gujarat - 8 Haryana 1 1 Himachal Pradesh 2 3 Jharkhand 3 1 Karnataka - 1 Madhya Pradesh 1 6 Maharashtra 3 12 Orissa - 4 Rajasthan 5 11 Tamil Nadu - 4 Uttar Pradesh 5 6 West Bengal 5 4 Total Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of SPM during 2004 is depicted in Figure 5.38 SPM levels at 45 % of the monitoring stations in residential areas were critical

35 Figure 5.37: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg.) of SPM. Number of Monitoring Stations Industrial Areas Residential Areas < >=75 Percentage Violation of NAAQS ( 24 hourly Avg.) Figure 5.38: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of SPM. High Industrial Areas Low 48 Critical Residential Areas Low Moderate Moderate Major findings High 30 Major findings regarding ambient air quality monitoring carried out under National air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) are described in following sections. The air quality has been categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard). The four categories are low, moderate, high and critical. The summary of ambient air quality status of various cities/towns during 2004 is given in Table Table 5.13: Cities (in Percentage) having Low, Moderate, High and Critical Levels of Air Pollution

36 Air Pollutants Industrial Areas Residential Areas L M H C L M H C Sulphur dioxide 98% 2% % 3% - - Nitrogen dioxide 78% 20% 2% - 64% 28% 8% - Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter 10% 40% 31% 19% 1% 17% 22% 60% Suspended Particulate Matter 30% 45% 25% - 3% 22% 23% 52% L- Low levels, M- Moderate levels, H- High levels, C Critical levels. A list of cities where NAAQS were exceeded during 2004 is given in Table Table 5.15 shows the number of stations violating annual standards and 24-hourly NAAQS during the year It is quite evident NAAQS of RSPM and SPM are violated at most of the monitoring stations. NAAQS (Annual average) of SPM was violated at 80% of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 16 % of the monitoring stations in industrial areas. NAAQS (Annual average) of RSPM was violated at 66% of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 31% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas. There was no violation of NAAQS of SO 2 at any monitoring station. NAAQS (Annual average) of NO 2 was violated at 11 monitoring stations and NAAQS (24 hourly average) of NO 2 was violated at 19 monitoring stations Table 5.14: List of Cities in which NAAQS are violated during 2004 S. No. State/Union Territory City Major Sources of Pollution Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (Annual Average) Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (24 hourly average) 1 Andhra Hyderabad Vehicles RSPMSPM RSPM, SPM Pradesh Visakhapatnam Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 2 Assam Guwahati Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 3 Bihar Patna Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 4 Chandigarh Chandigarh Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 5 Chattisgarh Bhilai Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Korba Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Raipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 6 Delhi Delhi Vehicles NO 2, RSPM, SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM 7 Goa Panaji Industries, Vehicles - SPM 8 Gujarat Ahmedabad Vehicle, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Ankleshwar Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM Jamnagar Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM Rajkot Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM RSPM Surat Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Vadodara Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Vapi Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 9 Haryana Faridabad Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 10 Himachal Damtal Natural Dust SPM SPM Pradesh Paonta Sahib Natural Dust SPM SPM Parwanoo Industries, Natural RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Dust 11 Jharkhand Dhanbad Industries RSPM, SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM Jamshedpur Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Jharia Industries, Natural SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM Dust 12 Karnataka Bangalore Vehicle NO 2, RSPM, SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM 13 Kerala Kottayam Vehicles RSPM RSPM

37 S. No. State/Union Territory 14 Madhya Pradesh 15 Maharashtra City Major Sources of Pollution Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (Annual Average) Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (24 hourly average) Thiruvananthapuram Vehicles RSPM RSPM Kozhikode Natural dust - - Palakkad Natural Dust - RSPM Bhopal Vehicle RSPM, SPM SPM Indore Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Jabalpur Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Nagda Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Satna Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Chandrapur Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Mumbai Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Pune Vehicles, RSPM, SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM Nagpur Vehicles RSPM, SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM Nashik Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Solapur Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 16 Meghalaya Shillong Vehicles RSPM RSPM 17 Nagaland Dimapur Natural Dust RSPM RSPM, SPM 18 Orissa 19 Punjab 20 Rajasthan 21 Tamil Nadu 22 Uttar Pradesh Angul Vehicles, Industries, RSPM RSPM, SPM Natural Dust Rourkela Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Bhubaneshwar Vehicles - RSPM, SPM Gobindgarh Industries RSPM RSPM Ludhiana Vehicles, Industries NO 2, RSPM NO 2, RSPM Jalandhar Vehicles, Industries RSPM RSPM Alwar Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Jaipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Jodhpur Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Kota Vehicles Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Udaipur Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM Chennai Vehicle, Industries - RSPM Madurai Vehicles, RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Coimbatore Vehicles - RSPM, SPM Tuticorin Vehicles - RSPM Agra Vehicle, Industries NO 2, RSPM, SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM Anpara Industries RSPM RSPM Kanpur Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Lucknow Vehicles, RSPM, SPM RSPM,SPM Gajraula Industries SPM SPM Ghaziabad RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Noida Vehicles, Natural Dust, Industries SPM RSPM Varanasi Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 23 Uttaranchal Dehradun Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM RSPM 24 West Bengal Asansol Vehicles RSPM RSPM, SPM Durgapur Industries RSPM RSPM, SPM Kolkata Vehicles, Industries NO 2, RSPM, SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM Howrah Vehicles, Industries NO 2, RSPM, SPM NO 2, RSPM, SPM Haldia Industries, Vehicles - RSPM

38 Table 5.15: Number of Monitoring stations violating NAAQS (Ann. average and 24-hourly average) Area Class SO 2 NO 2 RSPM SPM 24- Hourly Annual average 24- Hourly Annual average 24- Hourly Annual average 24- Hourly Annual average Residential Industrial Sensitive Total Non-attainment Cities CPCB has identified list of polluted cities in which the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are repeatedly violated. These cities have been identified based on ambient air quality data obtained under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). Action plans are being formulated and implemented to control air pollution in non-attainment cities by respective states STRENGTHENING OF NAMP New Monitoring stations were sanctioned in cities like Chandigarh, Cuttack, Sambalpur, Berhampur, Tarapur Industruial Area, Lote Industrial area, Hyderabad, Ramagundum, Navi Mumbai, Kurnool Visakhapatnam, Patencheru, Vijayawada Mandi Gobindgarh, Khanna Baddi, Kala Amb and Barotiwala. State Pollution Control Boards were asked to monitor additional pollutants like carbon monoxide etc. near traffic intersections. Nonoperational stations were made operational. Monitoring of ammonia is being carried out in many cities. Monitoring through automatic continuous analysers is also being initiated in many cities SETTING UP OF CAAQMS IN 16 CITIES WITH CPCB S ASSISTANCE FOR WHICH AQMPS ARE BEING PREPARED Hon ble Supreme Court of India has identified the following sixteen cities where air pollution is high and asked respective State Govts. / State Pollution Control Boards to prepare action plan to control air pollution. Accordingly, MoEF/CPCB decided to set up 16 Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations (one each) in above 16 cities to see the impact of implementation of Action Plan on Air Quality. The Capital cost of the station, i.e. Rs Lacs will be borne by CPCB and the concerned SPCB on 50 : 50 basis. The annual Operation & Maintenance cost of each station (Rs Lacs) will be borne by the respective SPCBs and networking cost of all the 16 stations will be borne by CPCB. In the 16 proposed stations, parameters like Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Benzene, Toluene & Xylene, Ozone, Particulate Matters (TSP & PM 10 ) and Meteorological Parameters will be monitored continuously. A sum of Rs Lacs per station was released towards CPCB share for Mumbai, Hyderabad, Faridabad and Bangalore during the financial year , for

39 Chennai and Ahmedabad during and for Jodhpur, Patna, Pune, Solapur, Kanpur and Varanasi during Lucknow and Kolkata will be covered under the programme during PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATION / NETWORK CPCB has started in 1984, National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) to monitor the air quality and assess the effectiveness of implementation of pollution control measures. It was decided by Planning Commission that CPCB/SPCB should start Monitoring of air quality in major cities and critically polluted areas by installing continuous air quality monitoring stations. It is felt that this may be accomplished through public-private participation due to shortage of technical manpower in CPCB/SPCB. After evaluating the merits & demerits of possible models including private participation in the management of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS), CPCB decided that the following two new models may be adopted in the identified cities as pilot project: Model- I: Operation contract Model-II: Build Own & Operate (BOO) contract (investigation and operate) Model I: Operation contract will be executed in four cities namely Delhi, Lucknow, Bangalore & Chennai and Model II: BOO contract will be executed in another four cities (to be identified). Each identified cities will be having a network of three CAAQM Stations. Progress made on this project is given below: Meeting held with the Indian Agents of various manufacturers of CAAQMS to obtain their (Principal Supplier s) willingness to participate in the proposed pilotproject and also to get their views/ information on proposed contract conditions particularly on the BOO Model. Detailed Terms of Reference (TOR) for conducting the said project assignment & activity - wise schedule was prepared Correspondence were made with DEFRA London, AEA Technology, Oxfordshire, England, ADEME France, CASELLA STANGER, London, Department of Environment, Malaysia, Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. for incorporating their experiences in the proposed project- Network Management. Constituted the Committee for the purpose of Evaluating the consultancy offer of the National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd (Consultancy Wing), NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) Request letters were sent to concerned SPCB s and Zonal Officers, of CPCB to take necessary & time bound action for selection & acquisition of suitable monitoring sites for the proposed three Automatic Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AAQMS) to be installed at Banglore, Chennai, Lucknow & Delhi. Monitoring

40 Network configuration & guideline approach to be followed for selection & acquisition of suitable monitoring sites are also suggested. The Committee for preparation of specifications for setting up of Continuous Real Time Air Quality Monitoring Stations in 16 cities was revived for obtaining approval by circulation of this Committee on additional two items 1) HC Analyzer & 2) NO-NO2-NOx NH3 Analyzer, proposed in the monitoring configuration. MOU was signed between CPCB and NTPC in October 2005 for execution of CAAQMS Pilot project (Operation contract) and in December, 2006, for execution of CAAQMS Pilot project (BOO contract) Detailed Technical Specifications of the CAAQMS for the preparation of Bidding Document was sent to procurement consultant NTPC for tendering. After various rounds of meetings with the Consultant, NTPC, the bidding documents, estimated cost for O&M, detailed scope of work, qualifying requirements, division of responsibilities, work schedule etc. were finalized. Invitation for bid (IFB) was issued for operation contract in all leading newspapers on Pre-bid conference was held on Last Date of Submission of Bid was Evaluation of Part-I Techno-Commercial bids is in-progress at NTPC. A Technical Working Group and Expert Evaluation Committee for the purpose of evaluating & processing the bids are constituted at CPCB vide office orders dated February 24/ 27, An amount of Rs 6,50,00,000/- (Rs Six Crore Fifty Lacs only) was released / transferred to NTPC Ltd NETWORKING OF CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATION IN IDENTIFIED CITIES The present National Air quality Monitoring Network is limited in its scope of application and hence, there is need to modernize the existing system to International standard. Internationally use of continuous Automatic Ambient Air Quality Monitoring is widely accepted. In most of the countries it is the requirement to do air quality monitoring using automatic analyzers and there manual monitoring are done as a complement to on line measurements. In this context it is proposed to develop Automatic Air Quality Monitoring Network and a three level / data management & transfer system, initially involving 10 identified metro cities & cities where Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS) are already in operation. The proposed project was discussed in 51 st Conference of Chairman & Member Secretaries of Pollution Control Boards / Committees

41 Table 5.16: Agencies having continuous ambient air quality monitoring faciltiesto be involved in the propose network organization in the identified cites Name of the city Existing users of CAAQMS stations / analyzers Mumbai HPCL(3), RCF(4), BMC(IMV), BARC, BPCL(3), MPCB(1+1MV+ 1 proposed) IIT-Mumbai, Navi Mumbai Municipal corp.(1) Kolkata WBPCB (2 + 1 proposed) Chennai CPCL(6), TNPCB(3 + 1 proposed) Delhi CPCB(3), IIT-Delhi, JNU Hydarabad APPCB (1 + 1 proposed, JNT University Banglore KSPCB(1MV + 1 proposed), ITC Ltd. Ahmedabad GPPCB(1+ 1 proposed), Physical Research Lab Vadodara IOCL(5), GSPCB (1) Visakhapatnam HPCL(3), Vizag Steel Plant (1MV+ 3 Proposed) Kochi KSEB(3), FACT(3), Kochi Refinery(3) Progress made on this project is given below: Detailed Project Proposal was made for its submission and required approval on 21/04/2005. Draft advertisement was prepared seeking Expression of Interest from qualified and experienced consulting firms who wish to be considered to undertake the above project assignment and its submission for required approval on 22/06/2005. Detailed Terms of Reference were prepared for Consultant Assistance for conducting the said project assignment & proposed activity - wise work schedule and its submission for required approval on 11/ 07/2005. A Technical Steering committee was constituted for execution of consultancy project assignment for networking CAAQMS in identified 10 cities. After detailed evaluation of the submission received from different firms the Committee recommended short - listing of five firms / organizations for inviting their detailed offer. Detailed RFP document (QCBS) was prepared for inviting proposals from shortlisted firms and its submission for required approval. Letters of invitation were sent to short-listed 5 consultants requesting for submission of technical & financial proposal for Consultancy Assignment for Networking.

42 5.16 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF EXISTING CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS/ANALYZERS (CAAQMS CPCB has taken-up a study to evaluate the performance of already existing CAAQMS of various makes, maintained by Industries/SPCBs/National Institutes before going for the required modernization of National Air Quality Monitoring Network,. The stations approximately 200 nos. have been set-up by large industries on the basis of environmental clearance condition given by MoEF. Experience gained through this study will be utilized to modernize present Air Quality Monitoring System. A range of monitoring stations operated and maintained by SPCBs / major industries were covered for the required evaluation / assessment. Progress of this project is given below: Compliance statement of about fifteen industries on the recommendations proposed in our inspection report was prepared based on their submission received progressively during April / May Letters were sent to CPCB Zonal Offices, requesting to inspect and verify the compliance & proposed action plan on suggested recommendations sent. Need, composition & TOR to constitute a technical working group for data validation of existing Continuous Automatic Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS) in the concerned state for effective execution of the project were prepared. After taking approval of competent authority, CPCB, letters were sent to all Member Secretaries of concerned SPCBs. Reminder letters were also sent regarding above said work. Technical working group has been constituted in concerned SPCBs in between September 2005 to March To identify the remaining users of CAAQMS in the country & including them in the scope of the project, letters are placed for Indian Agents, and Member Secretary, all SPCBs/PCBs / PCCs for identifying the remaining users (Industries / Research Institutions / Municipal Corporations... etc.) of CAAQMS in their state. Request is also made to transmit our requirement to their all regional / district offices for providing the names of the remaining users directly to CPCB. Letters were sent to all concern MS-SPCB s requesting to inform progress as- on date status of the scope of work assigned to the working group 5.17 CALIBRATION AND EVALUATION OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN INDIA CPCB monitors ambient air quality at about 200 locations spread over 115 cities in the country. The data generated are used for planning nation-wide progrmame on pollution control. The data is also used to evaluate performance of pollution control efforts and various other important decisions of national & local level. Thus, the quality of data

43 becomes very important. Apart from various measures require for ensuring quality of data, the most important one is regular calibration and servicing of equipment especially high respirable dust samplers/high volume samplers. In order to fulfil this requirement CPCB out sources the calibration exercise to M/s Bhagwati Lab & M/s Shri Ram Test House. Initially limited work was assigned, which is proposed to be extended after satisfying the performance of the above firms AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN DELHI The Central Pollution Control Board has been monitoring ambient air quality at seven locations in Delhi for the past many years. The locations have been categorized based on land use, i.e., residential, industrial and traffic intersection. The comparison of ambient air quality data during 2005 with previous years is shown Table 5.17 and illustrated below: Table 5.17: Ambient air quality in Delhi during 2004 and 2005 (all values in µg/m 3 ) Parameter Residential Area Industrial Area Traffic intersection SO NO SPM RSPM CO Sulphur dioxide With the reduction of sulphur content in diesel, the sulphur dioxide concentrations have shown a declining trend at most of the locations in Delhi during 2005 with respect to The increase observed at BSZ Marg traffic intersection was also found to be insignificant. Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide is showing an upward trend since During 2005, it increased in residential area (44 µg/m 3 ) by 10 percent, while in industrial area (41 µg/m 3 ) and traffic intersection (83 µg/m 3 ) it decreased by 2 and 7 percent respectively in comparison to Suspended Particulate Matter Annual average SPM concentration during 2005 registered a decrease of approximately 6 and 10 percent respectively in residential areas (310 µg/m 3 ) and industrial areas (304 µg/m 3 ). SPM concentration at traffic intersection (512 µg/m 3 ) registered an increase of 2 percent. Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter RSPM recorded 115 µg/m 3 in residential areas and 131 µg/m 3 in industrial areas during These are 12 and 3 percent respectively lower than the values recorded in RSPM at traffic intersection (259 µg/m 3 ) registered an increasing trend of 14 percent.

44 Carbon monoxide CO levels measured at BSZ traffic intersection during 2005 was found to be 2541 µg/m 3 as against 2581 µg/m 3 recorded in 2004, thus indicating a decline of 2 percent CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN DELHI B.S.Z. Marg Intersection An integrated continuous ambient air quality monitoring is being carried out at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg (B.S.Z. Marg) (near Foot over bridge) to monitor the ambient air quality of that area. The site is located at one of the busiest traffic intersection of Delhi. This is one of the biggest commercial area of Delhi and offices of the Government, Public and Private companies beside the offices of News Paper are located in the area. The majority of vehicles Comprises 2 wheelers, 3 wheelers, cars and buses. Movement of other heavy vehicles like trucks is restricted in the area during the daytime. Two thermal power plants i.e. I. P. Power House and Rajghat Power House and two gas base power plants are located in the area which also add to the air pollution besides the contribution from large number of vehicles. The evaluation of air quality, its present and anticipated pollution status is necessary to assess through continuous air quality monitoring Programme. Monthly average concentration of NO, NO 2, NO x, SO 2, CO, O 3 and PM 2.5 at BSZ Marg during 2005 are presented in Table Table 5.18: Monthly Average of NO, NO 2, NO x, SO 2, CO, O 3 and PM 2.5 at BSZ Marg during 2005 Parameter Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec NO (µg/m 3 ) Ann. Avg. NO 2 (µg/m 3 ) NO X (ppb) SO 2 (µg/m 3 ) CO (µg/m 3 ) O 3 (µg/m 3 ) PM 2.5 (µg/m ) Note: All values are in µg/m 3 Siri Fort A continuous ambient air quality monitoring station is being operated at Sirifort (South Delhi) to monitor the ambient air quality of that area. The area falls under Residential, rural and mixed-use category. The monitoring point is located near a road having moderate volume of traffic comprises, 2 wheelers, 3 wheelers, cars and buses. Movement of other heavy vehicles like trucks is restricted in the area during the

45 daytime. The evaluation of air quality, its present and anticipated pollution status is necessary to assess through continuous air quality monitoring Programme. Monthly average concentration of NO, NO 2, NO x, SO 2, CO and O 3 at Siri Fort during 2005 are presented in Table Table 5.19: Monthly Average of NO, NO 2, NO x, SO 2, CO, O 3 and PM 2.5 at Siri Fort during 2005 Parameter Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec Ann. Avg. NO (µg/m 3 ) NO 2 (µg/m 3 ) NO X (ppb) SO 2 (µg/m 3 ) CO (µg/m 3 ) O 3 (µg/m 3 ) Note: All values are in µg/m 3 Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), Bawana An integrated continuous ambient air quality monitoring station has been installed at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), Bawana during February 2005 to monitor the ambient air quality of that area. The site is located in the premises of Delhi College of Engineering, which is an open area. This station is surrounded by college building, hostels and staff quarters. The evaluation of air quality, its present and anticipated pollution status is necessary to assess through continuous air quality monitoring Programme. Monthly average concentration of NO, NO 2, NO x, SO 2, CO, O 3 and PM 10 at DCE, Bawana during 2005 are presented in Table able 5.20: Monthly Average of NO, NO 2, NO x, SO 2, CO, O 3 and PM 2.5 at DCE, Bawana during 2005 Ann. Parameter Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec Avg. NO (µg/m 3 ) NO 2 (µg/m 3 ) NO X (ppb) SO 2 (µg/m 3 ) CO (µg/m 3 ) O 3 (µg/m 3 ) PM 10 (µg/m ) Note: All values are in µg/m 3

46 5.19 MOBILE VAN MONITORING IN DELHI The air quality monitoring have been conducted using ambient air quality monitoring mobile van in the month of September October 2005 at Seven (7) locations in Delhi. Air monitoring for Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ), Carbon monoxide (CO), Ozone (O 3 ) and RSPM was conducted at each location on different days during 12th of September to 05th of October hourly average concentrations of NO2, SO 2, O 3, RSPM and CO (8 hourly average) are presented in Table Table 5.21: 24 Hourly Average concentrations of NO 2, SO 2, O 3, RSPM and CO (8 Hourly) Date Location NO 2 SO 2 O 3 RSPM CO Morning Evening Night 12/09/2005 Redfort /09/2005 Chattarsal Stadium /09/2005 R.K.Puram /09/ /09/2005 S.P.Marg, Dhaula kuan Windsor Place /10/2005 Patparganj /10/2005 NPL Campus Note: All values are in µg/m ON-LINE BTEX MONITORING IN THE AMBIENT AIR OF DELHI (2005) Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl- Benzene, and Xylene) in the ambient air at Sirifort using continuous BTEX Analyzer (FID). Sirifort monitoring station is located in the premises of electric sub station. The surrounding area is flat plateau with dense residential localities, commercial establishments and a famous sports complex. There is no major immediate source of air pollution in the vicinity of Sirifort monitoring station. However there may be some impact of vehicles playing on a busy road at a distance of approximate 100 meters from the station. The annual minimum, maximum and mean concentration of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-Benzene, and Xylene) in ambient air at Sirifort in Delhi during 2005 is presented in Figure The annual concentration was observed in the range of 3.0 µg/m 3 to 17.9 µg/m 3, 8.9 µg/m 3 to 30.1 µg/m 3, 1.8 µg/m 3 to 13.5µg/m 3 and 1.0 µg/m 3 to 7.0 µg/m 3 of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-Benzene, and Xylene (M&P-Xylene and O Xylene) respectively. The annual mean concentration of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-Benzene and Xylene (M&P- Xylene and O Xylene) were observed 9.1 µg/m 3, 18.3 µg/m 3, 5.6 µg/m 3, and 3.0 µg/m 3 respectively.

47 35.0 MIN. MAX. MEAN CONCENTRATION (µg/m3) BENZENE TOLUENE ETHYL - BENZENE XYLENE FIGURE 5.39: LEVELS OF BTEX AT SIRIFORT,DELHI (2005) 5.22 ACTIVE BTX SAMPLING FOLLOWED BY ATD-GC ANALYSIS BTX Samples have been collected from several locations like ITO crossing, petrol pumps, CNG filling stations, for shorter period (two-three hours) using low flow pump at different time intervals including peak and lean traffic periods in Delhi. BTX samples were analysed using Automated Thermal Desorption - Gas Chromatography (ATD-GC). Results are shown in Figure 5.40, which reflect following observations. Figure 5.40: Benzene & Toluene Levels during Peak & Lean Hours in Delhi Concentration (µg/m3) Concentration Levels of Benzene & Toluene in Delhi during ITO crossing Petrol Pump(Preet Vihar) Mansa Petrol Pump CNG Station Sarai Kale Khan Sirifort (NAMP Station) Benzene Toluene Ashok Vihar (NAMP Station) Traffic intersection (ITO) and Petrol Pump Preet Vihar recorded almost similar highest Benzene level (34.57 & ug/m 3 ) due to high-traffic density as compared to other selected locations. Toluene is found to be higher at petrol pumps. Lowest levels of Benzene and Toluene ( ug/m 3 ) were found at Sirifort (NAMP Station).

48 Benzene and Toluene levels ( ug/m 3 ) monitored at one CNG filling station at Indra Prastha, Ring Road were recorded low as compared to traffic intersection and petrol pumps. During June, 2006 two days BTX monitoring have been conducted at ITO and Preet Vihar Petrol Pump for three hours in morning (9 a.m. to 12 a.m.) and in evening (5 p.m. to 8 p.m.) The average value of Benzene in morning hours is13.81 µg/m 3 and 6.75 in the evening peak hours at ITO. While at Petrol pump the average Benzene concentration is approximately same (14.93 µg/m 3 ) in both peak hours. The average toluene concentration at ITO is ug/m 3 and at Petrol Pump µg/m 3. The concentration of Benzene and Toluene is given in Figure Figure 5.41: Benzene & Toluene Levels at ITO & Petrol Pump during June, 2005 Concentration(ug/m3) Concentration of BTX AT ITO & Petrol Pump during June, M1 E1-1 M2-1 E2-1 BENatd TOLatd XYLatd BENatd TOLatd XYLatd ITO Preet Vihar P.P BENZENE SOLUBLE ORGANIC FRACTION (BSOF) IN PM 10 AT B.S.Z MARG, DELHI BSOF is being sporadically measured in RSPM at BSZ Marg Traffic Intersection Delhi since Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction (BSOF) mainly comprises of hundreds of particulate bound organic compounds present in ambient air. Some of the important BSOF compounds include Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Dioxins and Furans, Oxidized Hydrocarbons (aldehydes, ketones, oxyacids etc.). Measurement of BSOF gives an idea about the anthropogenic emissions originating from the combustion of fossil fuels. The BSOF levels in RSPM at BSZ Marg in Delhi are presented in Table The concentration of BSOF in PM10 ranged between µg/m 3. Results indicate that BSOF during the winter months were higher ranging from µg/m 3, while the lowest values (16 µg/m3) were observed in monsoon period. The percent BSOF in PM 10 ranges between 4 and 25. The highest percentage was observed in July 2003 when average RSPM was found to be only 67 µg/m 3 (perhaps due to wash out factor) but the BSOF even at such low levels of RSPM was found to be highest (25%) in comparison to other months.

49 Table 5.22: BSOF Levels in RSPM at B.S.Z Marg, Delhi Period BSOF µg/m 3 RSPM µg/m 3 Percent BSOF in RSPM December % January % December % January % May % June % July % November % December % November % December % 5.24 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN DELHI Sodar System A monostatic Sodar system is working at Parivesh Bhawan to probe the lower atmosphere. The period of free convection in the atmosphere observed in beginning of the year, 2005 was mostly from a.m. or a.m. to p.m.. In summer, it was mostly in the period from a.m. to p.m. In monsoon period, it was mostly from a.m. or a.m. to p.m. or p.m.. In post monsoon period, it was from a.m. or a.m. to p.m. or p.m. In he winter followed the period of free convection was mostly from a.m. to p.m. The data is given in Table Table 5.22: Period of free convection, Averages of Mixing Height and Maximum and Minimum of Mixing Heights (Metres) in different months of the year, 2005 Month Mostly occurring period of free convection during the month Min. Mixing Height* during the month Max. Mixing Height* during the month Monthly Average Mixing Height (Metres) Average Mixing Height in period of free convection Average Mixing Height in period of without free convection January, 10 am, 11 am or Noon to 5 pm February, 10 am or 11 am 2005 to 5 pm or 6 pm March, 9 am or 10 am 2005 to 6 pm May, am to 7 pm June, am to 7 pm or 8 pm July, am or 8 am to 6 pm or 7 pm August, 7 am or 8 am to pm or 7 pm

50 September, am to 6 pm October, 9 am or 10 am 2005 to 5 pm or 6 pm November, am or am to 5 pm December, am to 5 pm Note: Adequate data was not available in April * Hourly Averages AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN KANPUR Regular monitoring of SO 2, NO 2 and RSPM is being conducted round the clock on all working days in Kanpur at Vikas Nagar, which is considered as Residential area. The monitoring and analysis is done through IIT, Kanpur. Monthly average of RSPM and NO 2 for year April2005-March2006 are shown in Figures 5.42 and Studies carried out at Kanpur indicates that Values of RSPM range from 71 µg/m 3 to 394 µg/m 3 on monthly basis. Lowest value was observed in july and highest value was observed in December. During monsoon comparatively lower values were observed. RSPM concentration was observed very high as compared to prescribed standards ie.100 µg/m 3 (24 hr average) throughout the year except during monsoon months, necessitating action on priority for its effective mitigation. NO 2 concentration ranges from 18µg/m 3 to 28 µg/m 3 which is much lower than standards i.e. 80 µg/m 3 (24 hr basis) There is not much variation in the NO 2 concentration throughout the year SO 2 was observed very low throughout the year and is of no concern. Figure 5.42: Variation in NO 2 Concentration (April2005-March2006) Concentration in ug/m April May June July August September October November December January February March Month

51 Figure 5.43: Variation of RSPM Concentration (April2005-March2006) Concentration in ug/m April May June July August September October November December January February March Month The main reason for the higher values of RSPM in Kanpur may be summarized as below Heavy vehicular traffic with poor traffic control Indiscriminate use of generators of all capacity during frequent power cuts. Various commercial activities in the residential areas. Burning of garbage in heaps in the various places Digging of roads Dust storm during summer months. Localized construction near the monitoring site during the year may also have some bearing on this RSPM values AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN VADODARA CPCB is operating one Ambient Air quality monitoring station at Subhanpura (Vadodara) continuously for 5 days in a week for the parameters like TSPM, RSPM, SO2, NOx,. The results reveal that the particulate matter in ambient air is high due to heavy vehicular movement and the background dust. The data generated by the monitoring station is also displayed in TV network. The Monthly measured average RSPM values observed from 31 µg/m 3 to 122 µg/m 3 violating the limit of 100 µg/m 3 during the post monsoon and winter season. The monthly average values of SO 2 varied between 0.02 µg/m µg/m 3 well within the prescribed limit of 80 µg/m 3. The reasons may be attributed to lower residence time, high reactivity of SO 2 with photo chemically formed OH radicals in presence of Sunlight. Average monthly measured NO 2 in µg/m 3 varied between 6.28 µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 which were within the limit of 80 µg/m 3.

52 Table 5.23: Ambient Air Quality (µg/m 3 ) in Subhanpura, Vadodara Parameter Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Min TSPM Max Avg Min RSPM Max Avg Min SO 2 Max Avg Min NOx Max Avg Figure 5.44: TSPM & RSPM Trend in Subhanpura, Vadodara January February March April May June July August September October Novmber December TSPM RSPM Figure 5.45: Graph Showing the SO 2 & NOx Trend in Vadodara January February March April May June July August September October Novmber December NOx SO2

53 5.27 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING AT AGRA The monitoring of Ambient Air Quality is the main activity of CPCB-Agra Office. The activity was initiated under a direction of Hon ble Supreme Court of India in The actual monitoring and data submission started in January 2002 for all four stations, viz. Tajmahal, Iti-mad-ud-daula, Rambagh and Nunhai. During the year, the monitoring activity continued for monitoring of 4 primary pollutants viz. SPM, RSPM, SO 2 and NO 2. The data profile is presented in Figures 5.46 to Figure 5.46: SPM Trend at Agra ( ) 1200 Nunhai Tajmahal Itmad ud Daulah Rambagh Co nce ntr atio n (µg /Cu.m) Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar Figure 5.47: RSPM Trend at Agra ( ) Nunhai Tajmahal Itmad ud Daulah Rambagh 450 Co 400 nc ent 350 rat ion (µ 300 g/ 20 Cu 250.m ) Co 14 nc 100 ent rat io n (µ g/ Cu.m ) Figure 5.48: Sulphur Dioxide at Agra ( ) Nunhai Tajmahal Itmad ud Daulah Rambagh 10 0 Apr.05 May.05 Jun.05 Jul.05 Aug.05 Sep.05 Oct.05 Nov.05 Dec.05 Jan.06 Feb.06 Mar Apr.05 May.05 Jun.05 Jul.05 Aug.05 Sep.05 Oct.05 Nov.05 Dec.05 Jan.06 Feb.06 Mar.06

54 Figure 5.49: Trend of Nitrogen Dioxide at Agra ( ) Nunhai Tajmahal Itmad ud Daulah Rambagh Co nc 40 ent rat io n 30 (µ g/ Cu.m 20 ) 10 0 Apr.05 May.05 Jun.05 Jul.05 Aug.05 Sep.05 Oct.05 Nov.05 Dec.05 Jan.06 Feb.06 Mar.06 The above figures indicate that the ambient air quality at Tajmahal remained to be least polluted among four stations, while Nunhai had maximum concentration of pollution. Both SPM and RSPM parameters were once again noted to be critical as were observed in last three years. Monitoring of Fine Particulate Matter In addition to routine parameters, CPCB-Agra is also monitoring PM 2.5 at Tajmahal station. The data for the period from October 05 to March 06 is presented in Figure It may be seen that PM 2.5 constitutes 31% of SPM in October, 36% in November, 55% in December, 47% in January, 28% in February and only 17% in March, while the

55 same in RSPM was about 64% in October, 69% in November, 81% in December, 78% in January, 62% in February and only 46% in March. 500 Figure 5.50: Comparative Profile of Particulate at Tajmahal RSPM PM2.5 SPM 450 Co nc en tra tio n (µ g/ Cu.m ) Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AT JATIN DAS PARK, KOLKATA Regular monitoring of ambient air was carried out at Hazra More in Kolkata to provide data for daily national telecast. The data obtained were statistically processed to find the variation among the days, shifts and months. Among the days, at each shifts variation was not so wide as reflected from coefficient of variation (CV) with respect to variation among the months. The exceedence of permissible limit with respect to RSPM was observed in eight months in a year. The co-efficient of variation of NO 2 reflects almost the same trend as observed in the case of RSPM. However, the values are always below permissible limit. SO 2 were always far below the permissible limit (Table 5.24). Table 5.24: Shiftwise variation of RSPM, SO 2 & NO 2 at Jatin Das Park during April 05 to March 06 Month RSPM SO 2 NO 2 Shift 1 Shift 2 Shift 3 Shift 1 Shift 2 Shift 3 Shift 1 Shift 2 Shift 3 Apr Avg CV May Avg CV Jun Avg CV Jul Avg

56 CV Aug Avg CV Sep Avg CV Oct Avg CV Nov Avg CV Dec Avg CV Jan Avg CV Feb Avg CV Mar Avg CV Avg SD CV AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TRENDS OF VARIOUS CITIES IN INDIA The ambient air quality levels (SO 2, NO 2 and RSPM) of various cities are depicted through the following graphs: Ambient Air Quality Levels (µg/m 3 ) of SO Agra Lucknow Kanpur Varanasi Jharia Faridabad

57 Ambient Air Quality Levels (µg/m 3 ) of SO Patna Jodhpur Pune Ahemdabad Kolkata Mumbai Ambient Air Quality Levels (µg/m 3 ) of SO Hyderabad Bangalore Sholapur Chennai

58 Ambient Air Quality Levels (µg/m 3 ) of NO x Agra Lucknow Kanpur Varanasi Jharia Faridabad Ambient Air Quality Levels (µg/m 3 ) of NOx Patna Jodhpur Pune Ahemdabad Kolkata Mumbai

59 Ambient Air Quality Levels (µg/m 3 ) of RSPM Patna Jodhpur Pune Ahemdabad Kolkata Mumbai Ambient Air Quality Levels (µg/m 3 ) of RSPM Hyderabad Bangalore Sholapur Chennai

60 Ambient Air Quality Levels (µg/m 3 ) of RSPM Hyderabad Agra Lucknow 50 0 Chennai Kanpur

61 PRESENT STATE OF ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND COUNTER MEASURES 6.1 STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE COUNTRY Disposal of domestic sewage from cities and towns is the biggest source of pollution of water bodies in India. There are 211 STPs in 112 of the 414 Class I cities and 31 STPs in 22 of the 489 Class II towns. Besides, 27 STPs are in 26 other smaller towns. In all there are 269 STPs, including 231 operational and 38 under construction. There remain 302 Class I cities and 467 Class II towns having no sewage treatment facilities. All Class I cities and Class II towns together generate an estimated MLD sewage (as per population in 2001 census). Against this, installed sewage treatment capacity is only 6190 MLD. There remains a gap of MLD between sewage generation and installed capacity. In percentage this gap is 78.7 %. Another MLD capacity is under planning or construction stage. If this is also added to existing capacity, we are left with a MLD (equal to 72.7 %) gap in sewage treatment capacity that has not even planned yet. Table 6.1: Sewage generation and treatment capacity in Class I cities and Class II towns (sewage generation estimated on the basis of 2001 population) City category & population Class I cities having more than 10 lac population Class I cities having 5 to 10 lac population Class I cities having 2 to 5 lac population Class I cities having 1 to 2 lac population Num ber of cities Sewage generation, MLD Installed sewage treatment capacity, MLD 4472 (In 29 cities) 485 (In 13 cities) 768 (In 34 cities) 322 (In 36 cities) Capacity gap in cities having STPs, MLD (A) Sewage generation in cities having no STPs, MLD (B) Total capacity gap, MLD (A+B) Planned treatmen t capacity, MLD All the above Class I cities together (100%) 6047(23.1%) (In 112 cities) 8605 (32.9%) (44%) (76.9%) (6.5%) Class II towns having 0.5 to 1 lac population (100%) 200 (>143*) (4.8%) (In 22 towns) Nil 2822 (95.2%) 2822 (95.2%) 34.1 (1.15%) All Class I cities and (21.3%) 8605 (29.5%) (49.2%) Class II towns (100%) *Estimated sewage of the cities having STPs (78.7%) (6.0%) Central Pollution Control Board studied performance of 115 STPs operating throughout the country. It was observed that 45 STPs were operating at sub optimal efficiency, largely due to improper operation and maintenance. Treatment of domestic sewage and subsequent utilization of treated sewage for irrigation can prevent pollution of water bodies, reduce the demand for fresh water in irrigation sector and result in huge savings in terms of nutritional value of sewage in

62 irrigation. State governments are required to take immediate action for treatment and utilization of treated sewage. A status report on sewage treatment in India and performance of installed STPs has been finalized and published. Table 6.2: State wise summary of performance status of STPs State STPs studied by CPCB STPs achieved norms STPs did not achieve norms during the study during the study Bihar Chandigarh Chhattisgarh Delhi Gujrat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal TOTAL ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN WEST BENGAL The problems caused by arsenic contamination in groundwater have reached alarming proportion over the years. The people exposed to arsenic contaminated water are suffering from skin lesion, muscular disorder and cancer. Millions of people are threatened by arsenic related diseases. In rural areas lakh people out of West Bengal state rural people (2001 census) of lakh (i.e. 28%) are under threat. 75 blocks out of 341 blocks in the state are affected. In urban areas 120 lakh people out of lakh (i.e. 53%) are under the threat of arsenic contamination (PHED2004). The increased trend of human exposure to arsenic through groundwater has become a major concern in West Bengal and Bihar. The regular survey revealed extension of arsenic affected areas, both in West Bengal and Bihar. Problems are further aggravated due to over-extraction of groundwater from sub-surface aquifer and deep aquifer as people are mainly dependent on groundwater for domestic and irrigation purpose. Continuous and extensive use of groundwater by different means has already led to cause increase of background level concentration in the environmental components, soil, vegetation, surface water etc., which may, in the near future, upset the equilibrium of natural ecosystem and cause human health problems. Presently, emphasis has been given on treatment of groundwater by adopting different technologies as a short term measure to solve the crisis of arsenic free water without giving any attention to utilise other sources like dug well, ponds, lakes, rivulets etc. through upgradation. With this concern, Central Pollution Control Board, Zonal Laboratory, Kolkata is regularly monitoring tubewell water, pond water, dug well water, sediment, soil to assess the level of contamination and prevailing status of water quality in terms of ph, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, fluoride, sulfide, sulfate, iron, manganese, zinc etc in the affected areas and also performance of Arsenic Removal Units (ARU) installed in different locations.

63 Performance evaluation of different arsenic removal technologies A variety of treatment technologies like co-precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange and membrane processes have been used to remove the As ion from contaminated groundwater. But efficiency of these technologies and acceptability by user are always questionable. Arsenic in groundwater most often occurs from geogenic sources though anthropogenic arsenic may also occur. Geogenic arsenic is almost exclusively as arsenite or arsenates, which are presently expected as source of contamination of groundwater. Various organisations in West Bengal are adopting technologies using mostly oxidation followed by co-precipitation and adsorption both for community and household device in arsenic affected areas. Manufacturers highlight the capital cost but the regularity of replacement and maintenance of ARU are not properly highlighted. More than 100 units of different technologies were considered to assess their performance aiming to determine best available technology (BAT). In this study emphasis was given on high removal efficiency, social acceptability, compatibility with other treatment processes, process reliability and affordability. The earlier permissible limit of arsenic in treated water as per BIS was 0.05 mg/lwhich is now reviewed & fixed as 0.01 mg/l. The study was aimed to ascertain the frequency of removal of arsenic at the interval of 0.02 mg/lranging from less than 0.01 mg/l to greater than 0.05 mg/l. The analytical results obtained in this study were processed to evaluate the percentage changes of different water quality parameters after treatment and frequency (percent) of unsafe treated water as per BIS standard, the units of different make are presented as ARU-1, ARU-2 and so on. The results revealed that only 43 percent tubewells could achieve the present permissible limit (<0.01 mg/l), where ARU-1was fitted with tubewell. In few cases arsenic content was found more than 0.1 mg/l. This may be due to lack of proper maintenance irrespective of technology being used. Interrelationship among all the monitored parameters was studied, but no significant correlation was observed except those, which are chemically dependent on each other. In few places good association among phosphate, iron, zinc and arsenic was observed though not consistent. In few cases, treated water was inferior to raw water. This was happened mainly due to lack of back washing in time. During our survey it was observed that after backwashing ARU was capable to produce safe water, but in few cases even after backwashing ARU failed to produce safe water. The wide variation among the values of each parameters particularly nitrate, sulfate, chloride, metals etc. which are also removed to great extent through media, may cause inconsistent behaviour of arsenic removal plants. Presence of dissolved organic matter and nutrients in raw water may create a conducive environment for microbial population. In such situation people may drink contaminated water unknowingly. Therefore, based on water quality of arsenic affected areas proper maintenance schedule with infrastructure support must be framed in addition to upgradation of these plants. It may be mentioned that almost all the people in arsenic affected areas are already exposed to arsenic, therefore, compliance of existing BIS standard must be mandatory, if not further less.

64 Steps to overcome arsenic problem Though arsenic problem in West Bengal has become epidemic and suffering of people are regularly reported but problems may be solved to great extent giving emphasis on the following points. Minimize the use of groundwater by avoiding sole dependence on GW Piped water supply based from river on techno-economic feasibility Use of other available surface water resources (pond, lake, rivulet Construction of dams on rivulet for storage of water Rainwater harvesting to utilize adequate rainfall Deep aquifer tube wells having reasonably thick clay barrier above for small community and multivillage schemes. Characterization of water of a new tube well for relevant parameters including arsenic before commissioning. Adoption of Arsenic Removal Plant with people participation with proper maintenance as short term measure Field trials of arsenic removal techniques considering all water chemistry aspects in localized field conditions including modality for disposal of arsenic rich sludge. A system of periodic monitoring of arsenic content in the tube wells in and around the known arseniferous areas Strengthening institution for monitoring and corrective actions. Preparation of a detailed map of arsenic infected zones Participation of people, NGOs Panchayet members to protect and maintain water resources Exploration of possible sources of arsenic toxicity in groundwater Awareness programme to change mindset of groundwater Safe& assured' 6.3 REVIEW OF POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES IN PROBLEM AREAS Durgapur Area The Central Pollution control Board through its studies had identified 24 Problem Areas in the country, out of which 4 are located in the eastern region. On identifying the different environmental issues, an Action Plan was also prepared for Durgapur area for remedial measures in different pollution related issues of Water, Air, Noise, Toxic Substances, Solid Wastes etc. to counter the critical pollution aspects of the areas. Most of the 'action plans' have been implemented and some are nearing completion. Moreover, due to various reasons some of the units are closed and some other new Units have come up in the Durgapur area completely changing the scenario. Considering this, a study was undertaken at Durgapur problem area in West Bengal in 2005 to get a fresh look into the problems that exist in that part of our country. Durgapur Industrial area is located in Northwest part of the West Bengal and is situated 154 Km. West of Kolkata and 75 Km. East of Chittaranjan Locomotive. The land of the

65 area is undulated, rocky and some portion covered with jungles and shrubs. River Damodar flows through this area. The Soil is of Red Morrum and non-laterite type with Natural Resources as Gravel and Morrum. The area lies between E and E longitude, and N and N latitude and bound on the north by the P.S. Faridpur, on the east by the P.S. Kankea, on the south by the river Damodar, and on the west by the P.S. Andal. The western part of the Bardhaman District is quite different from that of the eastern part of the district. The western part is more akin to that of the hill ranges of central India and Santhal Parganas.It consists of barren, rocky and rolling land with a laterite soil rising into rocky hillocks. On the south, river Damodar, flows towards Durgapur which has a general slope. The western part of the area is higher than the eastern part having serious implications on constructing over and under passes on cross points of G.T. Road. The river Damodar first touches Bardhaman district at a point with Barakar, a few kilometers south of the Barakar Police Station. Damodar flows from North-West to South-East after originating in the Chotanagpur Plateau. It enters the area near Waria and leaves near Nadia. The river originates at some 2000 ft. above sea level on the Vindhya ranges of hill with an extensive catchment area. This river is basically nonperennial in character, with a flow of 650,000 Cusecs of water. During the rainy season the river collects on its way all washings of its tributaries originating in the Chotanagpur Plateau, but during October and November the flow drops down to 1500 Cusecs or even less During the rainy season, it is navigable by country boats only. In the upper course, the Damodar is a swift river. The middle course of the river lies between the point of entry into West Bengal and the city of Barddhaman. Until the construction of the Dam by the DVC, the river used to become; furious during the rains and bring devastating floods to its lower course. The Tamla nullah rises to the west of Ukhra and then flows south-east i.e. parallel to the river Damodar till it meets the Damodar near the village Birbhanpur in Durgapur P.S. This nullah flows within the area. The river Damodar almost swindles to mere trickles in the summer season leaving a wide stretch of sandy bed, while a considerable amount of water flows through during the rainy season. In between river Ajoy and Damodar, a tributary of Ajoy, the Kunur originates in the forest area of western part of the district Barddhaman and receives the drainage of eastern slopes of Raniganj watershed. It flows almost southeast for nearly 50 miles to meet with Ajoy near Kharagpur of Monglokot P.S. The river Kunur becomes dry in the months of summer and carries water during the months of monsoon and meets Damodar outside the area. The river divides the Durgapur P.S. from Faridpur P.S. in the north. The Rajiv nullah flows from North-Western part of the Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) town to the eastern side of the area. It also gets dry in the summer season, with rise of water level in the rainy season. Storm water drainage of the township depends on the network of open surface drains maintained by the concerned industrial units, DNA and ADDA. The ridge of the town being generally on the centre, along the north of G.T. Road the fall does not create any problem for the removal of storm water. On the south of G.T. road there is no organized

66 network of open drain. Due to this it drains towards the river Damodar, Tamla and small rivulets. The open drains are unclean and some of them cause water logging. The typical small-scale industries of the area are mainly the Sponge Iron Units and their allied pollution problems were covered to assess their present status. All the companies in the townships, Bidhannagar and other areas lying north of G.T. Road have an underground sewage system. DSP, MAMC and ADDA have their own sewage treatment plants. The areas Durgapur Bazar, Waria and other areas situated on the south of G.T. Road rely mainly on septic tanks. Some parts of the old town are still operate on the conservancy systems. In order to find out the current status of pollution due to the increasing trend in the industrial activity, the main sources of pollution in this area have been identified as given below: 1 Durgapur Steel Plant 2 Alloy Steel Plant, 3 Durgapur Chemicals Ltd, 4 Durgapur Projects Ltd, 5 Durgapur Thermal Power Station, 6 Philips Carbon Black, 7 Durgapur Cement Ltd. (Ultratech Cement), 8 East India Pharmaceuticals Ltd. And 9 State Dairy There is a sharp increase in the number of vehicles, due to rapid industrialization and subsequent urbanization. Above all, dust nuisance has increased due to ever increasing construction activities. To assess the pollution load of Damodar River by the industries in Durgapur problem area, two points were selected on Damodar River. One upstream of mixing of Tamla nallah and another downstream of mixing of Tamla nallah. Most of the industries are discharging their effluents into Tamla nallah, which ultimately leads to river Damodar, Four points were chosen on Tamla nallah to assess the degree of pollution. The results are given in Table 6.3, which show the impact of Tamla nallah on river Damodar. The Damodar river water quality in general is within the stipulated limits in context to the general parameters and also for the heavy metals. For instance the Tamla Nullah, which is the sink of all discharges is having COD in the range of mg/litre BOD in the range of mg/litre and TSS in the range of mg/litre. Sediment of the River in the D/s is having the maximum iron content of about 21,000 mg/kg, Zinc 45 mg/kg, Copper 16mg/kg, total Chromium 28mg/kg, Nickel 17 mg/kg and lead 5 mg/kg, where as in Tamla Nullah maximum Iron content of about 22,000 mg/kg, Zinc 121 mg/kg, Copper 24 mg/kg, Total Chromium 19 mg/kg, Nickel 14 mg/kg and lead as 33 mg/kg were observed. The Ponds sediments monitored were also found not having many problems in regard to metal pollution. Table 6.3: Damodar River and Tamla Nallah water quality

67 Location ph Cond. COD BOD TDS TSS Hard- Ness Alk Ca Mg Cl F Damodar U/S (Near Barrage) BDL BDL Damodar D/S (Near Randhia) Tamla Nallah near DSP Main Gate (Tamla U/S) Tamla Nallah near Raturia Housing Colony (Tamla Mid Stream) Tamla Nallah near Gamon Bridge(Tamla D/S) Tamla Nallah at Confluence Point with Damodar near Barrage Table continued Location Phenol CN O/G TKN NO 3 -N NO 2 -N SO 4 PO 4 -P Total PO 4 Metal* Damodar U/S (Near Barrage) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Damodar D/S (Near Randhia) BDL BDL BDL BDL Tamla Nallah near DSP Main Gate (Tamla U/S) BDL BDL BDL BDL Tamla Nallah near Raturia Housing Colony (Tamla Mid BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Stream) Tamla Nallah near Gamon Bridge (Tamla D/S) 0.05 BDL BDL BDL BDL Tamla Nallah at Confluence Point with Damodar near Barrage 0.05 BDL BDL BDL All are in mg/l except ph and conductivity (µs/cm) * Cu/Cr/Ni/Pb/Cd To assess the pollution of ground water, samples were also collected from tube wells, wells and also from the ponds located at prominent places. The Analytical Results are shown in Table 6.4. Table 6.4: Ground and Pond Water Quality at Durgapur Problem Area Location ph Cond COD BOD TDS TSS Hard- Ness ALK Ca Mg Cl F Tube Well at Mayabazar BDL Tube Well Near DSP/ASP Surya Sen Sarani BDL BDL Tube Well at Palasdih BDL BDL Tube Well at Nabapally MAMC Colony BDL BDL Well at Sagarbhanga BDL BDL Tube well at Ashis Nagar BDL Tube Well at Sandhipur (Budbud) BDL

68 Pond Shuri Pukur (Faridpur,Ruidaspara near Metali Sangha Club) Pond La Pukur (Bhiringi More) Table continued Location Phenol CN O/G TKN NO 3 -N NO 2 -N SO 4 PO 4 -P Total PO 4 Metal Tube Well at Mayabazar BDL BDL BDL BDL 11 BDL BDL Tube Well Near DSP/ASP Surya Sen Sarani BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Tube Well at Palasdih BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.25 BDL Tube Well at Nabapally MAMC Colony BDL BDL BDL BDL 27 BDL BDL Well at Sagarbhanga BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Tube well at Ashis Nagar BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Tube Well at Sandhipur (Budbud) BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.09 BDL 10 BDL 0.06 BDL Pond Shuri Pukur (Faridpur,Ruidaspara near BDL BDL BDL BDL Metali Sangha Club) Pond La Pukur (Bhiringi More) BDL BDL BDL 2 BDL BDL All are in mg/l except ph and conductivity (µs/cm) * Cu/Cr/ Ni/Pb/Cd The following activities were undertaken to study of Air Quality of Durgapur: Source monitoring at some significant industries; Fugitive emission monitoring inside industry premises and Ambient Air Quality Monitoring at different locations in the town. The ambient air quality was monitored at four places covering the area of Durgapur. The analytical results of ambient air quality monitoring done by using Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS) are shown in the Table 6.5. Table 6.5: Ambient air quality at different locations at Durgapur Monitoring Location Direction RSPM PM >10 SO 2 NO 2 DCL Guest House S - SW Railway St n / Bus Stand S - SE Mamra Bazar N - E Muchipara N - NE City Centre Centre BDL 89 All Values are in µg/m 3 Suspended Particulate Matter was observed in the range of µg/m 3, Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter in the range of µg/m 3 and Nitrogen Oxide in the range of µg/m 3, where as Sulfur Dioxide is observed very low and at times even Below Detection Limits.

69 The quality of industrial effluent discharges was found to be well within the consent limits for the Major Industrial Units monitored. In general the major problem of Durgapur area is the emission from the Sponge Iron Units and partially from the Thermal Power Plants. Though majority of the Durgapur Sponge Iron units have Air pollution Control Systems like ESPs, the efficiency of continuous running of the ESPs by the Units are doubtful and this is the main cause of Pollution especially during Nights. Singrauli Area Review meeting for Singrauli Action Plan was held on under chairman ship of Chairman CPCB took note of high turbidity in Rihand Reservoir and stressed on the necessity on intensive monitoring of air quality. The salient decision arrived at and follow-up work carried-out by CPCB ZO: Lucknow were as under: a. CPCB Zonal Office, interacted with National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee and the conceptualization of comprehensive project for source apportionment of turbidity in Rihand Reservoir is under progress. b. As per the decision, extensive ambient air quality monitoring in winter season was awarded to IIT- Kanpur, the findings are under compilation c. As decided, a formal communication was made to MoEF for taking appropriate view regarding dumping of Fly-Ash in abandoned Gorbi Mines, which has been found feasible by CMPDI-Ranchi but declined by NTPC. MoEF has been further advised that while granting conditions for clearance / renewal of Mine lease a condition is stipulated to ensure that abandoned mines shall be made available for backfilling of fly ash. d. In order to stress the regular review of ambient air quality monitoring data and subsequently generate a network of all the monitoring stations operated by different industries, interaction with identified industries have been initiated. Soft copy of one year ambient air quality data has been received from 4 industries. e. The Singrauli action plan was revised and communicated to all concerned industries. Mandi Gobindgarh Area The first meeting of the Review Committee was held at CPCB, Delhi on May 03, 2005 in which the Revised Action Plan in respect of the problem area has been prepared in concurrence with PPCB. The major Action Points are as follows- (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Inclusion of Khanna in the problem area, which is agreed by PPCB. Preparation of detailed inventory of air and water polluting industries operating in MGG and Khanna. Installation of Additional Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in the area Joint study on the `Carrying Capacity of the Problem Area` for major air pollutant of the area

70 (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) Strategy for Control of the fugitive emissions from the Rolling Mills, Induction Furnaces, Foundries and similar other types of the industries. Studies on characterization of RSPM / source apportionment of RSPM, in the Ambient Air of M.G Garh / Khanna with particular regard to presence of heavy metals. Categorization of bag filter dust from induction furnaces. Monitoring of lead ingots manufacturing industries in the area. Ground water quality monitoring in pre-monsoon & post-monsoon periods in the problem area specially the heavy metals. Exploring of possibilities of utilization of the slag in the cement industries. Later on, another follow up meeting was held at Patiala on and then at Mandi Gobindgarh on to review the status and decide further course of action. During these meetings, following specific decisions were taken- (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) There will be 6 Ambient air quality-monitoring stations in Mandi Gobindgarh and 3 in Khanna. These will be partly funded by CPCB and Punjab PCB In order to reduce fugitive emissions, following strategy will be adopted- Being air pollution control area, fuel restriction / fuel substitute may be practiced in MGG and Khanna rather than banning the industries. Fuel like LDO will be preferred over Furnace Oil or Assam coal which are known to have high sulphur. Restricting the capacity of furnaces / nos. of working hours will be attempted. Joint visit by a delegation of representatives from PPCB, CPCB, NPC and industries of Punjab will be organized in February 2006 itself to study the success made at Daman / Silvassa. Based on the joint visit of Daman / Silvassa area, a model plant will be set up at 1 induction furnace in MGG with the help of NPC The expenditure towards this model plant will be financed by CPCB and PPCB. A project on Health Impacts of Air Pollution, Causes and Remedies may be undertaken for the areas of Mandi Gobindgarh-Khanna. In the matter of joint study on the `Carrying Capacity of the Problem Area` for major air pollutant (RSPM) of the area, it was decided that TOR will be slightly revised. After finalization of TOR, proposals shall be invited from reputed and recognized Consultants by PPCB (Limited Tenders only). To conduct the studies on characterization of RSPM / source apportionment of RSPM, in the Ambient Air of M.G Garh / Khanna with particular regard to presence of heavy metals, following decisions were taken o In the first phase, the study will be limited to only characterization of RSPM. Source apportionment studies may be limited to industrial sources only. Benzene soluble fraction in the particulates (PM-10) may also be measured. o AAQM may be conducted at 2 locations for this purpose. o In addition to PM10, measurement of PM 2.5 may also be made at least at 1 AAQM station.

71 o All the studies in this project shall be undertaken jointly by CPCB and PPCB during the next year and will be financed by CPCB. As decided, a joint visit comprising the officers of CPCB, PPCB and NPC, has been performed to UT - Daman /DNH and a number of induction furnaces were visited. It was observed that Some of the industries have adopted proper technology with regard to hood design, ID Fan capacity, air pollution control systems and overall operation and maintenance practices. The emissions generated also depend upon the type of scraps also i.e. old and lower quality scraps will generate more emissions. The pedestal fans installed near the furnace to facilitate workers also disturbs the fumes / emissions generated from the furnaces. Tarapur Area Official of CPCB has visited the problem area Tarapur during June The problem area was visited for the assessment of pollution potential and the objective of the visit was to review implementation status of the action plan and quick assessment of the environmental pollution status in problem area. Issues of delay in new CETP, up gradation of old CETP, problem of acidic water in pumping stations, illegal dumping of wastes was highlighted in the status report. 6.4 ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION LOAD IN BHIWADI INDUSTRIAL AREA A study was undertaken to quantify the pollution load generated by the industries in industrial town Bhiwadi. Located closed to NCR and has attracted large number of industries. There are around 800 industries including the lead battery recyclers, which have come up in the area in large number. The details of the industries presented in the Table 6.6 and 6.7 Table 6.6: Distribution of industries Sr No Location Units 01 Phase-I (Including Ghatal) Phase II Phase-III Phase-IV Phase-V ( Rampur Mundana Khushkhera (Phase I, II & III) Chopanki Sarekhurd Tijara road 10 Total 1280 Table 6.7: Number and categorize of industries in Bhiwadi region Sr No Category Set-up Working Closed 01 Small scale Medium Large Total

72 Common Effluent Treatment Plant BHIWADI About industrial units are the potential water polluting units at Bhiwadi and almost all these units have provided effluent treatment facilities and operating. The wastewater form both industrial and domestic use flows through open drains to common effluent treatment plant. RIICO has constructed a CETP based on physico-chemical and biological technologyat Bhiwadi of designed capacity of 6.0MLD, which includes wastewater from residential colonies, UIT, commercial complexes of Bhiwadi City and industrial wastewater. The performance of the plant is given in Table 6.8. Table 6.8: Characteristics of effluent/influent samples at CETP Bhiwadi S No Location PH TS TSS TDS COD BOD CL SO4 01 CETP Inlet CETP Outlet Drain Monitoring of Bhiwadi Industrial Area RIICO has made pucca drains in Bhiwadi Industrial Area for collection of wastewater. Finally all the drains lead to a common channel near Alupur, which flows by the side of CETP. As the effluent generation is more than the designed capacity of CETP, only a part of the effluent is diverted to CETP and the rest continue to flow into low lying areas. The pollution load has been worked out in terms of TSS, COD and BOD and presented in Table-. Table 6.9: Flow and Pollution Load in kg/day in the drains of Bhiwadi Sr No 01 Location Nilam Chowk, Satalakhan Village Flow, MLD ph UIT police Chowk UIT Sector No.3 Near Bridge Alupura Village Sardar Patel Public School, Bhiwadi Mode (Domestic) CETP Inlet SS load COD BOD load load Remarks The ph is low mainly due to patta patti and rolling mills Some flow is diverted into the nearby land The ph is very low mainly during the night and early morning hours The ph is very low mainly during the night and early morning hours The drain comprise mainly of domestic waste from Bhiwadi The total waste before the CETP is 13.0MLD

73 Status of Effluent treatment facilities at Major Industrie Fourteen large water polluting industries selected randomly for were monitoring to assess the operation of ETP provided by them. The analysis results are presented in Table-. Most of the major industries have provided effluent treatment facilities and operation and maintenance is also satisfactory. The industries, which are engaged in saria making, have not provided any effluent treatment facilities. There is a requirement of effluent collection and settling tank facilities to reduce the suspended solids before discharging into common drains. There is a need of close vigilance on the unit manufacturing patta, patti and steel pickling units as these units are not maintaining the neutralization and settling tanks properly. Table 6.10: Analysis of treated effluent quality in major water polluting industries S.No. Location ph TS TSS TDS COD BOD Cl SO4 1. M/s. Kamdhenu Sariya, Final O/L M/s.Paras Fabrics, Khushkheda, ETP O/L M/s.Kundan Oil, ETP O/L M/s.Dalas Biotech, ETP O/L M/s.Gulshan Chemicals, ETP O/L M/s.Hi-Tech Gear, ETP O/L M/s.Cachet Pharma, ETP O/L M/s.Orient syntax,etp O/L M/s.Gillett, ETP O/L M/s.Rayban, ETP O/L M/s.Scan Synthetic,ETP O/L M/s.Pepsi, ETP O/L M/s.MRL, ETP O/L BDL M/s.SRF Chemical, Treated Water All values are in mg/l except ph Air Quality monitoring at the source in major industries Source monitoring was conducted in nine industries. The analysis of emission quality has been presented in Table Table 6.11: Results of source emission monitoring in Major air polluting industries at Bhiwadi SO S. No. Name of Stack Discharge PM Lead m 3 /Hr. mg/nm 3 2 mg/nm 3 mg/nm 3 1 M/s. Amteck Auto Stack No.1 (Furnace) M/s. Amteck Auto Stack No M/s. Arya Alloys Furnace Stack M/s.R.K. Metals Furnace Stack M/s. Puransons Furnace Stack

74 6 M/s. Agrawal Metals Furnace Stack M/s. Ashiyana Steel Furnace Stack M/s. Gulshan Chemicals Boiler Stack M/s. Bal Krishna Tyres Note: - not done M/s Amtek Auto Ltd: The unit is engaged in manufacturing of engineering forging components for auto industries. High fugitive emission was observed due to forging and calcining operation. Huge quantity of fine dust is generated from the operation of coalfired boiler. Very high fugitive emissions were observed inside the mould making area. The particulate matter was very high in furnace stack and deposited all around the backyard. The working platform for the stack monitoring was not proper. Lead Recyclers: Source emission was monitored in three lead recycler units and al the units exceeded the standards for particulate matter of 50mg/Nm3 mainly due to improper maintenance of stack. At present, there are 07 registered recyclers whereas during the study two more units were noticed which have not registered themselves with CPCB. Also. there may be more number of illegal recyclers of battery scrap. Rolling mills & Saria Industries: These industries are engaged in melting of iron scrap and making saria. In most of these industries there were no arrangement for monitoring of stacks. In M/s Ashiana Ispat the particulate matter values exceeded the consented value of 150mg/Nm 3. Finally it can be concluded that most of the industries are not carrying out source monitoring regularly as it was noticed that either the stack platforms were not proper or monitoring ports were jammed. Ambient air quality monitoring Ambient air quality monitoring was conducted for 48 hours in different area covering industrial and residential area. In Bhiwadi, there are no specific colonies as most of the residential areas are covered by industries also. The results are presented in Table 6.12 Lead concentration in ambient air was found in the range of 0.99ug/m3 to ug/m3, which is much higher than the standards. Units engaged in recycling of lead battery scrap may be the reason for higher lead concentration in ambient air. Table 6.12: Table Ambient Air Quality in Bhiwadi Industrial Area Location Date RPM SPM SO2 NO2 Lead RSPCB Office M/s. Puransons (Industrial area) Housing Board Colony Hotel Regency Note: all values are given in micrograms per cubic meter

75 Noise monitoring The ambient noise level was monitored at 7 locations in Bhiwadi comprising 3 in Industrial Area, 2 in residential area and 2 in Commercial area. The equivalent noise levels in commercial area were found in the range of dB (A) during day hours and db (A) during night hours. The equivalent noise level in residential area was found in the range of dB(A) during day hours and dB(A) during night hours. Leq values in commercial and residential zones are exceeding the prescribed standards. 6.5 POLLUTION ASSESSMENT IN INDUSTRIES LOCATED IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS OF NANDESARI (GUJARAT) AND TARAPUR (MAHARASHTRA) Ankleshwar industrial area & Nandesari industrial estate in the Gujarat State and Tarapur & Taloja industrial area in Maharashtra State are having high pollution potential on account of a large number of chemical as well as other types of industries. An exercise was taken up for the inventory and pollution assessment and the status of pollution control in polluting industries in these areas. The inventory of the units has been accomplished during the year, apart from assessment of some red category units in above areas. Visits & inspections were carried out in 60 out of 71 red category industries in Nandesari (Gujarat) & 36 out of 297 Red Category industries of Tarapur (Maharashtra) to review the status of environmental management system. Nandesari Industrial Esate Interim report of the inventory and assessment carried out in Nandesari industrial estate is prepared. The industrialists in this estate are least aware or pretend ignorance of concepts like Energy Conservation, Waste Minimisation/ Pollution Prevention. Since the common facility takes care of the wastes generated, no efforts are carried out to reduce or minimise the wastes. The gross violation of this principle of Pollution Prevention is further reflected by the fact that high COD effluents are diluted with fresh water to meet the inlet norms of CETP. Wastes generated are also given in category under Schedule-I of the Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules. It is observed that industries of Nandesari Industrial Estate are not managing/handling the wastes generated in the form of storage drums, containers, bags and liners for hazardous wastes & chemicals in appropriate manner. Drums & containers are normally sold to the scrap vendors without decontamination. Scrap vendors are storing, cutting, burning and reselling the drums & containers with no proper hazardous waste management system in place. Air Pollution Control Devices specifically in size reduction equipment were also found to be inadequate or provided but operated in unscientific manner. All the industries are sending their effluent to CETP through tankers. The arrangement for filling the tankers outside the industry premises is also inadequate in most of the industries. Consequently, spillage and spread of effluent on earthen surface and natural drain takes place at many areas in the industrial estate. This kind of tanker filling

76 arrangements is adversely affecting the environment & aesthetics of the industrial estate. Tarapur Industrial Esate Industries located in Tarapur have predominant problems of hazardous waste management and wastewater management. The effluent collection and treatment system of the entire industrial estate is very poor and acidic effluent were observed in drains and common collection sumps. The industrial estate does not have common secured landfill site for disposal for hazardous wastes. The cost of transportation to the nearest site Taloja is high, which indirectly results in the poor hazardous waste management and illegal dumping in the estate. 6.6 GROUNDWATER QUALITY MONITORING IN CHHATTISGARH, MADHYA PRADESH AND RAJASTHAN Groundwater quality has been monitored at 15 major cities in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh states selecting five cities in each state. Samples were collected from tubewells, handpumps and open wells, two locations in each category covering residential areas, industrial areas and municipal waste dumpsites in each city. Table 6.13: Ground Water Quality in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan City Bilaspur Raipur Durg -Bhilai Raigarh Jagdalpur Jabalpur Indore Gwalior Guna Bhopal Parameters Area Use Conductivity TDS Alkalinity FC (No TC No ph (µs /cm) (mg/l) (mg/l) /100ml) /100ml) CHATTISGARGH Residential Nil Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite Residential Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite Residential Nil Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite Residential Nil Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite Nil Residential Nil Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite MADHYA PRADESH Residential Nil 7 Industrial Nil 21 Near MSW dumpsite Residential Nil 20 Industrial Nil 22 Near MSW dumpsite Residential Nil Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite Residential Nil Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite Residential Nil Industrial Near MSW dumpsite

77 RAJASTHAN Residential Nil Jaipur Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite Residential Nil Udaipur Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite Nil Residential Nil Bhilwara Industrial Nil Near MSW dumpsite Nil Residential Nil Kota Industrial Near MSW dumpsite Bhiwadi Residential Industrial Nil All values are in mg/l, except ph; FC = Faecal Coliform; TC = Total Coliform 6.7 STATUS REPORT ON POLLUTION IN MINI RIVER, NANDESARI, GUJARAT Mini River is a minor river carrying mainly rainwater during monsoon season and meets river Mahi, which is a major source of drinking as well as irrigation water. It is observed that industries located on the riverbanks discharge untreated effluent into the Mini river which finally joins Mahi River. There are illegal discharges of untreated effluent from some of the industries. There are inadequate checks on industrial estate to ensure disposal of effluent by industries in CETP without bypassing it. A proper water balance for all the industries has not been carried out and hence untreated effluent is finding its way into the natural drains and polluting the river Mini and river Mahi. 6.8 WATER QUALITY SURVEY OF RIVER YAMUNA AND ITS POLLUTING SOURCES UPSTREAM WAZIRABAD Delhi Jal Board is frequently complaining water quality degradation in the Yamuna River at the intake points of Wazirabad and Haiderpur Water Works of episodal in nature. The problem is of grave concern and immediate steps are required to remedy the situation. In order to assess the nature and magnitude pollution and identify the polluting sources, a detailed survey of the Yamuna river water quality and drains/outfalls joining it upstream of Delhi was carried out. Organic matter, Nutrients (Such as Ammonical Nitrogen) and TDS are the main pollutants in the stretch. Pollution load in terms of BOD and NH 3 added to the river are given in Table The nature of wastewater in terms of Continuous and Episodal along with their sources and pollution load discharged in the river is also provided in Table River water quality with respect to critical parameters such as BOD and Ammonical Nitrogen and their longitudinal profile is given in Table Table 6.14: Pollution outfall and their ultimate disposal in to the Yamuna River System through Sub-catchments between Hathnikund and Wazirabad, Delhi Name of subcatchments and outfall from with present Discharge BOD NH 3 -N Town/ Source of pollution- Nature of disposal Pollution load (t/d) Name of Ind. Area/ industries/ outfall State/City/ Town observation (mld) load load Village etc. Catchments A A. Dhanaura Escape Yamunanagar, Episodal Haryana Sub-total Yamunanagar Ind. Area (Four major industries)

78 Catchments B B. Munak Escape i) Panipat drainii) Panipat Refinery drain iii) Babarpur drain C. Drain No.8 Catchments C D. Maskhara drain/escape i) Toderpur Block drain E. S.W. drain (Budhi Yamuna) (All drains joins from Haryana) Panipat city, Panipat city, Panipat district, Continuous/ Episodal Continuous/ Episodal Continuous Sonepat, Samalkha, Continuous/ Episodal (Through Drain no.6 to Drain No.8) Sub-total Toderpur Block, U.P. Sarsawa, U.P. Episodal/ Continuous Continuous/ Episodal (23.56) (1.8) Sub-total Catchments D F. Malluckpur drain Barout, U.P. Continuous (M.E. carrying 290 mld WW and calculated BOD & NH 3 load are & 7.81 t/d respectively) Panipat Ind. Units & Sewage Panipat refinery Babarpur industries, Panipat, Haryana Sonepat industrial units and sewage Sugar & distillery, Toderpur (U.P.) Sarsawa Sugar Mill, Bidwi Sugar Mill, Pilkheni Distillery, Malluckpur Sugar Mill & Baraut town sewage U.P. G. Baghpat drain H. Khekra drain Baghpat U.P. Khekra, U.P. Continuous Continuous Baghpat Sugar Mills and town sewage Khekhra Ind. And sewage Sub-Total Grand Total Note: Discharge and load from sub-catchments A not added in Grand total. Pollution load from Catchments A, C & D did not reach to the river presently. Location Code Table 6.15: River Water Quality Characteristics between Hathnikund and Wazirabad Barrage Details of river d/s distances River Location detail (s) River bank D/s Km. ph Conductivit y TDS Chloride NH3-N COD BOD K + D.O. R1 Yamuna at Hathnikund Barrage Right <1-9.5 R2 Yamuna at Kalanur Left <1-8.1 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Yamuna at Navipur/ Kunda village after confluence of Dhanaura Escape Yamuna at Bidoli (Karnal Road Bridge) Yamuna at Kairana Brdge (Panipat Road Bridge) Yamuna at Kurdi/ Tanda after confluence of Munak Escape Yamuna at Sonepat-Baghpat Road Bridge Right BDL Left BDL Left Left Right R8 Yamuna at Katha Village Left R9 Yamuna at Palla Right R10 Yamuna at Chuarpatti Left Note: All values are in mg/l except ph and Conductivity (Micro mhos/cm) BDL = Below detection limit

79 6.9 POLLUTION LOAD CONTRIBUTION TO RIVER YAMUNA AND CANALS AT DELHI Delhi is the biggest contributor of pollution in the river Yamuna. During the year 2005 no flow has been observed in the Moat drain and Drain No. 12A therefore, these drains remained almost dry. Thus, reducing the total no. of drains contributing pollution to river Yamuna. Out of remaining 20 drains 16 drains join River Yamuna and other three drains join Agra Canal and one joins Gurgaon Canal respectively. Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring these major drains on monthly basis. The discharge and pollution load in terms of Bio-chemical oxygen demand contributed by these drains is presented in the Table There has been a gradual reduction in the pollution load contributed by these drains, as depicted in Figure 6.1. However, during the year 2005 the total pollution load recorded was about 277 tonnes per day, which is about 15.3% higher than the previous year. Out of 277 tonnes of pollution load, Yamuna receives about 229 tonnes per day and rest joins Agra and Gurgaon canals. The average discharge of these drains during the year was around m 3 /sec, which is about 2.8% higher than the previous year. Najafgarh drain is the biggest drain amongst the 20 major drains both in terms of discharge (contributes 48% discharge) and BOD load (contributes about 30%). Table 6.16: Discharge and Pollution Load of drains in River Yamuna and Canals in Delhi ( 2005) S. Flow BOD Load No. Drains Average (M 3 /sec) % Contribution Average (Tonnes/day) % Contribution 1. Najafgarh Drain Magazine Road Sweepers Colony Khyber Pass Metcalf Drain ISBT Drain Tonga Stand Drain Civil Mill Drain Power House Drain Sen Nursing Home Drain Drain No Barapulla Drain Maharani Bagh Kalkaji Drain (Joins Agra Canal) Tuglakabad Drain Shahdara Drain Drain Near LPG Bottling Plant Drain Near Bridge Sarita Vihar (Joins Agra Canal) Sarita Vihar Drain (Joins Agra Canal) Tehkhand Drain (Joins Gurgaon Canal) Total

80 BOD load (Tonnes/day) BOD load joins Yamuna River BOD load (Tonnes/day) Year Figure 6.1 : Trends in Total BOD load of major drains joining Yamuna River at Delhi ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS AROUND INDUSTRIES LOCATED IN NON- CONFIRMING AGRICULTURAL AREAS OF GUJARAT STATE Gujarat state is a highly industrialized state, with a large number of industries having come up even in areas of agricultural land having non-conforming landuse. Some of these are engaged in production of a variety of chemicals, also. The industrial operations in such locations may potentially impact various environmental components including ambient air, water, soil, vegetation and agricultural crops, etc. An exercise has been taken up in order to inventories such units located across the state and, also, to monitor the quality of various environmental components including air, water, soil, and vegetation to ascertain the overall impact upon the surrounding environment. The project is planned to be accomplished using technical expertise of a reputed organization, for which ToR has been finalized. The project is expected to be completed in a span of two years CONSERVATION OF LAKES IN BHOPAL CITY During rainy season, nine nullahs carrying run-off and fourteen drains carrying sewage meet Bada Talab. Twenty-eight drains carrying sewage meet Chota Talab. Untreated sewage and other wastewater degrade the quality of water adversely. The catchment of Bada Talab includes 35 % Urban and 65 % rural areas. The surroundings of Chota talab has been covered with urban population. The conservation of lakes in Bhopal city was carried out under Bhoj wetland project. The JBIC, Governament of Japan has funded the project. Six STF are completed under this project with the concern of pollution control and environmental conservation. The samples were collected from the four sewage treatment facilities constructed under this project and the analysis report is shown in Table 6.17

81 Stabilization pond, Kotra Table 6.17 Analysis of samples collected from various STPs in Bhopal city. Location Sampling point PH COD BOD TSS TDS Inlet Outlet % Reduction Inlet Outlet Stablization pond, Mohalidamkheda % Reduction Inlet Stablization pond, Outlet Badwai % Reduction Stablization pond, Inlet Pumping was not done Gondarmau Outlet All values are in mg/l, except ph 6.12 MERCURY RELEASE INTO ENVIRONMENT BY CAUSTIC SODA INDUSTRIES M/s.Grasim Industries (Chemical Division), Nagda, M/s.Hukumchand Jute Mills, Amlai and M/s Shri Ram Vinyl & chemicals, Kota were visited for the third time in three years to assess the progress made by the industries in controlling mercury release into the environment. Isotope studies indicate mercury consumption per tonne of caustic soda has been reduced gradually during past three years. However, it was observed that there was substantial amount of mercury still unaccounted. Industries have started regular monitoring of air, water and solid waste for quantifying mercury release in each stream. The comparative quantity of unaccounted mercury has been shown in Table Table 6.18: Year wise comparison of mercury unaccounted losses Mercury consumed in gm/tonne of caustic soda produced Year M/s Grasim Industries M/s Hukumchand Jute Mills M/s Shri Ram Vinyl & chemicals, Hg consumption Unaccounted losses Hg consumption Unaccounted losses Hg consumption Unaccounted losses NA Converted to membrane cell process 6.13 STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN DELHI Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) carried out surveillance of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Delhi to study the utilization of sewage treatment capacity and their performance during 2003, 2004 and Delhi. There are 30 sewage treatment plants (STPs) located at 17 locations in Delhi. Out of thirty STPs, three STPs were not in operation during 2003, 5 were not in operation in 2004,and 4 were not in operation in The total treatment capacity of the 30 STPs was observed as 2330 mld. The actual treatment of sewage during 2003 was found only 1478 mld (63%), in 2004 it was

82 1432 mld (61%) and in 2005 it was 1810 mld (78%). Most of the STPs (23 Nos) are based on activated sludge process except 7 STPs work on either extended aeration (2) or high rate bio-filters (3)/Trickling filters (1) and Oxidation ponds (1). Performance of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the last three years i.e. 2003, 2004 and 2005 is presented in Table Table 6.19: Summary of Performance of STPs in Delhi Actual % Reduction Sl. No. of STPs Year of Total Design Flow, Faecal Total No. in Operation Monitoring Capacity (mld) TSS BOD (mld) Coliform Coliform PERFORMANCE STUDY OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STPs) IN CENTRAL ZONE Performance study of sewage treatment plants in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan was carried out in the financial year A 24-hour composite sampling was done at the STPs in Indore, Jaipur and STP at Matamandir in Bhopal. Grab samples were collected at the waste stabilization/ Oxidation ponds constructed under Bhoj wetland project in Bhopal city. The list of STPs monitored by this office and their details are given in Table Table 6.20: List of STPs in Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan and their details City Location Type treatment Capacity, MLD Area covered Constructed under Remarks Indore STP at UASB 78 Indore city NRCP Operated with 50 Kabitkhedi % load STP at Kabitkhedi UASB 12 Indore city NRCP Under construction Jaipur STP at Jalmahal Extended aeration treatment 27 Jaipur city Installed by PHED. Operated with full load. Renovation work was under progress STP at Pratap ASP 62.5 Jaipur ADB Under Nagar STP, at Matamandir, South Trickling filter 4.5 South T.T. Nagar commissioning PHED Operated with 50 % load Bhopal STP at Berkheda, STP at Gondarmau STP at Badwai Oxidation ponds 4.5 Bairagarh, Kohefiza PHED. Upgradation done under Bhojwet land project Not in continuous operation Anaerobic Followed 2.34 Bhoj Wet Land Not stabilized by Facultative Ponds Bhoj Wet Land Anaerobic Followed by Facultative Ponds Flow was diverted in to nallah with out taking in to STP

83 Raipur Bilaspur STP at Kotra STP at Mohali Damkheda STP at Shahapura Anaerobic Followed byfacultative Ponds. 10 Kotra Bhoj Wet Land Operated with full capacity Anaerobic Followed 25 Old Bhopal Bhoj Wet Land Operated with full by Facultative Ponds capacity Oxidation ponds NA New Bhopal Bhoj Wet Land In Operation No sewage treatment plant exists except the age-old oxidation ponds. STP Kabitkhedi, Indore Sampling Location ph COD BOD TSS TDS Chlorides Sulphate Phosphate Inlet to STP Final Outlet % Reduction STP at Jalmahal in Jaipur Sampling Locations ph TSS COD BOD Chlorides Phosphates Sulphates Nitrate Inlet to STP Final outlet % Reduction STP at South T.T Nagar Bhopal Sampling Locations ph TSS TDS COD BOD Inlet to STP Final Outlet % Reduction CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIAL IN FLUORESCENT TUBES South zonal office of CPCB attempted characterization of fluorescent material in fluorescent tubes (Tube lights) from three companies namely Phillips, Anchor and Crompton. Also undertook characterization of fluorescent cathode ray tube (CRT) both coloured and black and white monitors. The results of analysis in terms of heavy metals contained in different components of E-Waste have been summarized in Table 6.21and Table 6.21: Analysis of Tube light waste (Liquid waste)- Settled solids (undissolved salts.) Sample Name TH CH COD SO 4 Cl PO 4 as P NO 3 NO 2 Na K Philips Anchor Crompton GE

84 Sample Name Table 6.22: Analysis Results Of Solid Electronic Waste Metal Concentration, (mg/kg) Ni Pb Cr Mn Fe Cd Cu Zn Co Crushed P.C.B Epoxy Powder B&W CRT Phosphor) BDL Powder(Philips) BDL Powdered IC Chips Colour CRT(TV) Phosphor Powder(Philips) Colour CRT(TV) Phosphor Powder(Philips) Colour CRT(TV) Phosphor Powder(Philips) AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS IN MAJOR CITIES OF MP, CHHATTISGARH AND RAJASTHAN Ambient noise levels were monitored in Bhopal, Indore. Ajmer, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bilaspur, Raipur, Jaipur, Bhiwadi and Gwalior. The noise Levels were monitored for two days at Locations in each city covering Residential, Commercial, Industrial areas and Silence zones for Day and Night time The range of equivalent noise (Leq.) levels are measured as shown in the table.the highly noise generating areas were selected based on the human exposure in each category. Vehicular movements were the major source of noise in residential, commercial and silence zones. In industrial area, vehicles have also contributed some noise in addition to the industrial activities. The noise levels observed during the monitoring have been presented in Table 6.23 Table 6.23: Ambient Noise Levels in Major Cities in Mp, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan Category Residential Commercial Industrial Silence Zone Morning Evening Night Morning Evening Night Morning Evening Night Morning Evening Night Prescrib ed limits Indore Bhopal Bilaspur Raipur

85 Jodhpur Udaipur Gwalior Ajmer Jaipur All are ranges of Leq in db(a) Note: Morning : 8:00 AM 11:00 AM Evening : 4:00 PM 07:00 PM Night : 10:00 PM 01:00 AM 6.17 AIR QUALITY AND NOISE MONITORING IN DELHI DURING DEEPAWALI AIR QUALITY MONITORING Ambient air quality is being measured during Deepawali days for the past many years. During Deepawali days, the air quality deteriorates alarmingly due to the bursting of crackers. In order of assess the air pollution caused due to bursting of crackers, ambient air quality was measured at selected locations in Delhi during 2005 also. Ambient air quality data during 2004 and 2005 is presented in Table Table 6.24: Ambient Air Quality in Delhi during Deepawali 2004 & 2005 (All Values are in microgram per cubic metre) Parameter SO 2 NO 2 SPM RSPM Year B.S.Z Marg Ashok Vihar Sirifort Janakpuri Nizamuddin Shahazada Bagh Shahdara (1) Except for sulphur dioxide, the levels of all other pollutants at almost all the locations exceeded the air quality standards. (2) RSPM and SPM levels during 2005 at all locations were found to be lower than that recorded during (3) Gaseous pollutants namely Nitrogen dioxide and Sulphur dioxide recorded mixed trend in 2005 as compared to Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations recorded lower values at three and five locations respectively out of seven monitored in 2005 as compared to 2004

86 NOISE MONITORING Noise levels were monitored at 11 residential locations (R), one traffic intersection (T), one commercial (C) & one silence Zone (S) on Deepawali, Noise level monitoring for short duration was carried out at 10 locations namely Connaught Place, India Gate, Raja Garden, Pitampura, Model Town, Mayur Vihar Phase II, Lajpat Nagar, AIIMS, New Friends Colony and East Arjun Nagar between hrs. and hrs. Whereas long duration monitoring was carried out at four locations namely Kamla Nagar, BSZ Marg (ITO), Patparganj and Dilshad Garden between hrs and hrs.. Noise level was found to be slightly increased at five locations and decreased at eight locations as compared to Deepawali day, 2004 (one new location could not be compared). Noise values on Deepawali day ranging from 63 to 89 L.eq db(a) (decibels) against last years average values of 64 to 88 L.eq db(a). Normal day noise level values were ranging between 60 & 75 L.eq db(a) against last years average values of 52 to 72 L.eq db(a). The normal day & Deepawali day data during 2005 is depicted in Table Highest noise level value was observed at Mayur Vihar Phase II. On normal and Deepawali days, the Leq value exceeded the prescribed standards at all monitored locations. The Ambient noise level except at India Gate and ITO Intersection has increased on Deepawali day in comparison to normal day monitoring, i.e. October 25, Table 6.25: Ambient Noise Level Status in Delhi during Deepawali in the Year Sl. Locations Average Noise Level in Leq. DB(A) No Normal day Limit 01 All India Institute (R)# of Medical Sciences Lajpat Nagar (R)# New Friends Colony (R)# East Arjun Nagar (R)# Connaught Place (C )# India Gate (S)# Mayur Vihar Phase II (R)# Raja Garden (R)# Pitam Pura (R)# Model Town (R)# Kamla Nagar Dilshad Garden I.T.O (B.S.Z. MARG) Patpar Ganj* Note : # Monitoring period between hrs. and hrs. (for short Monitoring period between hrs. and hrs. (for long duration) * New location -- Not monitored

87 6.18 PRE-, DURING- AND POST- DEEPAWALI BTX MONITORING IN DELHI The active BTX monitoring using SKC low flow pumps was conducted during Pre- Deepawali, Deepawali and Post- Deepawali days (November, 2005) at two locaions in Delhi namely Ashok Vihar in North Delhi & Patpar Ganj in South -East Delhi. The samples were adsorbed on to activated charcoal tubes & analysed on capillary GC-FID after desorption by CS 2. The average concentration of Benzene and Toluene are shown in Figure 6.2 The BTX levels were observed low during normal or Pre-Deepawali & Post- Deepawali days whereas on Deepawali day the BTX levels were relatively higher, although overall levels of Benzene were below 10 µg/m 3 which is the proposed limit for ambient air by CPCB expert group. The maximum average Benzene & Toluene levels were observed as 5.90 µg/m 3, µg/m 3 respectively at Ashok Vihar whereas the same were observed as 1.18 µg/m 3, 6.38 ug/m 3 respectively at Patpar Ganj. Average concentration of Benzene & Toluene on Deepawali Concentration (µg/m 3 ) Pre Deepawali Day 2 Deepawali Day 3 Post Deepawali Day Benzene Toluene Benzene Toluene Ashok vihar Max. Hospital, Patparganj Figure 6.2: Benzene & Toluene Levels during Deepawli in Delhi 6.19 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY OF LUCKNOW CITY DURING DEEPAWALI In order to assess the pollution which is being caused by cracking of fire crackers, monitoring of various air quality parameters like Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (PM 10 ), SO 2 and NO 2 were conducted during Deepawali week during the year 2005 at Vikas Nagar and Gomti Nagar, two typical residential areas of Lucknow. The deepawali was on 1 st November-2005.This study reflects the clear impact on air quality. The level of RSPM varied between 132 and 739 µg/m 3, with the average value being above 215 µg/m 3 at various localities.

88 The level of SO 2 varied between 5 and 20 µg/m 3, with the average value being above 7 µg/m 3 at various localities. The concentration of NO 2 ranged from 4 to 58 µg/m 3, with the average value being above 10 µg/m 3 at various localities. Though the ambient air quality parameters such as RSPM, NO 2, and SO 2 were showing higher concentration during the Deepwali day as compared to background level, these levels were found to be below the prescribed standards except RSPM. Impact of firecrackers was observed on ambient air quality particularly during Deepawali night. Increase in RSPM (PM 10 ) was observed twice in a day although it diluted after certain time. (PM 10 level went upto 739 µg/m 3 at Gomtinagar during Deepawali night AMBIENT NOISE MONITORING IN DELHI The ambient noise monitoring was conducted at eight locations in Delhi during September-November, The objective of this study was to assess traffic noise exposure on residents living adjacent to major roads in Delhi. The monitoring results are presented below in Table Table 6.26: AMBIENT NOISE MONITORING DATA OF DELHI S. No. Monitoring Site Date of Day Time* Values in db(a) Date of Night Time** Values in db(a) Monitoring L eq L 10 L Monitoring 90 Leq L 10 L 90 1 Bhagirathi W.T.P Gokulpuri to Tarang Apartment, IP Extension 3. F- Block, Narauji Nagar CSIR Apartment, Ashram Chowk 5. DOERA, Shankar Vihar 6. PWD Office, Shalimar Bagh 7. Sunder Apartment, Pashchim Vihar 8. NDMC Flats, Mandir Marg to to to to to to to Note: Ambient Noise standards in terms of L eq for residential area is 55 db(a) for Day ttme and 45 db(a) for Night Time. * Day : 06:00 A.M to 10:00 P.M ** Night : 10:00 P.M to 06:00 A.M L eq: It is the soulnd level which represent the same acoustical energy as the time-varying sound represent L10: Level of noise that is exceeded 10% of the time L90: Level of noise that is exceeded 90% of the time

89 The ambient noise standards prescribed in the Schedule of the Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000, specifies the ambient noise standard for residential area for day time (06:00 A.M to 10:00 P.M) and night time (10:00 P.M to 06:00 A.M) as 55 db(a) and 45 db(a) respectively. The monitoring results indicates that the ambient noise levels for both day time as well as night time at all eight locations are much higher than the prescribed standards AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING DURING NAVARATRI AND DIPAWALI FESTIVALS IN VADODARA NAVARATRI FESTIVAL Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out in 10 locations during Navartri festival; the results reveal that the ambient air quality in Vadodara is being affected due to the movement of vehicles during the festval. Table 6.27: Locations for ambient Air quality Monitoring in Vadodara during Navratri Stn.No Station name Period TSPM RSPM NOx 1. Karelibaugh Fatehgang Circle Gotri road Gotri road Old Padra road Old Padra road CPCB Office Ward No-10, Subhanpura Ward No.10, Subhanpura Fatehgang Circle Note: SO 2 Conc in Ambient Air was found to be BDL at all locations. DIPAWALI FESTIVAL Monitoring was also undertaken to assess ambient air quality (3 locations) and Noise pollution (7 locations). The ambient air quality has an impact due to heavy vehicular movement, while noise levels were high because of bursting of crackers. Table 6.28: Ambient Air Quality in Vadodarda during Deepavali Festival (2005) Location Duration RSPM TSPM NOx SO 2 CPCB Office 31 st Oct to 1 st Nov BDL Fatehgunj 1 st Nov to 2 nd Nov BDL Gotri water tank 2 nd Nov to 3 rd Nov BDL Note: All values are in microgram/m 3, Sampling time Morning 10:00 AM to 10:00 AM.

90 6.22 STATUS OF NOISE ENVIRONMENT IN LUCKNOW CITY Lucknow city was taken up for extensive monitoring of noise during 9 th -18 th January 2006 covering twelve localities comprising residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive localities.the study brings forth following points: The noise level varied from 41.6 to 99.0 db(a) in Residential areas, 49.4 to db(a) in Commercial areas, 46.8 to db(a) in Industrial areas and from 47.2 to db(a) in Sensitive areas. The average noise level was above 53.9 db(a), 68.8 db(a), 63.4 db(a) and 62.0 db(a) in residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive areas respectively. During 90 percent of the study period, the noise level was exceeding 46.0 db(a), 56.1 db(a), 49.9 db(a) and 53.4 db(a) in residential, commercial, areas, industrial and sensitive areas respectively. The noise level observed at various residential/commercial/ industrial/ sensitive localities are found to be above the prescribed national standards (except at Industrial areas). The fluctuations in noise level observed during the study period is generally associated with traffic density including various other localized events at a given point of time in a day. The comparison of noise data collected during the last few years indicated an increasing trend in noise level. Table 6.29: Noise level observed in Lucknow city during January 2006 Areas L min L max L eq L 90 Rajajipuram (R) Dallibagh (R) Thakurganj (R) Gomtinagar (R) Indranagar (R) Chawk (C) Hajratganj (C) Alambagh (C) Amusi (I) Talkatora (I) Zooligical Park (S) Civil Hospital (S) All values in db(a) (R) = Residential area, (C) = Commercial area, (I) = Industrial area, (S) = Sensitive area 6.23 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING IN SINGRAULI AREA CPCB assigned the monitoring of Environmental Quality in Singrauli area to Banwasi Sewa Asram, a Singrauli based NGO. The exhaustive monitoring work includes

91 Ambient air quality monitoring, groundwater, surface water and drain monitoring The monitoring commenced in Sep 2005 has revealed following status : Table 6.30: Ambient air in Sigrauli area (UP) Parameter Highest conc. Recorded at Nox 52 Dodhar Bijpur SO 2 34 Katauli RSPM 324 Bari-Dala SPM 1198 Bari-Dala F 5.5 Supachuan Hg(gas) 221 Govindpur Hg(part) 11.2 Dodhar-Bijpur Hg in nanogm/cub m, all others in microgm/ cub m Table 6.31: Surface Water in Sigrauli area (UP) -Drains Parameter Highest conc. Recorded at COD 608 Balia drain F 3.4 Murdhawa darin Hg 8.1 Dongia drain Hg in microgm/l, all others in mg/l Table 6.32: Groundwater in Sigrauli area (UP) Parameter Highest conc. Recorded at F 10.2 Jhirgadandi Hg 2.59 Dongia HP Hg in microgm/l, all others in mg/l 6.24 MONITORING OF AQUACULTURE PONDS LOCATED IN GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA In India almost 59% of the shrimp export is contributed from aquaculture, which clearly indicates that aquaculture has become an integral part of national fisheries and economy. India is placed fifth in the major aquaculture shrimp (prawn) producers in the world contributing about 8.59% of the total world production (1999). A large number of farms have come up in coastal areas by converting agricultural land, salt pans and wetlands, including ecologically sensitive areas into aqua farms. The effluent discharged during harvesting and pond cleaning has much pollution potential due to release of effluent containing high organic and nutrient loads. An extensive study was conducted on the pollution potential from aquaculture farms by monitoring 68 ponds from 15 shrimp farms located in Gujarat and Maharashtra. During the year 2005 this office has monitored 31 aquaculture ponds and collected the samples during harvesting and exchange of water. The results reveals that the effluent discharged from the aquaculture ponds during harvesting carry a good amount of organic as well as nutrient load to the receiving water bodies. The effluent discharged during harvesting showed BOD to the tune of 78 mg/l, Total Phosphorous 1.14 mg/l, Total Nitrogen 14.6 mg/l and Total Suspended Solids 368 mg/l.

92 6.25 POLLUTION POTENTIAL FROM IMPROVED TRADITIONAL COASTAL AQUACULTURE Even though coastal shrimp farming is an age-old practice in India, commercial shrimp farming has started relatively late as compared to neighbouring Asian countries like China and Taiwan. The boom of commercial shrimp farming started in our country in 1990 and has reached at its peak during with the outbreak of viral disease and also contamination of nearby water bodies like creeks, backwater etc. In order to assess the quality of wastewater being discharged, the Central Pollution Control Board has initiated the study of harvest water discharged form the coastal aquafarms, especially the traditional aquafarms in West Bengal and Orissa. The traditional shrimp farming, practice in West Bengal is also commonly known as "Bhasa Badha" fishery. With the advent of scientific farming, the traditional farmers have also resorted to selective stocking with improvement in production levels. The Central Pollution Control Board has made an extensive study of 15 such coastal aquaculture farms from North 24 Parganas and Medinipur districts in west Bengal. The results of wastewater (discharge water) quality are provided in Table Table 6.33: Characteristics of coastal aquaculture harvest effluentin West Bengal No. of ponds Parameters (Ranges) in mg/l except ph monitored ph TSS BOD COD NO 2 -N NO 3 -N Total Phosphorus to 0.38 It has been observed that BOD has ranged between 5.00 mg/l and 8.00 mg/l, which is within the prescribed limit. On the other hand the total suspended solids ranged between mg/l and mg/l, which is higher than the prescribed limit of 100 mg/l in most of the aquafarms. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is observed to be slightly on higher side, which ranged between mg/l and mg/l. Thus, total suspended solids forms the critical parameter in the case of improved traditional aquaculture ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF FISH PROCESSING INDUSTRIES - A CASE STUDY Studies of the effluent generated by fish processing industries located at Bhubaneswar, Puri and Paradeep in the state of Orissa were conducted. It has been found to contain high TSS to the tune of 380 mg/l, depending on the processing technology adopted and products prepared. BOD and COD ranged between 45 mg/l and 1325 mg/l and between 130 mg/l and 2160 mg/l respectively. Further, it has been observed that most of the industries have installed effluent treatment plants, however, found to be non-operational and even the operational ETPs are not achieving the prescribed standards. As the effluent is having high nutrient continent, it can be better utilised for irrigation after proper treatment, rather than discharging to the drains, rivers, creeks, coastal waters, other water bodies etc., which some of the industries are practicing. The solid waste

93 generated during processing is collected and used for composting as well as for fishmeal preparation ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF ARAVALI HILLS AT CHITTORGARH AND UDAIPUR DISTRICTS Ministry of Environment & Forests vide its notification, the 7 th May 1992 has restricted certain activities in specified area of Aravalli Range, which are causing environmental degradation in the region. During the earlier study two districts (Gurgaon and Alwar) have already been covered. Further studies at another two districts viz. Chittorgarh and Udaipur of Rajasthan falls in the Aravalli Hills region have been undertaken. Draft report has been prepared and presentation made before the representatives from State Board, mining sector and various associations. Central Mine Planning & Design Institute, Ranchi has been requested to incorporate the issues/amendments discussed in the meeting EFFECT OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGES ON THE BIOTIC LIFE OF THE RIVERS OF NORTH BIHAR The health of the rivers Daha, Sikharna and Burhi Gandak are critical to the future well being of North Bihar. Water from these rivers is being mainly used for bathing and irrigation. Hence an investigation was conducted to assess the effects of industrial and domestic wastewater discharges on the biotic life of the rivers under study. To get a holistic view of these three rivers, the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the physico-chemical parameters based on chemical analyses as well as Water Quality Value (WQV) based on bio-monitoring were determined. The WQI presented here is a unitless number ranging from 1 to 100. The higher the number better is the quality of water. WQI is a good tool for comparative evaluation of water quality in the different stretches of the three rivers under study and the parameters such as BOD, DO, FC, Nitrate, ph, Temperature, TDS, Phosphate and Turbidity were considered. After completion of nine rounds of water quality monitoring and the "WQI" was calculated therefrom. The Score obtained in the present investigation ranged between and indicating "average/medium" water quality. It has been observed in the present study that BOD was high from November to March at most of the sampling points during which sugar units are operational. At sampling point Chanpatia where the effluent of New Swadeshi Sugar Mill (Narkatiaganj) is discharged very high BOD was observed in the month of May indicating the discharge of effluent of Sugar and Distillery is having adverse effects on the quality of river water. Besides the physico-chemical parameters, the determination of WQV by biomonitoring community would help to determine how healthy or polluted the river is? An advantage of biological sampling is that it looks at indicators of conditions, which are present in the river over a period of time, rather than just at the moment when the water sample is collected so as to give a total water quality value. Based on Saprobic and Diversity Scores, the water quality of all the three rivers under study was "Moderate". Since, the WQI as well as WQV indicated medium quality, it can be concluded that the

94 river water have less diversity of aquatic species. Frequent increased algal growth were observed during monitoring of the rivers. The decline in diversity species and WQI indicate conclusively that some input/effluent is having a negative impact on the survival of aquatic species POST IMPACT OF TSUNAMI ON ENVIRONMENT IN ANDAMAN & NICOBAR Andaman & Nicobar Islands were badly affected by the tsunami waves generated by the Sumatra earthquake occurred on 26 th December As per the direction of the Ministry of Environment and Forest, a team from CPCB Zonal Office, Kolkata visited the effected areas and collected water and sediment samples to assess the impact of after tsunami. The following islands were surveyed in consultation with the Pollution Control Committee, Andaman and Nicobar. 1) Port Blair (South Andaman) 2) Rangat (Middle Andaman) 3) Mayabunder (Middle Andaman) 4) Car Nicobar A mud volcano which started erupting at Baratang island on February 18, 2003 became active again after tsunami. This well known mud volcano covers an area of about 1400 sq m with formation of subcircular mound of about 32 m and height of more than 2 m at the centre. Characterisation of the substances erupted from this were incorporated in this study. Monitoring 37water samples including groundwater, rainfed damwater, seawater, lake and spring were collected for this study. The average values with standard deviation clearly indicate the variability of each parameter. The wide variation among the values of conductivity, which reflects the ionic strength, clearly indicate the contamination of well water with sea water. Such contamination enhanced the concentration of relevant parameters such as Na, K, Fluoride, Chloride and Sulphate. The waters of a few wells, the values of these elements are quite low with dominance of Ca and Mg. The water quality of spring water and coastal water presented in Table 6.34 clearly shows the extreme variability of few elements mentioned above. The degree of contamination of surface water with coastal sea will be clearly reflected from the ratio of different ions in meq/l as well rate of decontamination in future. Therefore, all the analytical results of water of different sources were processed to estimate the average ratio of ionic composition along with the standard deviation (SD) and coefficient variation (CV) are presented in Table-. The data shown in Table 6.34 revealed that average TDS/conductivity ratio was varying from 0.67 to The ratio of sum of Sodium and Potassium to Anions and (Ca + Mg) / (Na + K) was more than 0.2 indicating the dominance of these ions originating from sea water whereas in rain fed water ration was lower. Where contamination took place ratio of (Ca + Mg) / Alkalinity would be significantly low indicating dominance of bicarbonate

95 originating from the coastal water. It is observed from the above results that some of the sources were contaminated with seawater and as a consequence surface water composition has been changed. In case of spring water ratio of Ca/(Na+K) was slightly higher indicating presence of Na and K ions may be originating from rock. Table 6.34: Water quality of different water resources in terms of ratios of various parameters (ions in meq/l) SOURCE Ca +/alk Ca/(Na+K) (Na+K)/Anions TDS/cond. TDS/Anions Cation/Anion ph/alk) WELL MEAN SD CV COSTAL MEAN SD CV LAKE MEAN NA SD NA CV NA RAIN FED MEAN SD CV SEA CREEK MEAN SD CV SPRING MEAN SD CV CV : Coefficient of variation; SD: standard deviation Though organic contamination of water of these sources was studied in terms BOD, COD, TKN, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform but no significant contamination was found with few exception. However, concentration of fluoride was found slightly higher than that of the permissible limit. In few station that may be due to intrusion of sea water (Table 6.35 ). Table 6.35: Water Quality of different water resources PH Cond NO3-N NO2-N PO4-P Alk TSS TDS T.H Ca COD SO4 Rain Fed Dam Av S.D Min Max Well Av S.D

96 PH Cond NO3-N NO2-N PO4-P Alk TSS TDS T.H Ca COD SO4 Min NT Max Costal Water Av S.D Min Max Lake Av S.D Min Max River ( only one sample) NT 11 Sea Creek Average S.D Min Max Spring water Averag S.D Min Max The metallic, agricultural soil/sediment and volcanic mud were also studied and results are presented in Table No major contamination was observed just after Tsunami. However, further study will confirm the long terms changes, if any, of water and sediment quality. Table 6.36: Metal content in the different types of soils/sediments Parameter: Pb Cd Ni Co Mn Cu Fe Zn Units: µg/g µg/g µg/g µg/g µg/g µg/g µg/g µg/g Sample ID Paddy Field (Submerged Land) BDL BDL 83 BDL Paddy Field (Submerged Land) BDL BDL 27 BDL Paddy & Palm Field BDL BDL 57 BDL Bartang BDL BDL 63 BDL Parka Village BDL 1 12 BDL Jarwa Creek BDL BDL 49 BDL Mud Pond BDL BDL 67 BDL

97 6.30 PESTICIDES ANALYSIS IN SATLUJ AND BIAS RIVERS OF PUNJAB The use of organo-chloro pesticides by the farmers and pest control authorities is increasing day by day, which are ultimately finding their ways to the rivers in the form of run-off. To assess its concentration and put a check, it has been decided by CPCB to conduct the in-depth study of the major rivers of Punjab. Two rounds of the monitoring i.e. post monsoon study and pre-monsoon study have been completed. Monitoring of River Satluj from Nangal to Husainiwala (Pakistan Boarder) were conducted. Total BHC was found at 04 locations as below: 1.Rivert Satluj under Dharmkot Sagod bridge (d/s Buddha nallah) ng/l 2.River Ghaggar d/s Jharmal nallah ng/l 3.River Ghaggar d/s Dhakansu nallah ng/l 4.River Ghaggar at Monak ng/l Total endosulphan found at 02 locations: 1.River Ghaggar at Monak ng/l 2.River Satluj at Harike ng/l For other locations, the concentration of the parameters namely total BHC, Aldrine, Total endosulphan, Dieldrin & total DDT were observed as Not Traceable INVESTIGATION OF FISH MORTALITY IN RIVER GOMTI Based on the newspaper reports on May 4, 2005 regarding fish mortality in river Gomti on previous day, CPCB Zonal office, Lucknow carried out the survey and monitoring of entire stretch of River Gomti in Lucknow at six points from Gaughat to Gomti barrage. The incidence occurred after off-season rains on 03/5/2005. The findings of the investigation are summarized below: 1) Gomti passes through the center of Lucknow city and is recipient of all wastewater being generated. About 300 MLD wastewater is being discharged to river Gomti through 26 drains/nullah in Lucknow. Out of these 4 nullahs have been tapped and diverted to Daulatganj Lucknow for treatment in a 42 mld sewage treatment plant. Treated wastewater is discharged to down stream of Sarkata nullah that ultimately meets river Gomti. 2) Performance evaluation of Lucknow STP indicates that it does not meet the stipulated norms for BOD and Suspended Solids. 3) In order to extract water from river for water supply to city, a certain minimum level of water in the river needs to be maintained. This is ensured by holding the water at Gomti Barrage, the most down stream points of Lucknow at a distance of around 10 Km. from water intake point. In between the entire sewage/ storm water (due to rains) of the city ranging from MLD is dumped in to the river. 4) Gomti river also receives a drain from Mohan Meakins Breweries (MMB) and Distillery at Lucknow.Further up stream 2 distilleries, a paper mill and a yeast

98 company is situated, which discharge their waste into the River Gomti through its tributaries. The discharges from these units however travel more than 100 Kms.before Lucknow. 5) A lot of unorganized activities like, Dhobi Ghats, Slums along the river at various places also add to pollution load to river Gomti. In the up-stream of Gaughat a cattle colony has come up recently, the waste water generated from the colony also gets its way to the river. 6) During the investigation 06 samples were collected from river Gomti from different locations, the results of which are given in Table Table 6.37 Analysis results of the samples collected from River Gomti S.No. ph Conductivity Turbidity Colour Cl - DO COD BOD TSS PO 4 -P NO 3 -N Remarks:- Concentration in mg/l except for ph, turbidity in N.T.U. and colour in Hazen units 7) The water quality data clearly reveal that the D.O. level from d/s of Mohan Meakens to Gomti Barrage is very low in which survival of aquatic life is very difficult. Further there is general trend that the most polluted water is at Barrage and water quality gradually gets improving towards up stream of the river. 8) A similar trend is also observed in respect of other parameters like COD, BOD, Cl _ & PO 4 -P, 9) The location & operation of Barrage on the Gomti River is very crucial with regard to water quality of the river. The entire river in Lucknow stretch appears to be stagnated water body, which receives domestic and industrial pollution from city and industries. 10) The off-season rains prior to fish mortality, also bring extra pollution load from the city leading to depletion in D.O.levels. 11) The possibility of industrial discharges leading to the disaster cannot be completely ruled out 6.32 STUDIES OF GROUND WATER QUALITY AROUND CETP AND COMMON SECURED LAND FILL SITES IN GUJARAT & MAHARASHTRA Gujarat and Maharashtra states are pioneered in commissioning of CETPs and Common secured land fill sites. Presently 18 CETPs and 6 common secured land fill sites are operational across the Gujarat state. In Maharashtra, there are 22 CETPs and 2 Common Secured landfill sites are operational. CPCB has monitored the ground water quality in secured land fill sites located in Ankleshwar, Vapi, Nandesari in Gujarat and Tarapur MIDC in Maharashtra The main objective of the study was to assess the contamination of ground water, if any, caused by the CETP and CSLS. The results reveal that the high conductivity & Total Hardness in ground water near by land fill sites located at Nandesari & Ankleshwar, however, moderate in Vapi land fill site. The

99 Ground water sample near Nandesari SLF site has also indicated high concentration of heavy metals like Pb, Zn, Fe & Total Chromium. The results of the study depicted in Tables 6.38 to Table 6.38: Ground water quality near Ankleshwar Secured landfill site S. No. Location ph Conductivity COD T.H. Ca ++ Mg ++ NH3-N TKN 1 B W, ETP, Amalakhadi B W, GAIL compound B W, Pungam village B W, Bhanta Shankarpur H P, Kosumbi village BDL H P, Jitali village BDL B W, Roshan society B W, Dinesh mill colony B W, Surangpur B W, Andala village B W, Dadhalpur village Table 6.39: Ground water quality near Vapi Secured landfill site Location ph TDS COD TH Ca H Mg H T. Alk Cl - NO 3 -N -2 SO 4 Hand pump at Sameer apprt.chand colony, Vapi (A) Borewell-2 at TSDF,Vapi 9B) Hand pump at temple near river Kolak,Bhatar (C ) Bore well at Mr,Desai house,vapi township,vapi(d) Bore well at Chanakya apart, Vapi township,vapi (E) Bore well at Seth GNDH Vidhyalaya,Bhagvada (F) Hand pump at Kanchan Nagar Chhiri,Vapi (G) Open well near Patelwadi, Mohangaon,Vapi (H) BDL 8.7 Bore well near Tirupati tower,vapi ( I ) Table 6.40: Ground water Quality near Tarapur (Maharashtra) Location PH TDS COD TH CaH MgH TKN Alk(T) SO -2 4 Cl - K + NO 3 -N Iron Bore well Tata steel Ltd. cold rolling mill Open well of Sh.Lala Vajpayee Bore well at M/S Precize alloys, G-20/ Hand pump near nallah,dodipada Bore well at Chandrika Nagar Note: Except ph, and Cond, all other results are in mg/l. Conductivity is in micromhos/cm. *BDL-Below detectable limit

100 6.33 CASE STUDIES ON STATUS OF ENVIRONMENT IN SILVASSA The growing urban population and industrialization is having deleterious effects on the urban as well as human environment with respect to contamination of water bodies like ground water and surface water, air pollution, noise pollution, hazardous waste, solid waste generation. It is very much essential to quantify the load on the urban environment due to vehicular emissions, industrial activities and other man made activities. With this objective the West Zone office has carried out the study on the Status of Environment of Silvassa. The study includes monitoring for ambient air quality, noise pollution and ground, surface and seawater quality monitoring. The ambient air quality was conducted for the parameters TSPM, RSPM, SO 2 and NOx. The results of the air quality monitoring reveal, the fast deterioration of air quality due to industrialization and urbanization of Silvassa. The ground water analysis results show that the ground water is being affected due to discharge of industrial as well as domestic waste water. The ambient air quality in terms of TSPM, RSPM & NOx is depicted in Figure 6.3. Value in µg/m Figure 6.3: Ambient Air Quality in Silvassa RSPM TSPM Nox Town Hall Piperia Jhanda Chauk Kelvani Naka Location 6.34 SPREADING OF SILICOSIS / PNEUMOCONIOSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN QUARTZ INDUSTRIES LOCATED IN GODHRA AND BALASINOR, GUJARAT The quartz industry has been flourished since 1979 in Godhra, Panchamahal district. The industries have come up recently in Balasinor, Nadiad District of Gujarat. In Godhra, there are 24 industries located, out of which only 17 are operational. The industries are mainly located in Godhra-Baroda highway and Godhra-Ahmedabad highway. In Balasinor, there are six quartz industries located in GIDC. These quartz

101 industries are getting the raw materials from nearby unorganized open cast mines, located in Sivarajpur, Timba of Panchmahal district and Devgadh Baria of Mehasena district. The stones available on surface or subsurface of the earth those are mainly located in the Panchamahal, Banaskantha and Sabarkantha districts of Gujarat. The quartz stone, which they are getting is crushed, screened and pulverized to make various grades of the silica sand and silica dust. The silica sand and silica dust is being mainly used in the glass manufacturing units, Television Picture tubes, tiles etc. The industry is not much labour oriented but the workers working in the industry may be prone to bronchial diseases like Silicosis, Pneumoconiosis and Bronchial Asthma etc., due to continuous exposure to the dust in the industry. These industries are engaging the labours from local areas and from the adjoining districts/villages of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat border, mostly all of them are tribes belonging to Jabhua area and Rajipur of Madhya Pradesh state. Following recommendations have been made based on the field visit: The existing Air pollution control System needs to be either upgraded or replaced with adequate air pollution control systems. Human intervention in the work place like pulverizing, screening needs to be dissociated so as to prevent the exposure of workers with the dust. The industry has to provide a closed type of processing system. This may substantially reduce the human exposure to the silica dust. The industries have to provide the closed system of work place with adequate suction to make the work place free from the dust. The industries have to provide proper hood with adequate suction wherever required and the same should be passed through the air pollution control systems. The industry has to provide the water sprinklers/water spraying systems to suppress the dust, wherever necessary to suppress the spreading of unwanted dust in the workplace. The industry has to construct a wind breaking wall for the prevention of dust spreading. The industry has to adopt regular cleaning and wetting of the floor/ground within the factory premises to prevent the airborne dust. The industry has to provide proper ventilation/blowing system to remove the dust in the workplace. The industry has to develop green belt within the premises to prevent the dust spreading. A comprehensive long term study is required with respect to the state of health of the workers working in these industries by a reputed Government Agencies.

102 The industry has to maintain the record of the workers at the time of appointment with respect to their state of health, addresses etc. Industries must take sole responsibility of the workers who is suffering by silicosis. It is understood from the industries that some time back during 2004 the National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Ahmedabad had collected samples from 32 industrial workers. As per the report of Oct-2004, the NIOH has identified 15 cases of silicosis out of 32 workers. A continuous awareness programme is very much necessary among the workers by Pollution Control Board, State Government and NGOs to make the workers understand about the effects of the silica dust and aftermath affects like the dreaded diseases of Silicosis/Pneumoconiosis or any other bronchial disorders etc. The size distribution of fugitive particles in workplace should be determined by GPCB. It is understand from the Asstt. Director of Industrial Safety and Health Office Godhra that the Hon ble Labour Secretary, Gujarat Government has taken an under taking from the Godhra Industrial Association that the industries will upgrade its existing production system by September, 2006 as reported VERIFICATION OF INVENTORY ON HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION IN WEST ZONE STATE West Zone Office, Vadodara has carried out random verification of the inventory on hazardous waste generation in the States of Gujarat & Maharashtra, as per the directives of the Hon ble Supreme Court in a matter of Writ Petition No. 757 of In Maharashtra State, a total of 51 units were inspected on random basis covering prominent categories of industries like Pharmaceuticals, Dyestuff, Pesticides, Metal & oil reprocessing, etc. located in major potential industrial areas at TTC, Taloja, Tarapur, Nagpur and Pune. Apart from this, around 30 units in Gujarat State were visited for the verification on hazardous waste generation and management. The data on Hazardous waste generation submitted by GPCB & MPCB, by and large, have been found correct during verification by CPCB. In few cases the actual data differed on account of various reasons, like some additional sources of waste generation, change of product range, process change (including incorporation of material recovery etc), basis of calculation of waste on average production or installed capacity, etc. A wide variation was observed in the practices adopted for the hazardous waste treatment and/or disposal in the units visited. The practices for on-site storage, also, were found varying. Some units having proper facilities with proper segregation, whereas some other were not following proper segregation of the waste on-site.

103 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 7.1 CO-INCINERATION OF HIGH CALORIFIC VALUE HAZARDOUS WASTE IN CEMENT KILNS In India, there is a need to promote utilization of hazardous combustible waste having higher calorific value in cement kiln as fuel. This will not only solve the disposal problem associated with hazardous waste but also conserve natural fuel resources. During combustion of hazardous waste there is a possibility of emissions of dioxins & furans, toxic metals, VOC and other toxic gases, which needs to be controlled. CPCB has prepared step-wise approach on use of high calorific value hazardous waste as fuel in kiln of cement industry. According to this, Hazardous waste generator and cement industry have to obtain authorization for trial run for utilization of hazardous waste in cement kiln as fuel and all relevant data such as characteristics of hazardous waste, its quantity etc. have to be provided by the cement industry to the Pollution Control Boards. Cement kilns have to meet the emission standards as per draft emission standards for hazardous waste incinerator. Plant Authorities have to monitor all the parameters mentioned in draft emission standards for Hazardous Waste Incinerator before and during trial use of hazardous waste in cement kiln so as to evaluate the likely impact on environment. Plant Authorities have to monitor the ambient air quality during non-use and use of hazardous waste in cement kiln. Care has to be taken by the industry to ensure that the clinker meets the BIS norms. Recently meetings have been held in CPCB of the various stake holders company, the generator of hazardous waste, their uses, SPCBs and laboratories to discuss the issue of co-incineration of high calorific value hazardous waste in cement kiln. Various proposals for co-incineration were discussed which include used tyres, refinery sludge, paint sludge, ETP sludge generated from BASF India Ltd and a monitoring protocol was developed. The first trial for co-incineration of ETP sludge of BASF India Ltd. was conducted at M/s Rajashree Cement Ltd., Gulbarga, Karnataka a unit of Grasim Industries Group. Most of the critical parameters were well within the prescribed standards for hazardous waste incinerator. The second trial was conducted in February, 2006 at M/s Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd., Kodinar, Gujarat for co-incineration of TDI tar waste of Narmada Chematur Petrochemicals Ltd., Bharuch, Gujarat. The emission monitoring results are awaited. The third trial is proposed from 7 th April at M/s Grasim Cement Industries Ltd., Reddipallayam, Tamilnadu for co-incineration of used tyres, refinery sludge and paint sludge. Various cement industries including M/s Grasim Industries Ltd., Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd., Lafarge India Ltd., Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd., Laxmi Cement Ltd. have indicated their willingness for using the hazardous waste in their kilns. The trial runs are being conducted under close supervision of a team (comprising officials from CPCB, SPCB, GTZ, and NCB) and if the monitoring results are favourable, co-incineration could emerge as a cost-effective and environmentally compatible option for disposal of high calorific value hazardous wastes.

104 7.2 GUIDELINES ON GREEN COVER FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER The particulates in urban environment are deteriorating the environment and have significant health hazards. The behavior of particulate in ambient air is complex and depends on, size distribution and intrinsic physical and chemical properties and accordingly their health effects are also varied. Researches have established that plants can act as biological filters retaining large quantities of particles from the urban atmosphere. The Central Pollution Control Boards in association with Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar has undertaken a project to identify the plant species, which have higher potential of dust capturing from environment while sustaining their well being. Based on the studies, the low, medium and high dust capturing plant species including Herbs, Shrubs and Trees categories have been identified (Table 7.1) and green area development guidelines have been evolved which will enable to determine the factors involved in dust capturing capacity of the plant species. On implementing these guidelines, green cover will increase that will act as natural filters for reducing the particulate level in ambient air from the dense urban areas with prevailing particulate pollution problems. Table 7.1: List of Low, Moderate & Highly Dust Capturing Herbs, Shrubs & Trees Dust Capture Level Low <10% Medium 11 to 20% Plant Species of Herbs Shrubs Trees 1.Amaranthus hypchondriceus (Chaulai) 2. Gardenia jasminoides (Crape Jasmine) 3. Cestrum nocturmum (Rat Ki Rani) 4. Chrysanthamum species (Crown Daisy) 1 Lilium species (Lily) 2.Draceana species 3.Halianthus annuus (Sunflower) 4. Tegetes patula (Genda) 5.Pothus aureus (Money Plant) 1.Thuja species (Moyur Pankhi) 2.Ravuvoifia serpentine (Serpgandha) 3.Withania somnifera (Ashawagandha) 4.Acanthus species (Acanthus) 1. Bambusa species (Bamboo) 2. Lagerstomia indica (Crape Myrtle) 3. Nerium indicum (Kaner Pink) 4.Codium varigatus (Croton) 5.Thevetia peruviana (Kaner Yellow) 6.Wrightia arborea (Dudhi) 7.Rosa indica (Rose) 8.Ipomea nil (Beshrum) 9.Tabermaemontana divaricata (Chandani) 10.Acalypha hispida (Copper leaf) 11Plumeria acuminate (Temple Tree) 1.Nyctanthese arbortritis (Harsingar) 2.Abis pindrow (Silver fire) 3. Accacia nelotica (Babool) 4.Holarrhena antidysentrica (Kurchi) 5. Clerodenrum inerme (Glorry bower) 6. Ficus bengalensis (Banyan ) 7.Miliusa tomentosa (Kari Leaves) 8.Thespesia populania (Ran Bhindi) 1.Luecena leucophloea (Shoe Babool) 2.Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoja) 3.Ficus elastica (Indian Rubber) 4.Annona squamosa (Suger Apple) 5.Mangifera indica (Mango) 6.Argyreia roxburghira (Wooly Morning Glorry) 7.Ficus religiosa (Peepal) 8.Acacia famesiana (Vilayati Kikkar) 9. Psidium guyava (Amrood) 10. Prunus comminis (Plums) 11. Syzygium cuminii (Jamun) 12.Tectona grandis(teak) 13.Citrus lamina (Lamon) 14.Morus alba (Mulberry) 15.Archis sapota (Chikoo) 16.Anthosephalus cadamba (Kadam) 17.Shorea robusta (Sal)

105 High >21% 1. Colocasia antiquorum (Elephants Ear) 2.Celosia argentea (Cock scomb) 1. Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Gurhal) 2.Bougainvillea glavra (Bougainvillea) 18.Delbergia sisso (Sheasm) 19.Delonix regiosa (Gulmohar) 20.Albizzia lebbek (Siris) 21. Artocarpus integrifolia (Jack Fruit) 22.Ixora parviflora (Torch Tree) 23.Bauhinia varigata (Kanchnar) 24.Moringa olieifera (Drum Stick) 25.Aegle famesiana (Beal) 26.Pithocolobium dule (Jangali jalabi) 1.Cassia fistula (Amaltas) 2.Pinus contora (Pine) 3.Bombax ceiba (Samal) 4.Butea monosperma ( Palas) 5.Alstonia scholaris (Satani) 6.Azardirachta indica (Neem) 7.Polyalthia longifolia (Ashoka) 8.Callistemon citrinus (Bottle Brush) 9.Termanilia catappal (Jangal Badam) 10.Terminalia arjuna (Arjun) 11. Melia azedarch (Melia) 12.Phoenix dactylifera (Khjoor) 13.Ficus infectorja (Pilkan) 14.Holiptelia integrifolia (Papadi) 15.Eucalyptus globules (Blue Gum) 16.Madhuca indica (Mahua) 17.Citrus maxima (Chaktora) 18.Populus tremuloides(quaking aspen) 7.3 STANDARDIZATION OF BTX METHOD (IS5182 PART- 11) AND PAH METHOD (IS5182 PART-12) FOR BIS PUBLICATION AS NATIONAL METHODS Active and passive methods for BTX monitoring and analysis using conventional carbon-disulphide desorption and automated thermal desorption techniques followed by capillary Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector have been standardize, documented and sent to BIS for wide circulation among concerned institution and finalized by CHD-32 Committee for final printing. The sampling and analysis method for Particulate PAH using glass fiber filter and high volume samplers followed by capillary Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector have been standardize, documented and finally printed by BIS after wide circulation among concerned institution and approval by CHD-32 Committee. 7.4 POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) IN WATER OF RIVER YAMUNA AND MAJOR DRAINS IN DELHI REGION Samples from three locations of river Yamuna and six major drains in Delhi region were collected, processed and analyzed for 16 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) by GC-MS using SIM mode of data acquisition. Analysis results have shown that sources of PAHs in drain samples and river Yamuna at Nizamuddin have similar profiles whereas river Yamuna at Palla (upstream) and Mazawali (downstream) have different profiles compared to drains. However, river Yamuna at Mazawali has mixed profile influenced by the compounds carried down from upstream Delhi and additions by the drains (Fig. 7.1).

106 Yamuna at Palla PAHs ng/l Naphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[e]pyrene Benzo[a]pyrene Perylene Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Benzo[ghi]perylene Yamuna at Nizamuddin PAHs ng/l PAHs ng/l Naphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[e]pyrene Yamuna at Majhawli Benzo[a]pyrene Perylene Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Benzo[ghi]perylene Figure 7.1: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water of River Yamuna in Delhi Stretch 7.5 DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS OF TRIHALOMETHANES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

107 Trihalomethanes (THMs) occur in drinking water principally as a product of reaction of chlorine with naturally occurring material and bromide that may also be present. Occurrence of natural organic matter such as humic acid and fulvic acid in water are mainly responsible for the formation of these disinfection by product (DBPs). With respect to drinking water contamination, four members of THM s viz. chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform are important. World Health Organisation (WHO, 1993) has already enacted the health related guidelines values in drinking water. In order to standardization of measurement methodology and regularly monitor the presence of these compounds in drinking water, the infrastructure facilities have been developed at CPCB Laboratories. The raw and finished water samples were collected from various water treatment plants at Delhi and analyzed for Trihalomethane level. Two rounds of studies have been completed and further studies are continued. 7.6 IONIC PROFILE OF RSPM IN AGRA The in-depth ionic profile in RSPM samples at all monitoring stations (as are monitored for AAQ) as has been carried out for all the months in the year 2005 (Table 7.2). It may be seen on comparison of total Cation and Anion values with respective stations that total ion (by weight) was least at Tajmahal, followed by Iti-mad-ud-daula, Rambagh and Nunhai, attributed by land use pattern as surrounding of Tajmahal station has mostly controlled area (about 500 m radii, except the river front), followed by Iti-mad-ud-daula (about 100 m radii), Rambagh (in which garden part is controlled, while dry river in its north and an express way passes along its south-east part) and there is no controlled area around Nunhai station. Table 7.2: Showing Cation and Anion Mass in RSPM Sample Months RSPM F - Cl - -- SO 4 - NO 3 Na + + NH 4 K + Ca ++ Mg ++ Total Anions Total Cations Station: Tajmahal Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean Station: Iti-mad-ud-daula Jan Feb March April May June July Aug

108 Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean Station : Nunhai Jan Feb March April May June July August Sep October Nov Dec Mean Station: Rambagh Jan Feb March April May June July August Sep October Nov Dec Mean Note: All values are represented by µgm/m3 7.7 POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) ANALYSIS IN AMBIENT AIR PARTICULATE MATTER IN DELHI Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons are one of the EPA s seven specific categories of air toxics. These pollutants pose health hazards in urban areas because of multiple sources especially vehicular traffic, thermal power plants, and industrial & domestic fuel burning. The samples were collected at six NAAQM (TSPM laden PAH) locations and one integrated monitoring station at ITO (TSPM and RSPM laden PAH). Toluene extracts of Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) samples on glass fibre filter papers from various locations in Delhi were analyzed using GC-MS by CPCB Air Laboratory for 18 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo (a) anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo (b) fluoranthene, Benzo (k) fluoranthene, Benzo (e) pyrene, Benzo (a) pyrene, Perylene, Dibenzo(ah) anthracene, Indeno (cd) pyrene and Benzo (ghi) perylene, to assess the trend of PAH s contamination in ambient air at Delhi. The capillary GC-MS method for PAH analysis has been standardised for 18 PAH compounds including Acenapthylene, Acenaphthalene & Fluorene in addition to the earlier 14 PAHs. The results of total PAHs measured using GC-MS method for the

109 samples collected at selected NAMP stations & at ITO during December, 2004 & January, 2005 are shown in Figure 7.2 Conc.(ng/m 3 ) Dec.2k4 Jan.2k5 SPM Laden SPM Laden SPM Laden SPM Laden SPM Laden SPM Laden RSPM Laden Siri Fort Ashok Vihar Shahzada Bagh Shahdara Nizzamuddin ITO ITO Figure 7.2: Total PAH Profile in Ambient Air during winter in Delhi The value of average Total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons measured at 5 NAMP stations namely Sirifort, Ashok Vihar, Nizamuddinm, Shahdara and Shahzada Bagh, during the study period January 2005 are given in Figure 7.3. Individual PAH Profile of Ambient Air at ITO, DELHI (Jan. 2005) SPM Laden PAH RSPM Laden PAH Conc (ng/m3) Naph Acnapthy Acnapthe Fluorene Phen Anth Fluo Pyrene Benz(a)A Chrysene Benzo(b)F Benzo(k)F Benzo(e)P Benzo(a)P Perylene In(cd)P Dib(a,h)A B(g,h,i)P Figure 7.3: Individual PAH Concentration at ITO Benzo (a)pyrene is considered as more carcinogenic as individual. Average concentration of Benzo(a)pyrene levels of ITO and NAMP Sites are given in Table 7.3. Table 7.3: Individual PAH (Benzo(a)pyrene) Levels ITO & NAMP Site 2K4-5 (Avg. Conc. in ng/m 3 ) Siri Fort Ashok Vihar Shahzada Bagh Shahdara Nizamuddin ITO (SPM) ITO (RSPM)

110 Dec, ,.52 Jan, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) ANALYSIS IN EXTRACTS OF WASTE OIL SAMPLES The oil samples (crude oil, used / waste oil and transformer oil) collected from various Petroleum Refineries and Port Trusts collected by Hazardous Waste Management Division (HWMD) in association with the Zonal Offices of CPCB were analyzed for determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) as Aroclor mixtures to assess the contamination level in order to ensure safe disposal of oil waste. The oil samples analyzed have not depicted any PCBs contamination in form of Aroclor (Detection Limit 5 ppm as Aroclor). 7.9 GEOACCUMULATION AND BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS AND PESTICIDES ON SOIL AND CROP VEGETATION DURING WASTEWATER IRRIGATION As the fresh water getting limited as well as because of easy availability without any expenditure, the sewage water is being increasingly utilized for irrigation of vegetation, crops etc. This kind of land application of sewage water has resulted in direct addition of heavy metals and pesticides in soil and crop vegetation. In addition to metals and pesticides, other pollutants such as sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, fluorides, sodium, potassium etc. are also added to the soil. Table 7.4: Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Crop Vegetation cultivated through Wastewater Irrigation S. No. Location Irrigation source Vegetables Heavy Metals (mg/g) Pesticides (ng/g) Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Zn T-BHC Aldrin Endosulfan Dieldrin T-DDT 1. Palam Tube well water (Control) Tomato NT NT NT NT NT NT Cucumber NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Radish NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Cabbage NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT 2. Chhawla Sewage Water Lady s Finger NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Brittle gourd NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Radish NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Onion NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT 3. Kakraula Sewage Water Cucumber NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Spinach NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT 4. Mohan Nagar Sewage Water Brinjal NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Cabbage NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Cucumber NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Spinach NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT

111 Extension Spinach NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Radish NT NT NT NT NT NT NT With the view to study the impact of sewage on geo-accumulation and bio-accumulation in irrigated soil and crop vegetation in Delhi and to assess the existing status of metals and pesticides in the vegetable cultivated in such environment, several rounds of sampling and analysis of vegetable tissue of vegetables grown using sewage waste water and with tube well water grown vegetables as control were completed. The results indicted insignificant metallic accumulations in vegetable tissues, while certain pesticides were recorded in surface of certain vegetables both in control and wastewater irrigated vegetable crop GROUND WATER REMEDIATION IN KANPUR CPCB Lucknow has taken up a challenging 3-year project on Groundwater remediation in Noraiakheda area of Kanpur in collaboration with ITRC Lucknow, NGRI, Hyderabad and IIT Kanpur.The 1 st year activities were completed with execution of all the identified works. Salient status of some of the specific activities is as following: a. Geo-physical Investigation The entire study area was investigated for revealing subsurface hydro-geological characteristics. The study was carried-out using ground-resitivity meter based on schlumbergur arrangement of current and potential electrodes. The Resistivity variation as emerged-out of the study area and subsurface stratification are as below:

112 NR Nauriyakhera mg/l 10 Canal 8 6 Pandu River T- Cr (mg/l) Post Monsoon NGRI / CPCB / ITRC / IIT-K 0

113 The findings of project during 1 st year are to be utilized in evaluation of various options for remediation of hexavalent chromium. The Pilot Study based on Bio-Remediation had already begun under technical support from GZA-USA expertise. During the pilot study the Electron Donor Compound (EDC) was injected into the polluted strata for chemical transformation of hexavalent chromium. The study shall continue till June Other major activities completed in the 1 st year include: Evaluation of a range of site-specific aquifer characteristics Inventory of Groundwater balance Monitoring for surface contours with reference to the MSL Monitoring of Fresh water canal, Identification of watershed boundaries The project activities have received appreciation of Asian Development Bank Philippines and The Blacksmith Institute New York USA.

114 Spatial view of T-Cr plume 30 years DETOXIFICATION OF PAPER MILL EFFLUENT BY USING SELECTIVE COAGULANTS AND CHEMICAL OXIDANTS. The toxicity of the paper and pulp mill effluent is due to the presence of tannins, resins, synthetic dyes and lignin and its derivatives. White-rot fungi generally used to decolorise the pulp mill effluent require high glucose concentration to survive which is economically not feasible. An alternate to biological treatment with fungi is the electro-chemical methods where iron electrodes are used to separate the ligno-sulphonate waste. The effectiveness of this technique depends on the type of electrodes, construction of electro-coagulators and operating conditions. Thus, there is a need for alternative low cost technology.

115 The present study is aimed at the removal of toxic & coloring substances present in paper mill effluent before going to biological treatment using selective chemical coagulants/oxidants. Experimental work completed is as below 1. Samples prepared from synthetic lignin and tannins were analysed and characterized. 2. Coagulants like alum, FeCl 3, PAC, alongwith combinations like Alum + Lime, Alum + Lime + PAC, FeCl 3 + PAC tested for optimum doses and observed % removal of color and % COD reduction % color removal has been achieved when optimum dose of Na- Hyphochlorite is given to the synthetic sample and % reduction in COD is also observed after the treatment. 4. Effect of ph on Na-Hyphochlorite tested and observed best reduction in color at ph Dose optimisation of Na-metabisulphite for the removal of residual chlorine followed by batch activated sludge process is under progress Color (% red) COD (% red) % reduction FA (460 mg/l) FA (460 mg/l)+l (50 mg/l) FA (460 mg/l)+l (50 mg/l) +PAC( 5micro g) H2O2 (120 g/100ml) NAOCL (180 mg/l) +H2O2 (60 mg/l) NAOCL (180 mg/l) +FA (460 mg/l) NAOCL (180 mg/l) +FA (460 mg/l) +PAC (5 micro g/ l) +LIME (50 mg/l) O3 (80%) Coagulants/oxidants used and their conc. Figure-7.4: Percentage reduction with diffrent oxidant and coagulants 7.12 PREDICTION OF METAL SOLUBILITY IN SEWAGE SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL FROM ACCESSIBLE SOIL PROPERTIES Dhapa and Bantala are the two Municipal Solid Wash (MSW) sites in the eastern fringe of Kolkata city covering an area of about 2000 acres. The huge quantity of garbage generated from homes, factories, markets and Institution of Kolkata is being dumped in these sites from years together. These solid wastes contain different types of organic and inorganic pollutants. The mobility of these pollutants in soil is strongly influenced by organic matter, such as humic acid, fulvic acid etc. Fulvic acid readily complexes with

116 metals including minerals making them available to plant roots easily absorbable forms through cell wall. The fulvic acid in the presence of metals may form metal chelate, which in turn increase the metal ions in solution in far excess of their expected dissolution ability in normal waters. Considering the above fact a study was undertaken to assess the bio-available fraction of metals in soil. Sampling has been completed from three locations of the study area and the analyses results so far available are provided in Table 7.5 indicate that ph ranges from 6.9 to 7.5. Movement / translocation of solute to upward or downward is affected to some extent with the ph of the soil. Irregular distribution of organic carbon are observed in the soils of different strata of each site, which ranges from 21 to 31 g/kg. The high organic carbon content in the soils of all the sites and its uneven distribution indicates poor development of the soil. The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of the soil ranges from 12 to 13 cmol/kg and are relatively far excess. CEC acts as a nutrient reservoir of the soils. Textural composition of the sites reflects that the sand content in Site A is much higher than the site B and Site C. Wide variations of silt fraction were observed among the different sites ranging from 18.5 to 65.4%. High silt fraction in the Site C might be due to the stabilization of dumping site through addition of fine soil. High percentage of clay was observed in Site C which supports high stability of the soil. The concentration of metals in soil shown in Table 7.6 indicate that Iron content ranged from to µg/g, Manganese from 333 to 512 µg/g, Zinc from 298 to 718 µg/g, Lead from 104 to 375 µg/g and Chromium from 35 to 131 µg/g while Nickel varied from 23 to 27 µg/g. Isolation, characterisation and quantification of metals associated with humic acid and fulvic acid are in progress to assess the bio-availability of metals in the soil. Table 7.5: Physico-chemical characteristics of the sludge amended soil at dump sites of Kolkata. Location Sand % Silt % Clay % Bulk density (g/cc) Particle density (g/cc) Porosit y (%) ph Organic carbon (g/kg) Site A SiteB Site C CEC Table 7.6: Toxic metals (µg/g) in the soil of Sludge amended soil at dumping site of Kolkata. Site Fe Mn Zn Pb Cr Ni Site A Site B Site C

117 7.13 CHARACTERISATION OF PM 10 AND PM 2.5 AT TRAFFIC INTERSECTION IN KOLKATA AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH The PAHs constitute an important class or organic aerosol components generated during various combustion processes and are emitted into the atmosphere. Although there are natural sources of PAHs (volcanic activity and biosynthesis) but anthropogenic sources are predominant and most important to air pollution. Human exposure to PAH occurs principally by direct inhalation, ingestion or dermal contact due to widespread presence and persistence of PAH in the urban environment. Several PAHs such as benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluranthene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene and indeno (1,2,3 cd) pyrene have been implicated in tumorogenesis in experimental animals. Human exposure to ambient PAH generally occurs in combination with other carcinogenic substances such as nickel, chromium, silica, soot, asbestos and benzene. CPCB Zonal Laboratory, Kolkata in collaboration with West Bengal Pollution Control Board conducted a study to assess the ambient air quality in terms of particulate concentration of different sizes (2.5 and 10 µ), PAH, organic carbon, metals and different ions etc. and their adverse impact on human health in terms of metabolites in urine, chromosomal aberration, micronuclei (MN) etc. of the people exposed to such air pollution. The six major traffic intersections in Kolkata were covered and traffic police prone to get exposed and few patients admitted in SSKM hospital already suffering from respiratory problems were subject in this study. The study was conducted and will be continued with active support from the Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata. The analytical results shown in Table 7.7 indicate that PM 2.5 and PM 10 were varying from 164 to 370 µg/m 3 and 256 to 553 µg/m 3 respectively. The ratio of PM 2.5 and PM 10 was varying from 0.62 to The average ratio of PM 2.5 and PM 10 is 0.69 with coefficient of variation of 6.7 percent. Study conducted earlier by WBPCB reported the average ratio of PM 2.5 and PM 10 was 0.73 with standard deviation of Both the studies carried out separately at different locations (close to school and traffic intersections) during winter in Kolkata indicate the consistency in average ratio of PM 2.5 and PM 10 with marginal difference of 6.7 percent. With these findings it may be mentioned that about 70 percent of PM 10 are the particle that may be deposited in the lower portion of lung sac, the pleura and bronchioles. Most of the NAMP stations are operated using RDS samplers that can measure aerosol concentration of PM 10. Table 7.7: Average Concentration and ratio of PM 2.5 with PM 10 (12 hrs. value) PM 2.5 µg/m 3 PM 10 µg/m 3 RATIO Average SD CV

118 To have an idea about percentage of PM 2.5, Anderson & RDS samplers were operated simultaneously and the results are shown in Table 7.8. Deviation observed was varying between and 9.35 percent. Table 7.8: Comparison of the results obtained by Anderson and Envirotech (RDS) samplers STATION PM 10 µg/m 3 PM 10 µg/m 3 ANDERSEN ENVIROTECH %Difference HAZRA RABINDRASADAN TOLLYGUNGE SHYAMBAZAR COSSIPUR Finer particles are more dangerous. The problems further aggravates if such particles are associated with toxic and carcinogenic compounds. Therefore, distribution of 16 PAH compounds in both the sizes of particulate matter were quantified. These compounds are Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenapthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(ah)anthracene, Benzo(ghi)perylene, and Indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene. Table 7.9 shows the distribution of the total PAH compounds in PM 10 and PM 2.5. Table 7.9: Distribution of total PAHs compounds in PM 10 and in PM 2.5 Location µg/m 3 of PM 2.5 µg/m 3 of PM 10 ng/µg of PM 2.5 ng/µg of PM 10 Difference (%) Hazra Park Circus Science City Shyam Bazar Cossipur Rabindra Sadan Average SD CV Concentration of total PAH (sum of 16 compounds) was varying from 8.9 to ng/m 3 of 10 µ sizes with average of ng /m 3 and CV of percent and from 9.44 to 17.53ng /m 3 of 2.5 µ size with average of 11.6 ng /m 3 and CV of percent. Such uniform variation of coefficients indicates marginal increase of about10 percent in ng /m 3. While total PAH values were normalized with respect to values of PM 10 and at PM 2.5. the average values in ng/µg were 0.05 with CV of 4.7 percent and 0.04 with CV of 5.5 percent in PM 2.5 and PM 10 respectively. The results reveal that PAH compounds

119 in finer particles i.e respirable particles are 27 percent more than that of coarse particles after normalization considering negligible variation among the values of different stations. Such distribution of PAH compounds is really a cause of concern particularly during winter. Normalization was done considering significant (at 99%level of significance) correlation of PAH (r=0.66, n=25) and organic carbon(r=0.95,n=25) with particulate matter. Therefore normalized values of PAH clearly indicate that the adherence of such hazardous compounds is significantly higher to 2.5 µ size particles. Similar distribution pattern was observed in case of organic carbon. In case of metals, presently quantification was done only collected by RDS sampler. But it may be assumed based on the distribution of organic carbon in both the sizes that probability of higher association of metals is to PM 2.5. Though the average concentration of metals (µg/m 3 ) shown in Table 7.10 are not significantly high but wide variation among the stations as reflected from CV and poor correlation of few metals with PM indicate independent behavior of some metals. Table 7.10: Concentration of metals (µg/m 3 ) in PM 10 and relevant statistical parameters Station Ba Cu Mn Fe Zn Cd Pb Al PM 10 Howrah Esplanade Shyambazar Rabindra Sadan Moulali Hazra Cossipore Average SD CV Further, characterization of PM in terms of inorganic ions was carried out. The average concentration (µg/m 3 ) along with values of each station is shown in Table 7.11 to assess the prevalence of different inorganic ions in PM of studied area. Poor correlation ship among the ions except few (NH 3 -SO 4 -Na, NO 3 -NO 2, F-NO 2 -SO 4, Na- NO 2 ) also indicate independent behavior of the ions present in PM. Based on significant correlation, prevalence of salt in PM may be evaluated. Table 7.11: Concentration of ions (µg/m 3 ) in PM 2.5 and PM 10 (Average of 6 studied locations) Size Station RSPM Na K Ca Mg NH 4 F - Cl NO 2 NO 3 SO 4 10 µ Average µ Average

120 Normalised values shown in Table 7.12 reflect mass fraction in fine and coarse particles with indication of more ions in PM 2.5 in the range of 8 percent to 53 percent than that of PM 10. Further evaluation may be made with these data through factorisation to apportion the sources but with one set of observation accuracy cannot be maintained. Table 7.12: Inorganic ions mass fraction in RSPM and associated statistical parameters, in µg/µg Station Name Size RSPM Na K Ca Mg NH4 F- Cl NO 2 NO 3 SO 4 Hazra 10 µ µ Park Circus 10 µ NA NA NA NA NA 2.5 µ NA NA NA NA NA Shyam 10 µ NA NA NA NA NA Bazar 2.5 µ Cossipur Science City Ultadanga 10 µ µ µ µ µ µ Rabindra 10 µ Sadan 2.5 µ Average 10 µ µ SD 10 µ µ CV 10 µ µ Difference (%) The above findings clearly indicate that people exposed to this ambient air are prone to get effected not only with the particulate matter of 2.5µm but also toxic and carcinogenic chemicals.the people working in this ambient are always at risk. Therefore, traffic police having longer exposure to ambient air of Kolkata and chronic obstruction in pulmonary disorder patients coming from different localities were taken into consideration to assess the level of urinary 1- hydroxypyrene. However prevalence of 1- hydroxypyrene in almost all the subject may indicate that people are exposed to PAHs. The sources of such PAHs may be different. The level of 1-hydroxypyrene occurred in urine of different subjects showed wide variations but could not be linked with the degree of exposure to PAHs. The excretion of metabolite through urine also depends on the physiological system. Therefore, further study is needed in details incorporating cytological assay. The analytical results obtain in this study shown in Table 7.13 revealed that though traffic police directly exposed to the ambient air PAH in the busy traffic intersection for a

121 couple of hours daily, but no systematic trend of metabolite concentration was observed among the COPD patients and also in school children. Table 7.13: Quantification of 1-Hydroxypyrene from the urine Subject location 1-hydroxypyrene nmole/l Creatinine gm/l 1- hydroxypyrene nmole/gm of creatinine Max Min Max Min Max Min Traffic police (Rabindra sadan) Traffic police (Hazara) COPD (patient SSKM hospital) Bethune School Iit may be inferred that composition of aerosol was highly variable due to anthropogenic activities. Some of the pollutants were relatively high in concentration. Presence of these chemicals causes adverse impact on human health. For more information, the above study is to be continued CHARACTERISATION OF EMISSION AND DUST FORM DIFFERENT SOURCES Re-suspension of dust in industrial area and fugitive and stack emission are mainly responsible for high level of contaminants in the ambient air of the local environment. This dust may contain toxic chemical substances. A study is being carried out to characterize the emission from source and dust forms different sources (road dust, soil, mining waste etc.). The average metal concentrations of dust/ ash from different sources are shown in Table Table 7.14: Average concentration (mg/kg) of metals in dust/ash collected from different sources Metals Sources of Dust /Ash ESP Road Side Thermal Power Coke Oven Brick Kiln Rice Mill Township Agri. Field Chromium Iron Lead BDL 8.5 BDL Nickel Copper Barium Vanadium Aluminum BDL Beryllium 1.4 BDL BDL BDL 1.0 BDL BDL - Cobalt Magnesium Calcium Manganese Potassium Zinc BDL = Below Detection Limit

122 Results revealed that level of Zinc, Magnesium and Potassium (178, 3502 and 8447 mg/kg respectively) was significantly higher in ash collected from rice mill. Nickel was found to be higher in road side dust of Ranigunj (Durgapur), but the rest of the metals were higher in dust of ESP in comparison with agricultural soils of a remote Dhubulia Village (Durgapur). Metallic concentrations were also found on the higher side in ambient air with respect to rural areas (Canning). Analysis of PAH, PCBs, texture etc. are in progress. Further characterization of inorganic and organic composition would be carried to correlate these values with the values of source emission.the raw data indicates that the some of the metals are extremely variable. Further analysis of more parameters would reveal the distribution pattern of different contaminants of the dust and in other sources pollutants and their impact on ambient air quality AEROSOLS CHARACTERIZATION FOR PAHs AND METALS IN KOLKATA DURING DIPAWALI The study of aerosol composition with respect to metals, ions and PAHs during Diwali covering city, urban and rural areas would be very useful to assess the impact of the above activities on environment with reference to specific pollutants. Considering the above facts, Zonal Office Kolkata has conducted a study to quantify the concentration of RSPM, SO 2, NO 2, metals and PAH in ambient air in Kolkata (metro city), Asansol (urban) and Moutorh (village) in West Bengal and to assess the impact of bursting crackers on the environment. The analytical results shown in Table 7.15 revealed that the prevailing concentration of different PAH compounds at different stations in Kolkata, Canning and Moutorh during Diwali. The maximum concentration was observed at Moutorh, followed by Kolkata and then Canning (Moutorh>Kolkata>Canning) except in case of low molecular weight PAH compounds, viz. Napthalene, Phenanthrene and Anthracene. The changes of the above trend of these compounds may be due to loss during sampling and transportation of sample filter papers from monitoring sites to laboratory as these are highly volatile. At Moutorh though considered as rural area, PAH concentration was significantly higher than that of other areas because monitoring station was located in the midpoint of Diwali mela where different activities such as mass gathering, coal burning, vehicle movement etc. were going on. Mainly coal burning caused the enhancement of PAH concentration. Table 7.15: Average concentration of PAH compounds (ng/ m 3 ) at different locations PAH Compounds CANNING KOLKATA MOUTORH BEHALA KUMIR PUKUR J D PARK Napthalene Phenanthrene BDL Fluorene Pyrene Benz(a)Anthracene Chrycene Benz (e) Pyrene Benz (a) Pyrene Di Benz Anthracene Benz (ghi) Perylene

123 At different stations within Kolkata, maximum concentration was found at Behala followed by JD Park, then Kumir Pukur. Only in the case of Napthalene the trend becomes as Behala>Kumir Pukur >JD Park. The reason may be that in Behala the station is located at the busiest traffic intersection compared to the other stations. The data were processed to estimate the correlation coefficients among the eleven identified and quantified PAH compounds and RSPM at sampling locations. However, several significant correlationships in the group of individual PAH compounds were observed attributing linear proportionality between them such as significant positive correlationship among fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene particularly in organised fairs also at few other stations. As reported by different authors, domestic and residential heating specially coal burning is a major source of these three compounds and simultaneously significant correlation ships among them support this view. It is also reported by some authors that these three compounds are also emitted during incineration and industrial oil burning. Literature study shows that fluoranthene and pyrene along with benzo(a)pyrene are together emitted from traffic motor vehicles i.e. from diesel and petrol burning. Positive correlationship among them satisfies the views of referred document. Significant correlationship between fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene as well as benzo(e)pyrene support the view that the major contributor of these three PAH compounds is burning of wood. There are also some significant correlation found between fluoranthene and benzo(ghi)perylene, pyrene &benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene &benzo(e)pyrene, di benzo(ah)anthracene and pyrene & benzo (ghi) perylene. Significant correlation among several PAH compounds indicates that they release from sources together. In Kolkata fluoranthene is significantly correlated with phenanthrene, pyrene, B[e]P, B[a]P while pyrene is correlated with Benz Anth, B[e]P, B[a]P, DBA, B[ghi]Pe. A strong correlation ship was found among B[e]P, B[a]P, DBA and B[ghi]Pe also. This positive correlation ship indicates that they are emitted from same source. Literature survey reveals that all these correlated compounds are emitted together from diesel burning, petrol burning, incineration and coal burning. The above findings may support that major portion of PAHs concentration in ambient air of Kolkata is contributed by diesel & petrol burning (vehicle emission) and incineration etc. The analytical results of metallic concentration (Table 7.16) of RSPM at different areas revealed that concentration of metals in general, was found lowest at Canning and in the order of Canning < Asansol <Moutorh <Kolkata. Canning is far away from any industrial towns and also traffic volume nearby the sampling points was significantly low. Almost same concentrations of metals prevailed both at Asansol and Moutorh though Asansol is a subdivisional town and Moutorh is a rural area. Presence of iron and aluminium at both places indicate the impact of sponge iron and steel plants (TISCO close to sampling station in Asansol). Sponge irons and thermal power plants are located about 15 km away from Moutorh. On normalisation of metal concentrations with RSPM, almost same trend prevails. The concentrations of metals observed at different stations within Kolkata were more or less uniform all over the city. Eventhough concentration of the 12 selected metals were relatively on the lower side, no

124 appreciable impact of the activities going on during Diwali was observed except slight increment of aluminium compared to the values obtained during winter. Table 7.16: Average Concentration of metals (µg/m 3 ) in RSPM at different locations Name of Sampling Locations Parameters CANNING KOLKATA ASANSOL MOUTORH RSPM, µg/m µg/m 3 ng/µg µg/m 3 ng/µg µg/m 3 ng/µg µg/m 3 ng/µg Nickel Manganese Lead Zinc Cadmium BDL! BDL BDL Copper Chromium BDL BDL BDL Aluminum Iron Barium Mercury BDL BDL Arsenic BDL BDL BDL Ionic concentrations of RSPM at four different areas shown in Table 7.17 revealed the distribution pattern of ions (µg/m 3 ) among the four areas. Table 7.17: Average ionic concentration (µg/ m 3 ) in (PM 10 ) at different locations in Kolkata Name of Sampling Locations Parameters CANNING KOLKATA ASANSOL MOUTORH RSPM µg/m 3 ng/µg µg/m 3 ng/µg µg/m 3 ng/µg µg/m 3 ng/µg Fluoride Chloride Nitrate Sulphate Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Total Ion % Ion in RSPM Table (contd.): Average ionic concentration (µg/ m 3 ) in (PM 10 ) at different stations in Kolkata Name of Sampling Stations Parameters BEHLA KUMIR PUKUR J D PARK RSPM µg/m 3 ng/µg µg/m 3 ng/µg (µg/m 3 ng/µg Fluoride Chloride Nitrate

125 Sulphate Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Total Ion % Ion in RSPM Close association of chloride and sodium with RSPM was observed on normalisation revealed the influence of sea on chloride and sodium concentration at Canning. Similarly, higher values of nitrate at Canning due to intensive agricultural activities. The concentration of sodium and chloride were also higher at Asansol. Significantly higher values of sulphate and potassium in aerosol of Kolkata clearly indicated the rampent use of fire crackers were as higher values of only sulphate at Moutorh and Asansol are mainly due to rampent use of coal for cooking the food in fair (mela). In Kolkata, highest concentration of sulphate and potassium were found during 6 PM to 6 AM on Diwali, which again confirm the impact of firecrackers on ambient air quality. Percentage of ions with respect to RSPM was varying from 29.1 to The ionic concentration of RSPM at different stations during Diwali revealed the distribution pattern at different stations expressed in µg/m 3. On normalisation with respect to RSPM, almost uniform distribution of ion prevailed except sulphate and potassium. This variation is mainly due to firecrackers mainly. The concentration coefficient estimated between the ions and RSPM revealed close association of ions with RSPM. Percentage of ions was almost same in two station compared to other areas, where at one station it is on the higher side. From the above discussion it may be inferred that activities particularly during Diwali influence the concentration of PAH and ions on ambient air quality IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION AND GENESIS OF THUNDERSTORM One of the most important roles of aerosols in the atmosphere is that they allow clouds to form, leading sometimes to the genesis of severe thunderstorms. In fact these tiny particles are needed for water vapours to condense on. Not all the aerosol particles can serve as a nucleus for water droplet formation. Particles that have the ability to grow to become a droplet are called Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). This ability depends on the particle size, chemical composition and super saturation. This study is to know how the genesis of severe thunderstorms of pre-monsoon season over northeastern part of India, locally known as Kalbaisakhi or Nor'westers, is influenced by type, size and concentration of pollutants. The concentrations of suspended particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur over northeastern Kolkata during pre-monsoon period for the years 2000 and 2001were used for this study. Auto correlation function was used to check the persistency among the datasets. Markovian analysis was used to find the best predictive model for the pollutants. It was observed that Markovian model of 0 order is most suitable model for

126 forecasting the concentrations of SO 2 and NO 2 during pre-monsoon season. It is further observed that Markovian model of 0 - order and 1 st order can be used for the prediction of SPM concentration. For this analysis it is necessary to take some values as a limiting case. The limiting values taken into consideration for SPM, NOx, SOx are 150, 50 and 5 respectively. A Neural Network is designed to forecast the daily average PM 10 and SPM concentrations over Kolkata during pre-monsoon season (March - May) of 2000 and The meteorological parameters such as relative humidity and average temperature were used as the predictors. Linear Perceptron and three-layered nonlinear Artificial Neural Net are developed and their performance in predicting the said parameter is compared. Results shown in Table 7.18 and Table 7.19 reveals that threelayered non-linear Artificial Neural Network is suitable for the purpose. The results further show that the correlation value between actual and predicted is higher using non-linear perceptron methods with PM 10 and SPM concentration. The prediction error, at the same time, is observed to be low for non-linear perceptron. It is also observed that the average temperature and relative humidity are good predictor for PM 10 and SPM concentration and the three-layered Artificial Neural Network with non-linear activation function is identified as acceptable predictive model for forecasting PM 10 and SPM concentration in the pre-monsoon season over Kolkata. Table 7.18: Prediction Error and Correlation values for PM 10 PM 10 concentration Non-linear Linear Training Test Training Test Prediction error Correlation Table 7.19 : Prediction Error and Correlation values for SPM SPM concentration Non-linear Linear Training Test Training Test Prediction error Correlation PAH MONITORING AT HINDALCO, RENUKOOT (FUGITIVE EMISSIONS) (SEPTEMBER 20-21, 2005) PAH Monitoring has been done at HINDALCO, Renukoot at six locations i.e. Center Passage Pot Line-IX, Center Passage Pot Line-II, Roof Top Pot Line-III, Roof Top D.S.S. Pot Line- VII, Anode Baking F/C # 5, Anode Baking F/C # 3. Total PAH ranged between ng/m 3. Benzo[e]pyrene and Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[ghi]perylene are found with a high concentration followed by Chrysene and Benzo[b]fluoranthene. Naphthalene to Pyrene have lower concentration at Center Passage and Roof Top while at Anode Baking it is higher ( ng/m 3 ). The average concentration range at different unit is given in Table 7.20.

127 Table 7.20: Results of PAH Monitoring at HINDALCO, Renukoot (Fug. Emissions) (Sep20-21, 2005) Sampling Location Center Passage, Pot Room Roof Top, Pot Room Anode Baking PAH Analytes/Conc Range (ng/m 3 ) Range (ng/m 3 ) Range (ng/m 3 ) Naphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[e]pyrene Benzo[a]pyrene Perylene Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Benzo[ghi]perylene Total PAHs TESTING & VALIDATION OF THE DEVELOPED BOD BIOSENSOR Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the most important and commonly used parameter in water and wastewater quality monitoring and designing of effluent treatment plant. The test take considerable time, say 3 days at 27 o C or 5 days at 20 o C as well as consumes lot of energy. To overcome these constraints, attempts were made to carry out the test in short time through the technique using BIO-SENSOR probes. This technique involves selection of suitable microbial composition for using Bio-sensor so as to degrade the wide range of wastes. In this endeavor, CPCB in collaboration with Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi has developed a BIO- SENSOR for rapid BOD test. Samples from brewery and dairy (untreated and treated) were tested extensively and the results obtained using BOD Biosensor are similar to conventional BOD test (BOD 5 at 20 o C). The data are statistically tested and good correlation was found between these two results (Table 7.21 &Figure 7.5). Table 7.21: Range, Mean and ratio of Dairy (untreated & treated effluent) and untreated brewery effluent for BOD Biosensor and BOD 5 and their ratio. BOD Ratio Effluent BOD Biosensor 5 (Biosensor/BOD 5 ) Min Dairy Untreated effluent Max Mean

128 Dairy Treated effluent Brewery Untreated effluent Min Max Mean Min Max Mean BOD Biosensor (mg/l) y = x R 2 = Dairy (un-treated effluent) BOD 5 (mg/ l) y = x R 2 = BOD Biosensor (mg/l) Dairy (treated effluent) BOD 5 (mg/ l) BOD Biosensor (mg/l) y = 0.981x R 2 = Brew ary (un-treated effluent) BOD 5 (mg/ l) Figure 7.5: Correlation & Regression equation between the data of BOD 5 & BOD Biosensor

129 Further, it was analyzed by Students `t test and found that there is no significant difference between two data sets of dairy and breweries samples (Table 7.22). The work is in progress for extensive testing using large variety of wastewater samples. Table 7.22: Statistical correlation regression (BOD Biosensor vs. BOD5) and Student s t test significance of three wastewater samples. Effluent Dairy untreated effluent Dairy treated effluent Brewery untreated effluent Correlation coefficient (r) Correlation Determination (R 2 ) Regression equation `t test p value y = x p = y= x p = y = 0.981x P = 0.89 t test inference No significant difference No significant difference No significant difference 7.19 TREATMENT OF WATER AND WASTEWATER BY USING SRP- TECHNOLOGY Central Pollution Control Board has been developed a new renovated technology in the process of water treatment for drinking / domestic purpose. The title of this technology is Treatment of Water using Sludge-Reagent-Product (SRP) Technology". By applying this technology 80 to 90 % of chemical coagulant (alum), could be recovered from discarded alum-treated-sludge for. recycling and reuse. By adopting the renovated technology, we may save alum chemical worth of Rs. 65 crore per year in the area of water treatment in India. Further it is worthwhile to mention here that the technology will take care of problems faced at present by disposal of huge volume of discarded alum chemical sludge. The economic justification of the process is further strengthened by the qualitative assessment of the benefits anticipated from the process. A few of the more important of such benefits are as follows: i) it reduces the volume of the sludge substantially (60 to 70%); ii) release of aluminum ions form sludge renders dewatering of the sludge easier; iii) recycling of aluminum ions reduces pressure on the limited resources of raw materials necessary for the production of alum; iv) quantity of aluminum-colloid-complex disposed of to the natural bodies of water courses will be much reduced. This helps maintain ecological balance; v) in SRP technology, sludge discharge is only 0.05 to 1 % in solid form, which can be easily disposed of by sanitary land filling; and vi) the process is simple and does not involve use of much additional equipment for implementation. PATENT ON THE SRP TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY CPCB has obtained a patent on the technology entitled An apparatus for treatment of Raw water with a provisional number 535/DEL/2001. Laboratory experimental works

130 related to Part- I of this project (Treatment of Water using SRP Technology) is completed and a Laboratory scale working model plant was developed based on SRP Technology. Laboratory scale working model plant based on SRP Technology The approval for installation of pilot treatment plant based on SRP technology at Bhagirathi water work, Gokulpuri, Delhi was taken from Delhi Jal Board. The construction and operation of pilot plant is under progress. The major Laboratory experimental work related to Part- II of this project (Treatment of Wastewater using SRP Technology) is completed. The further improvement of this technology is under progress.

131 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING Training is an important component for Human Resource Development of any Organisation / Institutes. In the area of Environmental Pollution Control, which is an interdisciplinary subject, imparting training is an imperative activity. Environmental awareness among the public and educating current knowledge to the officers working in the Pollution Control Boards are essential steps to have a sound environmental management in the country. Hence the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air ((Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act, 1981 are also emphasizing that imparting training is one of the major functions of the Central Pollution Control Board. Training in various aspects of prevention, abatement and control of pollution to the identified target groups is important. The target groups include officials dealing with environmental data generation, planning, funding and implementation of programmes for prevention and control of pollution in the Central and State Governments, the Central and State Pollution Control Boards, the local bodies, operators of industrial and municipal wastewater solid waste treatment, treatment plants staff of hospitals responsible for handling, treatment & disposal of bio-medical waste, organization regulating hazardous waste disposal and NGO s engaged in management of pollution control programmes. 8.1 TRAINING NEEDS Pollution control is an inter-disciplinary subject. Graduates, post-graduates in the fields of chemical/civil engineering and pure and applied sciences do not have any formal training in the field of prevention, abatement and control of pollution. When appointed in Pollution Control Boards, they face a gigantic task before them. Therefore, it is necessary to have them trained and oriented for discharging their responsibilities smoothly and efficiently in areas, such as consent management and implementation of various standards related with solid waste, effluent emission etc. In addition, there is a need to improve the capabilities of persons already working with Pollution Control Boards through making them familier with recent development in the field of environment. It is necessary that uniform methods of analysis of pollutants and consent granting are adopted and ensured through training for proper and effective implementation of the provisions of the Acts. To summarize, training is needed in the following fields: - Operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants and air pollution control devices; - Management, routine analysis, quality assurance and analytical quality control and maintenance of environmental laboratories; - Water and air quality monitoring system and planning; - Consent management including setting of standards; - Environmental audit, Environmental Impact Assessment and environmental management system; - Specific subjects, such as management of hazardous waste, medical waqste, air/water quality modeling, data processing and legal aspects;

132 - Computer application for data processing and Internet shuffling for literature collection. - Inter-personnel Skills; and - Adoption of various developed technologies in the field of prevention abatement & control of different types of emission related pollution. 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING UNIT ACTIVITIES 1. Environmental Training Unit which was established in 2004, organized 21 knowledge and skill development courses in the following fields to improve performance and competences of personnel engaged in prevention, control, abatement of environmental pollution: 1. Environmental Planning and Management 2. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 3. Hazardous Substances /Solid Waste/Bio-Medical Waste Management 4. Environmental Laboratory Management, Analysis and Quality System 5. Pollution Control (Waste Management, Clean Technologies) 6. Environmental Health Figure 8.1: Training on Pollution Monitoring, Assessment and Control at NPC under progress Four hundred personnel from pollution control boards, environment departments & ministries, municipalities, industries, town planning & urban development departments,

133 public health departments, health departments & hospitals, environmental consultancies and NGOs etc. benefited from the training programmes organized by ETU of CPCB. Table 8.1 Training Programmes organized by ETU during year financial S. No. Code Training Programmes conducted Duration Institute Schedule Environmental Planning & Management 1 SEP.-12 Planning and Designing of Ecocities 5-days EPTRI, Feb 14-18, Hyderabad SEP.-22 Environmental Planning for Industrial DMI, Oct 17-21, 5-days Disaster Management Bhopal SEP.- 32 Environmental Impact Assessment - Feb 27-5-days IIT Roorkee Methods and Procedures Mar03, 2006 Environmental Monitoring & Assessment 4 SEMA- 9 Lake Management & Restoration of Lake PCRI, Aug 06-10, 5-days Quality Haridwar SEMA-10 Aquatic Ecosystems-Function & CENC, Sep 26-30, Performance, Reaction on Pollutions and 5-days Patna 2005 Concepts for Protection and Improvement Hazardous Substance/Solid Waste/Bio-medical Waste Management 6 AHW-1 National & International Legislations and ETI, Jan 09-11, Initiatives for Hazardous Waste 3-days Chennai 2006 Management 7 SHW-3 Hazardous Waste Characterization, NEERI, Jan 30-5-days Minimization, Treatment and Disposal Nagpur Feb03, SBMW-1 Bio-medical Waste Management 3-days CNCI, Feb 07-09, Kolkata SSW-1 Municipal Solid Waste Management 5-days NEERI, Dec 26-30, Nagpur SSW-2 Management of Electronic and Plastic Feb 13-15, 3-days TERI, Delhi Waste 2006 Environmental Laboratory Management, Analysis and Quality System 11 SELA-1 Analytical Procedures for Water and Nov 28 - Dec 5-days IIT Madras Wastewater Quality 02, SELA-2 Analysis of Pesticides & Other Organics 5-days ITRC, Oct 18-22, Lucknow SELA-4 14 SELA-5 15 SELA-7 Pollution Control 16 SPC-1 17 SPC-2 18 SPC-3 19 SPC-4 Environmental Data Interpretation, Compilation, Analysis, Presentation and Reporting Uncertainity Measurements in Chemical Testing Laboratory Quality System, Mangement and Internal Audit as per ISO/IEC Latest Air Pollution Control Technologies and its Performance Evaluation Physical, Chemical and Biological phenomena of Wastewater Treatment System Operation and Management of Wastewater Treatment System Clean Technologies and Waste Minimization for Prevention of Industrial 5-days ISI, Delhi Jan 30- Feb03, days Jan 09-11, NITS, Noida days Nov 14-18, NITS, Noida days NPC, Chennai 5-days IIT Roorkee 5-days 5-days Aug 29-Sep 02, 2005 Nov 16-20, 2005 ESCI, Jan 03-07, Hyderabad 2006 PSCST, Dec 19-23, Chandigarh 2005

134 S. No. Code Training Programmes conducted Duration Institute Schedule Pollution Pollution Control Techniques for Distillery 20 SPC-5 Wastes Environmental Health 21 SEH-2 Air Pollution and Health Impacts 3-days 3-days IIT Bombay CNCI, Kolkata Feb 20-24, 2006 Nov 24-26, ETU also facilitated training of CPCB s 10 personnel in training programmes organized by external agencies in specialized areas of Administration, HR, Procurement Procedures, Accounts matters, Green Building Construction, Environmental Laws Awareness & Enforcement etc. Table 8.2: Details of overseas trainings facilitated by ETU for CPCB personnel are as follows: S. No Title of the Course ASEM Indo-German Environment Programme Fourth Session of the Open Ended Working Group of the Basel Convention of the Control of Tran- Boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Disposal Information-cum-Training visit of Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities (Cement Industries with Coincineration of Hazardous Waste) - and Recycling Facilities Launching the Asian Environmental Compliance and Enforcement Network (AECEN) 5. Water Management - 6. Environmental Law Urban Sustainability Management in India Ecocities Strengthening Capacities to Implement the GHS - Exposure under the CII-CIDA Environment Management Project (Phase-II) 10. Green Productivity for SME s Conducted by UNEP, New Delhi - - Asian Productivity Organization Duration & Place May 19-26, 2005 Germany July 05-08, 2005 Ganeva, SWitzerland July 16-23, 2005 Germany Aug , 2005 Manila Sep , 2005 Germany Oct , 2005 Jakarta, Indonesia Oct , 2005 Germany/ Austria Nov , 2005 Johannesburg, South Africa Jan , 2006 Ottawa, Canada Jan , 2006 Kathmandu, Nepal Name & Designation of Official 1. Sh. J.S. Kamyotra, AD, H.O. 2. Sh. S.K. Sharma AEE, H.O. 1. Dr. B. Sengupta, MS 1. Dr. D.C. Sharma, AD, ZO- Bangalore 2. Sh. B.P. Shukla, SEE, ZO- Lucknow 3. Sh. A.P. Srivastava, SEE, ZO- Bhopal 4. Sh. P.K. Gupta, EE, H.O. 1. Shri P.M. Ansari, AD, H.O. 2. Sh. Paritosh Kumar, SEE, H.O. Sh. D. Brahmaiah, Sci. C, ZO- Vadodara 1. Sh. Ishwar Singh, SLO, H.O. 1. Sh. T. Venugopal, Director, H.O. 2. Sh. Anand Kumar, EE, H.O. 1. Dr. D.D. Basu, SS, H.O. 1. Sh. Shriance Jain, EE, H.O. 1. Sh. P.M. Ansari, AD, H.O. 3. Two orientation cum training programmes were organized by ETU for newly recruited AEEs/Scientist B and JRFs of CPCB.

135 4. ETU also facilitated training of 46 personnel from CPCB, SPCBs and Municipalities in following overseas training programmes: i. ASEM Indo-German Environment Programme ii. Information cum Training visit of Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities and Recycling Facilities iii. Launching the Asian Environmental Compliance and Enforcement Network(AECEN) iv. Water Management in Germany v. Environmental Law in Indonesia vi. Urban Sustainability Management in Indian Cities in Germany vii. Strengthening Capacites to Implement the GHS in South Africa viii. Exposure under the CII-CIDA Environment Management Project(Phase-II) in Canada ix. Green Productivity for SME in Nepal 5. Based on the results of Training Needs Assessment of pollution control boards a Training Strategy & Concept Paper was prepared for development and implementation of expanded HRD Programme. Total ninety seven courses were identified for human resource development of pollution control boards in five fields of (Environmental Planning and Management, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Environmental Laboratory Management, Analysis and Quality Systems, Hazardous Substances/Solid/Bio Medical Waste Management and Inter personal Skills). Fifty-eight highest priority courses were identified in five fields. 5. Standardisation and publication of HRDP training material available with CPCB taken up for 13 courses with support of InWEnt, Germany was completed. Twelve standardized reports were brought out during The material is ready for final revision and printing under CPCB Publication Series Environmental Training Series as Proceedings: Training for Environment. 6. Network for coordination among CPCB, SPCBs and training institutes is operational and formalized under HRDP ET-net for nominations and sharing of other training related information with each other. Training coordinators in twenty SPCBs were identified; 8.3 STACK MONITORING TRAINING AND VALIDATION AT DELHI UNDER CANADA - INDIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PROJECT Environment Canada is implementing the India Institutional Strengthening Project funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), in cooperation with the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). An expert has been deputed to provide training to Indian scientists in taking stack samples adopting internationally recognized methods. As part of this initiative, LEHDER Environmental Services (LEHDER) was retained by Environment Canada to conduct training and auditing for the Central Pollution Control

136 Board in New Delhi, India from March 14 to 18, Classroom lectures were carried out at the CPCB Headquarters, Delhi. On-site stack monitoring was performed at the Rajghat Thermal Power Station located at I.P. Estate, Ring Road in New Delhi. The major objectives of training programme were as below: - Review and discuss requirement for sampling of other pollutants such as Mercury, Metals, Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC s) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC). - Evaluation of Stack Sampling method and techniques used presently in India during field testing programme at local power station. - Assess utility of Stack sampling equipment for test parameters of interest and whether the equipment meets the criteria for effective stack monitoring. - Identify additional training requirement at Canada or India. The training programme was attended by Technical Officials from CPCB and various State Pollution Control Boards. 8.4 TRAINING ON ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT The West Zone office has conducted 3 days Training Programme on Preparation of Environmental statements for pesticide industries was organized by this office, in Vadodara. The participants were drawn from different organizations i.e. State Pollution Control Boards, The program was highly enlightening and participative. 8.5 TRAINING ON ON-LINE AIR QUALITY DATA ENTRY UNDER EDB PROJECT CPCB Zonal Office Vadodara organized training for the Institutions/Agencies, who are operating the NAMP/NWMP stations in Gujarat and Maharashtra for transferring the data on-line through internet TRAINING PROGRAMME ON HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT (HIRA) DUE TO ISOLATED STORAGES The training has been organised by CPCB at Disaster Management Institute (DMI), Bhopal during December 19-23, 2005 with the following objectives: To highlight the technical, managerial and legal issues involved in HIRA To help participants to understand various techniques of hazards identification and risk assessment Simulation of release/ fire/explosion scenarios through advanced computer modelling Officials from various State Pollution Control Boards have participated.

137 8.7 TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR THE NEWLY RECRUITED SCIENTIST-Bs/ AEEs / OF CPCB A 2-day training programme at Lucknow was organized jointly with UPPCB which comprised series of interactive lecturers, demonstration of monitoring instruments and field visits to Automatic Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station, Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Plant, CETP, STP and ETP of a local distillery. 8.8 MANPOWER TRAINING OF SPCB OFFICIAL ON BIO-ASSESSMENT To develop the capabilities on biomonitoring Gujarat and Maharashtra SPCB have organized training programme in association with CPCB of bio-monitoring to develop trained officials, which will undertaken bio-assessment studies in the respective state. 8.9 ON-JOB TRAINING OF STUDENTS FROM VARIOUS UNIVERSITIES/ COLLEGES During , a total of 26 students of undergraduate and postgraduate of Science and Engineering stream from various universities/ colleges have undergone on-job training in the laboratories of Air, Water, Bioscience and instrumentation in CPCB TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR LECTURES OF POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES As requested by the Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, a 4 days training programme for the lectures of Polytechnic Colleges of Uttar Pradesh, was conducted during September 2005 at the Zonal Office in which 12 participants from various cities of the State participated. The training programme included series of lectures on relevant topics of pollution sources and control, laboratory visits and field visits to CETP Unnao and Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility Balrampur Hospital (Lucknow) During the training programme literature on various topics were also provided to the participants TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR SCHOOL TEACHERS The Eastern Zonal Office of CPCB has organised two 2-day training programmes successfully for high school teachers under title 'Environment & Pollution Control'. One was conducted during July 2005 at Diamond Harbour in West Bengal and the other during August 2005 at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand in association with JSPCB. A good number of teachers had participated and at the end certificates were provided with.

138 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 9.1 ACTIVITIES OF NGO CELL ( ) An NGO Cell was set up in CPCB in the year 1992 to coordinate the following tasks: Enlist environmental NGOs involved in activities related to pollution control with CPCB; Establish NGO network in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards/Zonal Offices; Provide training to the NGOs and equip them with facilities, like water testing kits, analytical instruments, books, literature etc. in order to enhance their capabilities in the field of pollution control; and Organise mass awareness programmes and pollution control activities through NGOs. During , 3 NGOs were additionally enlisted with CPCB subject to concurrence of concerned State Pollution Control Boards apart from 660 NGOs enlisted during the previous years. Regional meetings with NGOs located in different States was organised for coordination of the activities and promotion of the public participation/awareness in the pollution control programmes in the country. Meeting No. Date Place 21 November 16, 2005 Ahmedabad 22 March 27, 2006 Agra Interaction has been made with NGOs of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjaba, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and Jammu & Kashmir through coordination meetings with the following objectives: To take uniform and concerted approach towards pollution control; To have public participation for abatement of pollution through community action; To identify the major localised environmental problems; and To identify the areas of mutual co-operation among NGOs themselves as well as Pollution Control Boards. The response of the NGOs was overwhelming and over 100 participants attended the above programmes.

139 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS CAMP AT TAJ-MAHOTSOV In 2006, during (February 18-27), the CPCB-Agra office installed an Environmental Awareness Camp at Taj-Mahotsov. Though such type of festival is primarily meant for promoting locally made handicraft / cottage craft materials, but by virtue of support extended by Department of Tourism, the CPCB could organize a mass awareness program in this prestigious festival. During this festival, there was display of materials on solid waste / plastic waste / bio-medical waste materials besides there was display of monitoring equipments, data trend on ambient air quality etc. A series of brochures / handbills were released on this occasion. By virtue of initiatives / request from CPCB, the organizers could make this festival as plastic free, wherein the organizers had restricted use of plastic and polythenes (as prohibited under the law) in the premises. The stall attracted a huge crowd and received a lot of appreciations from all fronts. 9.3 ORGANIZATION OF NGO MEET (NORTH ZONE) The CPCB-Agra Office organized a day long Interaction Meet for NGOs in North zone on March 27, 2006 at Agra. About 25 NGOs from UP, Uttaranchal, Haryana, Delhi made their participation in the interaction meet. The NGOs viz. Chintan and Toxic Links (both from New Delhi) made illustrative presentation on the MSW Rules, options and practices. The local issues as were raised by the distinguished participants of various states viz. slaughter house issue at Ghaziabad, water pollution problems in river Aril, noise pollution and its control, planning strategies and urbanization, control of traffic, environmental issue due to rapid industrialization at Gurgaon and its adjoining areas, etc. are being taken up at the appropriate level. Important delebrations during the interaction meet were: Enhancing environmental awareness is essential to harmonize pattern of individual behavior with the requirements of environmental conservation Organizing Environmental Education programs towards enhancement mass awareness

140 Access to environmental information at the community level through NGOs Training for NGOs / Formation of area specific special groups Organization of training programs for teachers at primary, secondary, tertiary and even at the professional levels Involvement of women so as implement, Save Environment, Save our future Tackling the Environmental Issues: Has to be considered not only as local issue but also as national issue; Local level integrated approach has to strengthened; Issue based documentary may be prepared for motivation at the community level; Electronic / print media may play a vital for mass awareness towards peoples participation at the local level; New working of action groups, creation of knowledge bank, Large number of teachers are associated with teaching and we may take help of schools 9.4 ORGANIZATION OF SEMINAR (GREEN SUMMIT) WITH IPHE The CPCB-Agra office in collaboration with Institution of Public Health Engineers, Kolkata organized a two-day national seminar on Green Summit 2006 at Agra during March 4-5, 2006 in which the elements of green building in Indian context was discussed at length. About 70 participants of about 24 organizations including Development Authorities, ULBs made their participation at the summit. There were at length discussions / deliberations in the seminar. The conclusions as were emerged are noted below: Regional Plan/development policies are to be framed for making the city green by means of introduction of environmentally sustainable building Master Plan preparation should be in conformity with the regional plan/development policies and strategies Actions to be initiated for achieving integrated urban development - various Departments and expert organisation to be involved in preparing sector wise planning targets. This makes planning more transparent and meets developmental targets / environmental targets by means of conservation and protection environmental resources Proper environmental considerations viz. rainwater harvesting, decentralized treatment, segregation of waste, utilization waste for vermin composting, installation of efficient energy appliances, preservation of eco-system system including protection of urban water bodies are to be incorporated into urban planning

141 Environmental status of the urban areas is to be mapped, hot spots identified and action plans drawn for improving the environmental quality. Responsible organisations and budgetary requirements are to be identified. The actions need regular monitoring. Environmental Cells to be created in Planning/Development Authorities and accordingly planners to be trained on environmental considerations and technologies Space requirements to be identified for the infrastructure facilities of sewage - network, treatment, disposal, solid waste - collection, treatment/disposal etc. and incorporated into urban planning Mass awareness programmes to be launched for making planning/development more effective New Government buildings / Schools may be designed as per policies / concept of green building 9.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MASS AWARENESS PROGRAMME FOR STUDENTS OF GERMAN SCHOOL, DELHI Under mass awareness programme, a team of 15 students, from German School Delhi, has been given an awareness programme with main focus on the Yamuna River pollution. Lectures on various environmental and pollution control measures were given to the students. Field visits to River yamuna, Sewage Treatment Plant etc. were also made. Laboratory visit and analysis of samples were also carried out by the students. A Quiz programme on environment and pollution was also conducted and prizes and certificates were distributed to the students.

142 9.6 DISTRIBUTION OF WATER TESTING KITS UNDER MASS AWARENESS PROGRAMME The Central Pollution Control Board has developed a Water Testing Kit for mass awareness to students, NGOs and public at large. Using the kit, one can perform 5 physical ( Colour, Odour, Temperature, Turbidity and Suspended solids), 13 Chemical (ph, Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Ammonia, Phosphate, Iron and Residual Chlorine) and 3 Biological tests (Total Coliform, Primary productivity and Benthic animals). The main objectives of this WTK are to create mass awareness among students, NGO's and the public and to provide low-cost Water Testing facility. The kit has been designed not only to test water samples but also to serve as a scientific, informative, thought-provoking and educative tool to students, NGO's and the public. During CPCB has distributed 45 Water Testing Kits to various Schools, Colleges, NGOs and other organizations. 9.7 CPCB PUBLICATIONS DURING THE YEAR 1. Status of Sewage Treatment in India (CUPS/57/ ) 2. Enzymatic Removal of Phenols from Raw Drinking Water by using Peroxide Enzymes (IMPACTS/13/ ) 3. National Ambient Air Quality Status-2003 (NAAQMS/26/ ) 4. Environmental Status of Silk Screen printing at Serampore, West Bengal (PROBES/100/ ) 5. Bio-Monotiring of Wetlands in Kashmir Valley (ADSORBS/40/ ) 6. Identification of Hazardous Waste Streams, their Charcterisation & Management Options in Bulk drug & Pharmaceutical Sectors (HAZWAMS/29/ ) 7. Status of Water Quality in India (MINARS/23/ ) 8. Pollution Potential from Coastal Aquaculture (COPOCS/31/ ) 9. Fish processing waste disposal Practices and Options (COPOCS/32/ ) 10. Guidelines for Common Hazardous Waste Incineration (HAZWAMS/30/ ) 11. Guidelines for Evaluation and Recognition of Environmental Laboratories (Revised updated version) (LATS/9/ )

143 12. Environmental Regulations on Engines for Generator Set Application and Generator Sets (PCLS/7/ ) 13. System & Procedure for Compliance with Noise Limits for Diesel Generator Sets upto 1000 KW (PCLS/8/ ) 14. System & Procedure for Compliance to Emission Limits for New Diesel Engines (upto 800 KW) for Generator Application (PCLS/9/ ) 15. Management of Hazardous Waste Pre-requisites for Issuing Authorization by SPCBs/PCCs (HAZWAMS/31/ ) 16. Management of Hazardous Waste - Guidelines for Proper Functioning and Upkeep of Disposal Sites (HAZWAMS/32/ ) 17. Management of Hazardous Waste - Guidelines for Transportation of Hazardous Wastes (HAZWAMS/33/ ) 18. Indicative Operational Guidelines on Construction of Polymer Bitumin Roads (PROBES/101/ ) Other Publications Annual Action Plan Annual Report Indicative Operational Guidelines on Construction of Polymer Bitumin Roads (PROBES/101/ ) CPCB Parivesh Newsletters Sewage Pollution Bio-Monitoring of Wetlands in India Dioxin (PCDD) and Furan (PCDF) Bio-mapping of Rivers- A Case Study of Assam State Bio-mapping of Rivers- A Case Study of Meghalaya State Highlights 2004 Hindi Publications Uplubdhiyan (Highlights) 2004

144 ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS INCLUDING SCHEDULE FOR THEIR ENFORCEMENT 10.1 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS & GUIDELINES Review of ambient air quality criteria/standards The Central Pollution Control Board has notified ambient air quality standards (AAQS) for various pollutants. The first set of AAQS was adopted in Subsequently, the revised standards were notified in the year 1994 and the standards for Ammonia were included in the year These standards need review, particularly with regard to the criteria for setting the standards e.g. existing land use based standards, inclusion of new parameters (e.g. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Benzene Soluble Fractions (BSF) for particulates, Formaldehyde, Benzene, Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Arsenic, Nickel, Mercury and Vanadium), prescribing short and long-term limiting values considering health impacts, monitoring protocol, etc. Accordingly, CPCB has initiated a project on Review of ambient air quality criteria/standards. Studies related with the project are in progress. Development of microbiological quality standards for the disposal of sewage Coliform continues to be a major water quality issue in India. Inspite of large amount of efforts expenditures on River Action Plan water quality with respect to coliform standards could not be achieved. Realising the environmental importance of coliform in water, CPCB initiated a study on coliform reduction in the conventional wastewater treatment plants in India. The main objectives of the study were as follows: 1. To ascertain the status and evolve strategies to improve the micropbiological quality status of water resources of India. 2. To assess the performance of existing sewage treatment plants (STPs) with respect to microbiological quality parameters. 3. To evolve microbiological quality standards for disposal of treated wastewater for various modes of disposal/recycle and reuse The study was carried out with the help of IIT, Roorkee & Anna University. For evalulation of performance of STPs several treatment plants were selected comprising of various technologies being adopted in India. It was ensured that the selected STPs are working to their capacity and performance. Both the organizations have submitted their reports at the end of the project. A presentation was made before experts to review the progress. During presentation it was felt important to carry out certain additional experiments by IIT, Roorkee which will help taking decision on setting standards. The project is extended for a period of one year for IIT, Roorkee. Development/review of effluent & emission standards for oil refineries

145 The effluent and emission standards for oil refineries were notified under Environment (Protection) Act in the years 1986 and 1990, respectively. These standards were same for old & new refineries and considered only few parameters. There was need to include additional parameters viz. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), etc. Besides, many developments have taken place in the technologies for oil refining process and pollution control in this sector during last one decade. New process units are being added to meet the improved fuel quality standards. In view of the above, the existing standards were reviewed. The revised emission standards include additional parameters viz. NOx, Ni+V, PM, etc. and efficiency for Sulphur Recovery Unit. In addition, a Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programme and specific requirements for minimizing vapour losses from storage tanks & product loading/unloading facilities are also included. In the revised effluent standards, additional parameters have been added and limiting values for existing parameters revised. Revised standards were discussed in the 18 th Peer & Core Committee and approved by the Board in its 132 nd meeting held on January 04, 2005 and forwarded to MoEF for notification under E (P) Act, Review of effluent standards and development of emission standards for basic organic chemicals manufacturing industry A project was undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to develop emission standards and to review effluent standards for basic organic chemicals manufacturing industries by engaging the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad. About 160 chemicals falls under the basic organic chemicals group, which are produced by about 190 industrial units in the country. So far in-depth studies have been conducted in 13 industries and about 56 chemical products have been covered. Further in-depth studies are under progress. The data and information collected are being processed for drawing inferences in order to arrive at suitable standards for this industry sector. Development of guidelines for design, operation, tail gas treatment and emission standards for chemical waste incinerators CPCB has initiated a project for the development of standards for individual industry specific chemical waste Incinerators. A two-day workshop on chemical waste incineration was organized in collaboration with German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) under ASEM programme at Delhi during April 28-29, 2005 to discuss various issues to be addressed and to interact with nodal officers of SPCBs in accomplishing indepth studies. So far indepth studies have been conducted for six incinerators (three individual industry incinerators and three common hazardous waste incinerators). The study is under progress.

146 As CPCB has already recommended standards for common hazardous waste incinerators and published a document on Guidelines for Common Hazardous Waste Incineration, the performance evaluation of common hazardous waste incinerators has been taken up. The samples collected are being analyzed. Prof. Thomas Kolb, GTZ expert from Germany visited India during April, 2005 for providing input to the project. A two-day interactive meet has been conducted in collaboration with GTZ-ASEM for scientists of CPCB, SPCBs and other reputed laboratories to recommend sampling and analysis methods for monitoring of flue gas emissions from chemical waste incinerators. Emission standard for bulk drug industry One of the industry for which the emission standards are yet to be developed is bulk drug industry. The bulk drug industries mostly adopt batch process to manufacture pharmaceutical products. Due to diversity in manufacturing processes, the environmental problems associated are complex. To identify the emission sources and to develop air emission standards for bulk drug industry, a study has been initiated by the Central Board with the help of an expert. Environmental Standards for Bullion Industry The mining and refining of bullion has serious environmental concerns because they use toxic and hazardous chemicals for beneficiation and refining and leave residues of such nature. This concerns water, air and soil pollution. Bullion industry is, therefore, considered a major polluting industry as it discharges toxic materials and heavy metals through effluents, air emissions and solid wastes into recipient environment. CPCB has prepared a Comprehensive Industry Document on Bullion Industry providing information on production, the processes employed, raw material used, pollution generated, pollution control practices and proposed National Standards for the industry, keeping in view the Best Practicable Technology (BPT) and affordability under the prevailing conditions. While formulating the National Standards, due considerations were given to the facts that (a) refining is in the corporate sector involving large-scale industrial operation and (b) numerous tiny individual units in unrecognized sector, are engaged in scrap gold refining. Only the former sector has the means and the capability of implementing adequate standards. In case of large-scale units, the emission of heavy metals, cyanide and fluorides etc. as pollutants are proposed to be controlled in a progressive manner thus the proposed higher standards are to be achieved over a specified period of time. Parameters and frequency of monitoring are also suggested. The proposed effluent and emission standards are under finalisation. Development of environmental guidelines for control of fugitive emission in cement manufacturing units Fugitive emissions are generated at various stages of manufacturing process. The level of fugitive emissions and the type of controls measures adopted varies from industry to

147 industry. It is generally observed that in most cement industries the control measures adopted for controlling these fugitive emissions are not always satisfactory and as a result substantial quantity of fugitive emissions are generated which spread within and out side the industry premises and causes adverse impacts on human health and environment. Keeping in view the problem of fugitive emissions, a study on Assessment of fugitive emissions and development of environmental guidelines for control of fugitive emissions in cement manufacturing was undertaken in association with National Productivity Council, New Delhi and IIT, Kanpur. The draft report has been received. Preparation of COINDS for Iron Ore Mining CPCB has taken up a project for description of Clean Technology for iron ore mining and development of Environmental Standard and preparation of comprehensive document. Final report of the project has been prepared. Presentation on the findings of the report and meeting to discuss the various environmental issues highlighted in the report has been called. It has also been planned to carry out field monitoring of a few more Iron Ore Mines to have realistic database. Development of Environmental Standards in Sponge Iron Plants A project entitled Description of Clean Technology for Sponge Iron Plants and Development of Environmental Standards has been initiated by CPCB. The project was assigned to MECON Limited. The proposed standards and code of practice for pollution prevention has been placed before the Board as well as in the Chairman and Member Secretary Conference held at Mumbai on January 5, As decided in the meeting, the standards and code of practice for pollution prevention for sponge iron plants has been discussed with the State Pollution Control Boards where majority of the sponge iron plants are located. Review of protocol under CREP for achieving zero discharge in distilleries The CPCB engaged Prof. R. H. Siddiqi as a consultant under the GTZ project to review the irrigation and composting protocols prescribed by the Board visa-vis the current practices followed by distilleries in the country and to evaluate the performance of new technologies for concentration of spent wash. Prof. R. H. Siddiqi has submitted a draft document in October The report suggests that TDS and chlorides value will control the dilution rate of spent wash for its use in irrigation. Based on practical values of TDS, sodium, chlorides and BOD it has been suggested that a fold dilution may be required in case of fertiirrigation. It has been observed that discharge of effluents having the prescribed quality may result in concentration of salts in the soil. Further, the report emphasizes consideration of salt balance and annual salt leaching rates in various types of soils and climatic zones while reviewing the protocol so that problem of salinity and alkalinity do

148 not develop with continuous use of spent wash for irrigation. The final report is under preparation. Review of emission standards for sulphuric acid plants Sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) plants emit oxides of sulphur and acid mist in the atmosphere. Presently, emission limits are prescribed as 4.0 kg/tonne of concentrated (100%) acid produced for SO x and 50 mg/nm 3 for acid mist. In recent years, some large sulphuric acid plants have been established, which require further reduction in emissions of these pollutants. In addition, improved process & pollution control technologies are also available. In view of the above, existing standards for sulphuric acid plants were reviewed. Revised standards linked to production capacities, were finalized in the 18 th Peer & Core Committee and approved by the Board in its 132 nd meeting held on January 04, 2005 and forwarded to MoEF for notification under E (P) Act, Review of effluent standards for soda ash industry A project was taken up to assess the impact on seawater due to discharge of effluents from soda ash industries for the purpose of reviewing existing standards and to suggest measures including modifications in effluent treatment and disposal system to minimize adverse impact on the marine water quality. The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) was engaged, for conducting marine water quality monitoring around the disposal of wastewater from soda ash industries located at the cost of Saurashtra region in Gujarat. NIO has completed the monitoring work and presented the findings of the study and has submitted a draft report to CPCB. NIO has found that upto 500 m, the condition is unfavourable, water & beach are polluted and recommended that existing disposal practice is unacceptable. Trend analysis of zooplankton and phytoplankton around the disposal point (plot between no. of phytoplankton/zooplankton species with distance) indicates that due to dynamic condition in sea, the impact of effluent discharge based on number of zooplankton and phytoplankton, could not be established. The benthos identification may be a good indicator for some impacts analysis, which was examined. To mitigate the pollution & adverse impact, it has been suggested that effluent should be disposed off through a diffuser system at a minimum depth of 5 m below low tide levels of water with effluent velocity at > 3 m/s having a concentration of SS which should not cause clogging/settling in pipeline and diffuser. To avoid clogging in diffuser & pipeline, it was also suggested that NIO based on effluent characteristics and its particle size distribution, will recommend allowable concentration of SS before disposal through diffuser system will be presented by NIO in the final report. Procedure for Monitoring Ambient Noise Level due to Aircrafts

149 The air traffic is increasing at rapid pace in our country and it is expected that the ambient noise levels around airports would also be increasing at the proportionate rate. There are no procedure for monitoring ambient noise level due to Aircrafts nor any Govt. regulations in the country on aircraft movements and operations unlike the developed countries. The National Committee on Noise Pollution Control has been exploring the idea of formulating suitable legislations in the country too on aircraft/airport noise. As a first step, a Draft Procedure for Monitoring Ambient Noise Level due to Aircrafts has been prepared by CPCB considering prevalent noise monitoring procedure practised internationally and also based on the results of the detailed noise monitoring conducted in and around IGI International Airport by CPCB. The objective of this document is to specify suitable requirements and procedures for airport authorities to carry out monitoring ambient noise level due to aircrafts around airports. Review of Environmental Statement (ES) In order to assess the ES, a project was taken-up by the Ministry of Environment & Forests known as Review of Environmental Statements Submitted by the industries and this is being carried out by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). In this project, review of environmental statements for 10 sectors (sugar, thermal power, petrochemical, oil refinery, textile, cement, Iron & Steel, pesticide, pulp & paper and tannery) have been completed. The out come of the exercise has been utilized for setting environmental benchmarks for attainment by all the industries sector-wise and to obtain relevant information concerning the industry sector in a modified format (sectorwise). A similar exercise will be done for other sectors also to promote systematic improvement. Awareness programmes on Environmental statements Awareness programmes for the industrialists and regulatory officials have been organised for sugar, petrochemical, oil refinery, thermal power, Integrated Iron & steel, pesticide, Cement and textile industries so that industries are made aware of the requirement of providing appropriate data/information in the environmental statements to act as a pro-active tool for self-examination of the industry itself to reduce/minimise pollution by adopting process modifications, recycling and reuse of the resources. This programme has been designed to give an overall idea about how to fill the modified environmental statement format and how to evaluate or process the information provided in the environmental statements submitted by the industries to the State Boards, etc. Risk assessment in oil refineries & petrochemical complex Petrochemical industry in India is well established and has recorded a steady growth in the Indian industrial scenario. Petroleum refining is now the largest manufacturing industry in India where petroleum products account for 10% of GNP. The petrochemical industry has shown the fastest growth rate the world over. Petroleum refinery and petrochemical complexes necessarily involve processing and handling of large

150 quantities of hazardous material. The risk may be reduced by good design, but they cannot be totally eliminated and therefore some evaluation of the risk has to be made in order to determine its acceptability in a given location. The most significant hazards are often associated with the fire and explosion potential of flammable materials, or the toxicity of some materials, which are used in a large quantity. The long term effects on human beings and the environment due to accidental and operational exposure to toxic intermediates or potential by-products have added a new dimension to the risk assessment during the last decade. The general hazard & risk in petroleum arise out of accidental release of hydrocarbons to environment. Immediate ignition may result in pool fire, a flare or a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) on immediate ignition, heat radiation may result in burn injuries or fatalities and delayed ignition can result in a vapour cloud explosion, which gives rise to overpressures that can cause collapse of structures and even the buildings. The study recommended guidelines for preparation of risk assessment reports for petroleum refineries and petrochemical installations where flammable chemicals are handled in large quantities. Recommendations emerging from this study are summarized below: Any risk assessment report must include both consequence estimates and frequency estimates for identified incidents Preparation of Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) report is time consuming and expensive. Therefore, it might be appropriate to insist upon QRA for major hazardous installations only. For smaller installations, some semi-quantitative method of assessment might be adequate, provided these assessments showed that no major damage in the form of loss of lives or property were involved. Semi quantitative methods of risk assessment include risk matrix and hazard indices. The risk matrix method covers both consequences and frequency. Index method includes well-known Dow-Index & Mond Index methods. Both methods do not consider the frequency of occurrence. Hence they do not represent a true measure of risk. Either method could be useful, however, as an aid in selecting important risk cases for inclusion in quantitative risk assessment studies. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) is imperative in those cases where major accident hazards with potential to cause multiple fatalities and / or widespread property damage have been identified. QRA should include results on both individual risk and societal risk. Individual risk contours are useful for land use planning, as the information could be used to avoid locating a high risk plant in a populated area or to mandate large safety distances around such plants in the form of green belts Where possibilities of multiple casualty events are identified in a project, societal risk in the form of frequency (F) Vs No. of fatalities (N) curves should be presented. Data on population density distribution around the site would be needed in this case to estimate the number of fatalities against each incident. The risk assessment report should highlight major risk areas and make recommendations on how to minimize risks to levels as low as reasonably practicable.

151 Important steps to be followed in QRA are i) identification of risk areas ii) identification of failure cases iii) identification of consequence outcomes through event tree technique iv) consequence assessment and v) frequency assessment Consequence analysis is usually done through use of computer models. A number of models are available for each type of incident and reliability of the results would depend upon judicious selection of the models and quality of the input data. Adequate technical justifications to be provided for selection of the model and choice of the input data to generate confidence in the results presented In respect of frequency assessment involving fault tree analysis, two points need highlighting. One is recognition of the difference between frequency and probability and the other is the reliability of the basic failure rate data. Concern is often expressed regarding the accuracy of basic failure rate data to be used in fault tree analysis. Therefore, in house data, wherever available, should be used in preference to generic data POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY Development of technologies for pollution control in selected drugs manufacturing units Paracetamol, a case study Paracetamol is an important drug manufactured in India and is being used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug in a number of formulations in the form of tables, powder, granules and injectibles. This is reserved for small sector in India and more than 60 manufacturers produce this drug. Nearly 75% of the manufacturers are located in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat, having 60% of total capacity of paracatamol in India. In year , the actual production was 14,700Tonnes/Year against the installed capacity of 20,000 tonnes/year. Paracetamol is produced from para-nitro-phenol using iron-acid reduction for hydrogenation which results in huge amount of hazardous waste generation with high organic impurities that is difficult to dispose. Since, the scale of operation is very small and it will be very difficult to dispose such waste even in a common hazardous waste disposal facility due to large quantity of waste, it will be worthwhile to employ catalytic hydrogenation or any other cleaner technology options, so that the effluent, emission and hazardous waste generation can be minimised. Based on the study carried out, it is concluded that the cost of production with phenol route is higher that of p-nitrochlorobenzene route and the technology for 4- hydroxyacetophenone route is not available and its financial viability is not known. Nitrobenzene route can be followed only for larger plant size. The study brought out following modifications in the existing process route: Addition of borate in hydrolysis step to reduce undesirable by-products and load on effluent treatment, and to improve purity of product

152 Replacement of iron-acid reduction by catalytic hydrogenation to eliminate generation of iron sludge Stepwise catalytic hydrogenation and acetylation to eliminate use of acids Use of activated carbon for pre-treatment with sulphite solution Efficiency of ESPs in sponge iron plants In West Bengal more than 30 coal based sponge iron plants exist in the districts of Burdwan, Bankura and Purlia and are a big hazard to the air environment. Zonal Office Kolkata in the first phase, initiated a study to assess the emission level of plants from the stack connected to ESP and performance of ESP. For this study, 7 sponge iron plants covering 11 kilns wer selected in consultation with WBPCB. Out of them, five plants covering 6 kilns were considered to ascertain the efficiency of ESP. The results obtained in this study shown in Table- 29 reveal that the emission level of these pollutants and their variability. The PM was varying from 26 to 866 mg/nm 3, and SO 2 from 45 to 723 mg/nm 3. Though levels of PM were exceeding the limit in few cases, but in other units concentrations were within permissible limit. Whereas SO 2 was significantly high almost in all the cases and in few cases it is abnormally high. The emission containing such high SO 2 may be one of the reasons causing damages of trees and plants. The dust collected from the ESP contains nickel, iron, chromium, zinc, calcium, cobalt, aluminum, lead, barium, copper, manganese etc with significant variation among the different units. For efficiency of the ESP stack monitoring was carried out switching off the ESP and switching on the ESP. The results shown in Table 10.1 revealed that percentage efficiency was varying from 78 percent to 99 percent The level of PM after switching off the ESP was also varying from 679 to 667 mg/nm 3 Industry/ Unit Table 10.1: Average emission level of PM and SO 2 in selected plant Kiln No. SO 2 (mg/nm 3 ) ESP on PM (mg/nm 3 ) ESP on PM (mg/nm 3 ) ESP off % PM Removal Unit- I Unit- II Unit- III Unit- IV Unit- V Unit-VII Unit- VIII 2 BDL 26 BDL= Below Detection Limit The overall conditions related to raw material handling and preparation, product separation unit, solid waste management etc were not so good and therefore, these

153 area needs more attention to minimize the resuspension and transport of dust for maintaining healthy environment both inside and outside the premises. Process interlocking system in sponge iron plants With growing demand for sponge iron during the past few years, many sponge iron plants have come up in the states of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal in the eastern region. All these sponge iron units are based on DRI process having one or more horizontal kilns with production capacities varying between 25 and 300 TPD, with a majority having 100 TPD capacity. Most of them have installed the ESPs for the kilns. However, even with adequate ECS, emission problems continue to exist owing to the following problem: Frequent opening of emergency cap attached with After Burning Chamber. Non-operation of Emission Control Systems (ECS), especially during nighttimes and during power shut-down conditions. SPCBs with limited man-power are unable to keep a continuous vigil and could not track the non-operation period of Emission Control Systems. A system of process interlocking can be implemented in these sponge iron industries to ensure continuous operation of Pollution Control equipment and assist the implementing agency/statutory bodies in having prima-facie data on actual operation of ECS. The system can stop raw material feed to kiln during non-operation of ECS. The West Bengal Pollution Control Board has made significant progress in implementing interlocking facilities in their state. Few industries in Andhra Pradesh also have installed similar facility. Interlocking system works on the basis of real time data received from pre-identified process parameters including the emission control systems. This real time data is received and analyzed by software to identify non-compliance as per the requirements of Pollution Control Boards. During non-compliant conditions, interlocking system can be activated to raise alarm, record the non-compliance and even stop the feeding of kiln. The following non-compliance scenario can trigger interlocking and/or noncompliant data: Opening of emergency cap beyond reasonable limits using the function of time and angle (Figure 3) Non-operation of ESP or ESP not running at desired set-points Inlet air temperature to ESP, which is not suitable for ESP operation Stoppage of ID fan or running of ID fan at below the set points Interlocking system, can be implemented without effecting required process operations. This system can be tailor made to suite the implementing agencies requirements. For example, industry can be allowed to operate in non-compliance period with prior approval of implementing agencies during process upset conditions. The system also records time of operation under non-compliance mode

154 In West Bengal, Interlocking system has been prepared by TCS under the guidelines of WBPCB and has been successfully adopted by West Bengal Pollution Control Board. All the units in West Bengal are expected to implement interlocking system in the near future. Project on Control of Offensive Odour Substances with Specific Reference to Selected Industrial Processes The project has been taken up by the Central Board, for identification of method of odour detection and choice of control technology for enlisted offensive odour substances and setting norm for control of specific offensive odour substances from selected industrial processes. The project is in progress and expected to be completed in next financial year. Status and prospects of natural dyes in India Many synthetic dyes have been found to be potentially carcinogenic whereas, natural dyes are manufactured through eco-friendly processes based on abundantly available natural products like plants, animals and minerals. Textile manufacturers have not yet seen an incentive to switch to natural dyes, which are more expensive than synthetic ones. The technology of utilizing natural dyes in the modern clothing industry is also relatively new and is still being improved upon. The study has been concluded and focused on the status of natural dyes in India and, its technology, standards, market prospects both domestic and international as well as policy support required for promoting these eco-friendly products. The study included identification of natural dyes, which can replace harmful synthetic dyes, e.g. Carmine can replace FD & Red3 in food, used for cosmetic industry, food, drugs and medicines and textile sector. Study on Size reduction equipment The Western Zonal Office of Central Board has taken up a project on inventory of pollution control status in red category industries of Nandesari industrial estate. The officials, while carrying out the study came across Size Reduction Equipment in the industries, which is either, inadequate or without emission control system. Subsequently, a study was carried out on this issue simultaneously to understand the nuances of the Size Reduction Equipment, its control equipment and the effect in polluting the surroundings. A report compiling information on the subject with suitable recommendation was prepared. Fluoride Balance at M/s Hindalco Industries Ltd Renukoot CPCB Zonal Office, Lucknow carried out comprehensive investigations to estimate / validate the characteristics of emissions as generated by Aluminum manufacturing process and associated activities in M/s HINDALC Industries Ltd. IIT Kanpur was also

155 associated in this activity and it comprised of monitoring and associated activities as out lined below Source (Stack) emissions in Pot room, Anode baking furnace, Boiler, Calciner etc Performance evaluation of ETP. Monitoring of drains and recipient water body. Characterization of process feed stock, product and sludge samples Ambient air quality monitoring at representative locations Fugitive emission monitoring at different locations in pot room Quantification of flow for estimation of fugitive component of fluoride emission load. Crosschecking of Data/statistics provided by the industries. It has been noted that although the industry has taken the steps to restrict unorganized emissions as well as control source emissions from different process units, yet, fugitive emissions in the pot line account for major contribution of Fluoride in the over all fluoride emission load. It has been further noted that the Industry has ensured significant reduction of Fluoride on account of spent pot lining which are now being completely recycled apart from dry scrubbing of organized emissions from pot line vented through stacks. Complete recycling of wastewater through up graded effluent treatment plant has also been a significant factor in over all reduction in fluoride emissions. Techo-economic clean technology and pollution control system for stone crushers As Stone Crushing activity is associated with the mining activities and causing severe air pollution problem, CPCB has also commissioned a study for the prevention and control of pollution generated by stone crushers. The objective of the study also includes to develop techo-economic clean technology and pollution control system for the stone crushers. Assessment of Air Pollution in PVC /VCM manufacturing facilities M/s Finolex at Ratnagiri in Maharashtra was visited and monitored for the assessment of various air pollutants generated from PVC /VCM manufacturing facility. The exercise was carried out with a specific objective of justifying the need for revision of the norm for Particulate Matter, which is mostly a product dust from this manufacturing activity POLLUTION CONTROL ENFORCEMENT Status of implementation of CREP requirements in Pulp & Paper Industry CREP for pulp & paper industries was formulated with the major thrust to control the pollution at source by implementing cleaner technologies i.e RDH pulping/ continuous pulping, chlorine di-oxide bleaching. Oxygen delignification etc. Water conservation and solid waste management were also considered. The achievements of time targeted action points are as under:

156 Large pulp & paper industries Large Pulp & paper industries are generally implementing CREP action points as per schedule and complying with the targets fixed: - Present AOX level from these category of industries ranges between Kg/tonne of paper ( Standards 1.5 Kg/tonne of paper) - Present discharge level between cum/tonne of paper (limit-140 cum/tonne of paper) ; - 10 mills have lime kiln.rest have committed to install as per schedule and submitted the action plan( by March 31, 2007) : - One mill installed odour control system. Rest of the mills are working on installation of the system within the given time framework ( by March 31, 2007). Small Pulp & Paper industries (Agro-based) Major problem in the small scale agro-based paper mill is related to discharge of highly polluting stream of black liquor without recovery of chemicals. Its discharge contributes to high level of BOD, COD and colour to the water bodies. Therefore major thrust has been given to this category of pulp & paper industries and accordingly action point has been formulated for treatment of black liquor. Agro-based Paper industries are required to adopt recovery of chemicals by installation of Chemical Recovery Plant or utilization of black liquor with no discharge from pulp mill within 3 years or to shift to waste paper for compliance of standards: - A nos of agro-based paper mills are installing CRP and which are not installing CRP have opted to shift to waste paper. Agro-based paper mills are installing chemical recovery plant (CRP) and also shifting to waste paper; - SPCBs/PCCs have been asked to allow only those agro-based paper industries to operate which have placed order for CRP or other viable option for utilization of black liquor so as to complete it by March 31,2006 otherwise allow their operation on waste paper/ imported pulp. Status of implementation of CREP requirements in Caustic Soda Industry To review the progress on compliance of CREP action points for Caustic Soda & Fertilizer industries, last meeting of Task Force was held in December It was reported by Alkali Manufacturers Association of India (AMAI) that all the action points are complied with by the units except action points related to Hg consumption and release norms. It was reported that 3 plants are yet to comply with Hg consumption figure. Regarding compliance of total Hg release, 6 plants are reported that they are at different stage of implementation. However, units are very close to the targeted value for consumption as well as total Hg release norms. It was informed that these plants will comply with the action points by March All plants have capped their old disposal sites. SPCBs have been requested to verify that capping of disposal sites are properly carried out as per guidelines.

157 On action points regarding conversion of Hg cell process to membrane cell process, one plant have already phased out the Hg cell process in January One more plant is in the process of conversion and would complete by the end of 2006 and other 6 plants would convert by Remaining 4 plants are committed to convert by AMAI was requested to expedite conversion. Status of implementation of CREP requirements in Fertilizer Industry All nitrogenous and complex fertilizer plants comply with most of the action points for water & air pollution control except a few plants such as, M/s BVFCL (recently revamped) and M/s IFFCO Paradeep. IFFCO has recently purchased the plant from M/s Oswals chemicals, Paradeep and is under revamping for 6 months. All plants based on Chromium chemicals for cooling water system have switched over to non chromate based chemicals. The chromium sludge generated has been disposed off in landfill & capped. SPCBs have been requested to verify that capping of disposal site carried out are as per guidelines. The plants which were based on vetro-coke process, using arsenic solution for CO 2 absorption were either closed or changed over to non-arsenic system. Only one plant inspite of switch over to benfield process still using 1% arsenic solution. This unit will go for complete changeover during process conversion from naptha to gas based system. Regarding compliance of action points by SSP plants, only 16 plants provided information that they are complying with the recommended action points. As the compliance status in case of majority of SSP plants are not available, CPCB has written to industries as well as State Pollution Control Boards. Status of implementation of CREP requirements in Aluminium Industry MoEF has constituted a National Task Force for implementation of recommendations of the Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) in aluminium industry. The third meeting of National Task Force for aluminium industry was held on May 04, The major decisions taken for control of pollution from aluminium industry are: 1. The National Task Force decided that the maximum capacity that can be permitted at one location can be fixed as 3,50,000 tonnes per annum to prevent damage to the environment. 2. The National Task Force decided that the Orissa State Pollution Control Board shall undertake a damage assessment study in Talcher Region considering forage fluoride as the best indicator for assessing the damage from the aluminium plant. Task Force also finalized the measurement method for monitoring of forage and maintaining uniformity in the forage estimation. 3. Task Force decided to reduce consumption of fluoride per tonne of aluminium to reduce further to the global level by taking effective measures as practiced internationally.

158 MoEF notified the new emission standards for aluminium standards for pot rooms and anode baking ovens as follows: Particulate Matter emissions not to exceed 50 mg/nm 3 from anode baking ovens by December 31, 2006 Total Fluoride emissions not to exceed 0.8 kg/t for prebaked Technology from pot rooms 2.8 kg/t for soderberg Technology by December 31, 2006 MoEF also notified following standards for forage fluoride: Forage fluoride for twelve consecutive months average not to exceed 40 ppm Forage fluoride for two consecutive months average not to exceed 60 ppm Forage fluoride for one month average not to exceed 80 ppm Status of implementation of CREP requirements in Distilleries The charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) was formulated to obtain commitment from major polluting industries for compliance with the existing standards in time bound manner. CREP for distilleries was formulated to achieve zero discharge of spent wash for distilleries into surface water by December 2005 Action plans from 231 distilleries have been received and these were scrutinized to verify their treatment facilities to achieve zero discharge into surface water. It was found that out of 231 distilleries, 82 distilleries are having full fledged facilities to achieve zero discharge into surface water, 14 distilleries are having treatment facility to utilize 75 % of their spent wash generated and 15 distilleries are having treatment facilities to utilise 50 % of their spent wash generated. Status of implementation of CREP requirements in Sugar Mills CREP for sugar mills was formulated to reduce wastewater 100 litre/ ton of cane crushed and to comply with standards for particulate matter emission to < 150 mg/ Nm3. Action plans from 81 sugar mills have been received, 21 sugar mills are achieving wastewater <100lit/tonne, 33 sugar mills are complying with standards for particulate matter emission to < 150 mg/nm3. Status of implementation of CREP requirements in Iron & Steel Industry Industrial development is an important constituent in our pursuits for economic growth, employment generation and betterment in the quality of life. On the other hand, industrial activities, without proper precautionary measures for environmental protection are known to cause pollution and associated problems. Hence, it is necessary to comply with the regulatory norms for prevention and control of pollution. Alongside, it is also imperative to go beyond compliance through adoption of clean technologies and improvement in management practices. Commitment and voluntary initiatives of

159 industry for responsible care of the environment will help in building a partnership for pollution control. This is the very purpose of this Charter. With this in view, industry-specific interaction meeting was organized to formulate the Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) For Integrated Iron & Steel Industries. After a series of interaction with the industry, the CREP has been finalized in March 2003 for the Steel sector. In the CREP the issues have been identified and action points along with time targets have been finalized for implementation by the steel sector. CPCB is monitoring the compliance and working as a catalyst to ensure the compliance of the agreed action points and National Environmental Standards. Central Board has also constituted a National Task Force (NTF), for the implementation of notified environmental standards, and to evolve a time bound program for the same. Representatives from steel industry were also nominated as members of the NTF besides representatives from Ministry of Steel, Ministry of Environment & Forests, CPCB and concerned State Boards. The following major achievements have been made in the field of environmental management and pollution control in the Integrated Iron & Steel Industries: Meetings of the National Task Force on Steel Industry have been held periodically to discuss the implementation of Environmental Standards in Steel industry specifically the implementation of standards in coke oven plants. Compliance of standards in Coke Oven PPlants Manufacturing of Iron and Steel involves a large number of processing steps that consumes 4-5 tonne of input materials and m 3 of water to make one tonne of steel. Besides the generation of air pollution, 5-20 m 3 of wastewater and 2 to 3 tonne of solid waste is generated, in making one tonne of steel. Coke oven plant in an Integrated Iron & steel plant is one of the highly polluting units, generates poly-aromatic hydrocarbons emissions, which are proven carcinogens. CPCB has developed environmental standards for coke oven plants and initiated the compliance of the standards for coke oven plants along with other environmental standards applicable to Integrated Iron & steel plants. About 98% stacks are complying with emission standards. Ambient Air Quality is within the statutory norms. Discharge effluent quality for the plants / units are generally within norm, except BOD plant for the parameter, cyanide. 62.5% of the solid waste generated in steel plants are being utilized either through recycling / reuse or commercial disposal. Tree plantation has been carried out in and around the Steel Plants with a target of a tree with production of one tonne of Steel. A steel plant of four million tonne capacity have target to plant four million trees. Massive forestation in and around the steel plant can be seen now.

160 Status of implementation of CREP requirements in Tannery Industry Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) launched a Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) in March The Charter was derived from an exercise undertaken by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), which enlisted the action points for various categories of highly polluting industries. The various achievements made under CREP in Tannery Sector are as follow: Chrome Recovery Tamil Nadu: All chrome tanning units either collectively or individually recover chrome and use the recovered chrome either in their own units or sell it to chemical industries manufacturing basic chromium sulphate. Kolkata (West Bengal): 109 units joined together for establishing three modules of Common Chrome Recovery Plants (CCRPs) of 120 m 3 /day each in the Calcutta Leather Complex with the financial support from MoEF. Two modules have already been constructed. Besides the above, four mobile CRPs (each of 10 m 3 / day capacity) and two fixed CRPs (each of capacity 2.5 m 3 /shift of 8 hours) are also available in the complex. The remaining units have been proposing to provide individual CRPs. Kanpur(U.P.): Out of 189 chrome tanneries, CRPs have been established in 106 units. The remaining 83 small tanneries doing chrome-tanning process have been included under Common Chrome Recovery Plant (CCRP) project, sanctioned by NRCD, GoI. A feasibility report was prepared for the installation of CCRP of 70 KLD capacity, at Jajmau, Kanpur. NRCD has agreed to share 70% of the total cost ( lakh). Kanpur Nagar Nigam and 83 tanneries (<50h/d) group shall share 15% each. Plant commissioning, operation etc shall be taken-up through steering committee under the chairmanship of Div. Commissioner, Kanpur. NRCD has released the first installment of Rs 25 lakh for the establishment of CCRP. KNN has collected Rs lakh from the participating tanneries. The work has been awarded to the contractor who has already started the site development work and the foundation works for the CCRP. Unnao (U.P.): All 7 chrome tanneries are having individual chrome recovery systems. In the new Complex at Banthar (Distt Unnao), it is mandatory for chrome tanneries to provide chrome recovery units before commissioning. Jalandhar (Punjab): All 39 chrome tanning units have established CRPs on individual basis. Reduction of Water Consumption in Tannery Units Most of the large and medium tanneries have installed water meters. All the units in Tamil Nadu and almost 60 % units in the country have installed wastewater flow meters. In view of expensive flow meters, the tanneries may start with the installation of V-notch as the simplest device to measure flow. Water consumption has already been achieved below the prescribed level in most of the units in Tamil Nadu. All the member tanneries

161 of Unnao CETP are currently m 3 /tonne. In other places such as Jalandhar, Kanpur through implementation of water conservation methods, the water consumption will be reduced and brought to the prescribed level. Compliance of standards Deployment of qualified and well-trained staff for O & M of the ETPs/CETPs: All the Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) in Tamil Nadu have engaged qualified staff and they have been trained by organizations like CLRI, UNIDO, Pollution Control Boards (PCBs). In addition, large tanning units have provided trained staff. Installation of automatic monitoring instruments by CETPs/large tanneries: About 6 out of 18 CETPs have installed automatic monitoring instruments for selected parameters. As the costs of automatic instruments are high, the CETPs tend to go for such facilities over a period of time. Management of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) The tanneries located at Tamil Nadu, U.P. and Jalandhar adopt various measures for manual/ mechanical desalting of raw hides/ skins. The zero liquid discharge (ZLD) mode of functioning, in the tanneries located in Tamil Nadu, demands the implementation of membrane-based technologies and safe disposal of reject streams from membrane stacks. 18 units have either already installed or in the process of installing R.O. systems for the management of TDS. Solid Waste Management U.P. & Jalandhar: Shavings/trimmings are utilized for manufacturing leather board. Fleshings are utilized for manufacturing glue. A demonstration plant has been established for utilizing sludge for bio-energy generation in Melvisharam. Use of Boron bearing compounds to be dispensed Most of the tanneries are not using boron salts, except few units. CLRI advises suitable alternative for boron salts. Status of implementation of CREP requirements in Thermal Power Plants Task Force (TF) for implementation of recommendations of the Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection in thermal power plants was constituted,. The Task Force met twice in the year. TF reviewed the status of non compliant power plants and decided that these plants shall prepare an action plan for installation/ augmentation of pollution control systems in time bound manner as per recommendation of CREP. There are 83 coal based thermal power plants of which 5 plants are closed.

162 56 plants comply with emission standards & 22 plants are yet to comply with the emission standards. 63 plants comply with effluent standards & 15 plants are yet to comply with the effluent standards. Use of beneficiated/ blended coal The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India has promulgated two Gazette Notifications (GSR 560(E) & 378(E), dated September 19, 1997 and June 30, 1998 respectively) on use of beneficiated/blended coal containing ash not more than 34 percent( an.av.) w.e.f. June 2001(extended to June 2002 vide notification no GSR 407 ( E) dated May 31 st, 2001) in the following power plants : Power plants located beyond 1000 kms. from pit head; Power plants located in critically polluted areas, urban areas and in ecologically sensitive areas. The power plants using FBC (CFBC, PFBC & AFBC) and IGCC combustion technologies are exempted to use beneficiated coal irrespective of their locations The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has estimated the requirement of beneficiated/ blended coal for 39 existing and proposed thermal power plants as million tonnes per annum. Out of which, the Coal India Ltd. would be able to meet the requirement of million tonnes per annum coal from (from existing washeries and blending of domestic coals). The remaining quantity could be met by blending imported and domestic coal at coastal thermal power plants and changing the linkages suitably. Beneficiated/blended coal having ash content 34% or less was used by 26 thermal power plants during These plant utilised 17.2 million tones of washed / blended coal and 3.6 million tones imported coal for meeting the requirement of 34 % ash content in coal. Non Coking coal washeries During the year , CIL and South Eastern Coal Field Ltd. (SECFL) supplied 258 million tonnes of coal to thermal power plants in the country. Presently, total capacity of non-coking coal washeries in the country is million tones per annum. Of which Coal India has capacity of 20.2 million tones per annum with seven operating washeries and private operators have capacity of million tones per annum. Sl. no. A Table 10.2: Washeries Non Cooking Coal Operational in the country Washery & Operator Capacity (MTY) Location COAL India Ltd. 1 Dugda-I,CIL 1.00 Jharkhand TPS 2 Lodna,CIL do- TPS 3 Madhuban,CIL do- TPS 4 Gidi,CIL do- TPS Consumer

163 5 Piparwar,CIL do- TPS 6 Kargali,CIL do- TPS 7 Bina,CIL 4.50 UP TPS Total B. Private Coal Washeries 8 Dipka, 5.0 Chattisgarh RSEB,GEB,PSEB,KPCL, MSEB,Cement,etc. 9 Gevra, -do do- -do- 10 Chandrapur, -do- 2.0 Maharastra MSEB, KPCL 11 Adilabad, 2.0 AP KPCL 12 Talcher, 3.0 Orissa Sponge Iron 13 Wani, Kartikay 2.0 Maharastra TPS 14 Korba, ST-CLI Coal washeries ltd. 5.0 Chattisgarh BSES, GEB, Cement 15 Ramagundam,. 2.5 AP KPCL, Cement 16 Sasti,. 2.5 Maharastra RPTS, KPCL 17 Wani, 2.5 Maharastra MSEB 18 Umrer, do- Cement 19 Bhandara, do- Steel 20 Parasia, do- Cement 21 Bilaspur,. 1.2 Chattisgarh Sponge Iron 22 Ghugus,. 4.0 Maharastra MSEB 23 Talcher, Global coal Mining (P) Ltd. 2.0 Orissa Sponge Iron 24 Wani 3.0 Maharastra MSEB 25 Chandrapur, 1.0 Maharastra Industries 26 Raigarh, Jindal 2.5 Orissa Steel 27 Wani, Indo Unique Flame Ltd. 0.5 Maharastra Sponge Iron 28 Chhattishgarh Power & Coal Beneficiation Ltd. 1.2 Chattisgarh Power & Cement Total Grand Total Table 10.3: Washeries under proposal / expansion on CIL s Land: Sl.No. Washery & Operator Capacity (MTY) Cocation Consumer 1 Kalinga, ST-CLI Coal Washeries Ltd Orissa APGENCO 2 NK area (CCL), Monnet Danniels Coal washeries ltd. 3.5 Jharkhand PSEB 3. Dipka, Aryan Coal Benefications Pvt. Ltd. 5 to 7 Chattisgarh TPS & Cement Further initiatives taken for setting up of coal Washeries: 1. Coal India Limited (CIL) encourages linked consumers as well as private entrepreneurs to set up non-coking coal washeries for supply of washed coal to the linked consumers by providing infrastructural facilities, as available, on lease/chargeable basis. Two such Washeries have been constructed and are in operation (present throughput capacity 10 Mty) in Korba coalfield on CIL's land since end of Land has also been leased to APGENCO in May' 2004 to set up its 11

164 Mty non-coking coal washery in Talcher coalfield of MCL under BOO Scheme. The land to set up 3.5 Mty washery at NK area of CCL by PSEB under BOO scheme will be provided shortly. 2. Draft agreements are under negotiation for finalisation with MSEB for supply of washed coal from the proposed Dipka washery (6.0 MTY) of SECL and R&S Engineering (India) Pvt. Ltd., the washery operator, to construct and operate the washery under BOO Schem. 3. CIL, as a facilitator, invited Expression of Interest (EOI) to set up non-coking coal washeries under BOO scheme for the linked consumers and the responses received in this regard were very high. Intending washery investors/operators were advised to have tie up with the linked coal consumers for washing the coal on their behalf and avail the infrastructural facilities from the subsidiary companies of CIL. The major power sector consumers were also informed about the EOIs received to facilitate selection of the washery operators for washing their coal. But no tie up between utility and their investor did materialize so far for construction of the washery as well as supply of washed coal to the linked consumers. 4. CIL is also in the process of identifying locations to install few non-coking coal washeries under BOO scheme without consumer tie-up for supply of washed coal at a price to be. 5. MCL is exploring the possibility to provide land to NTPC in Orissa for its 6.0 Mty washery under BOO scheme. For simplification of procedures with respect to allocation of coal companies land for setting up of washery in private sector, necessary guidelines in this regard have already been issued by the Ministry for expediting clearances by the coal companies. Utilization of flyash There are 108 power plants including 78 operational coal based power plants. During , 258 million tonnes of coal and 21.5 million tonnes of lignite were consumed in the power sector. About, 110 million tonnes of ash was generated, of which 37 percent was utilised. Out of 78 plants of utilities, 35 could met the target as per action plan and 45 plants could not meet the target because of their location, non availability of dry storage facility and lack of specifications with SPWDs, Highway authority and other related agencies.

165 Road/flyo ver 0% Ash based products/others Ash dyke raising Agricultur e 6% 0% 9% 4% 14% Mine back filling 23% Land Fill 5% Brick 39% Cement Figure 10.1 Area wise utilisation of Flyash Pollution control in lime kilns units located in Rajasthan To ensure that the lime kilns unit located in Rajasthan are provided with pollution control devices and stack emission meets the prescribed standard. Joint monitoring of stock emission and air quality was carried out jointly by Rajasthan Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board. The monitoring and visual inspection showed that the kilns designed by KVIC using petroleum coke as fuel, were emitting particulate matter and other pollutants within the prescribed limits. Based on the monitoring results submitted by RPCB & Zonal office, CPCB, Bhopal, the Central Board advised RPCB to ensure actions as follow: i) The lime kiln units must provide the necessary infrastructure, i.e. hood, chimney, monitoring platform etc., The hood & chimney arrangements would further help in channelizing the smoke and its adequate dispersion and plateform will help monitor the stack emissions regularly for various parameters such as particulate matter, SO 2, etc. ii) The lime kiln units must ensure to make use of appropriate quality/type of raw material/fuel resources as well as proper operating conditions so that the quality of stack emissions are within the prescribed limits. iii) The height of kiln along with the additional height of chimney/stack must be satisfactory for adequate dispersion of SO 2, as per the prescribed formulae ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE SQUAD (ESS) ACTIVITIES

166 Action against distilleries and pulp & paper industries The following agro-based industries were subjected to suitable action for noncompliance of environmental standards pulp & paper industries have been issued proposed directions under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act,1986; 2 Directions to State Boards, 4 pulp & paper mill, were issued for taking action distilleries have been issued proposed directions under section 5 of the E(P)A 1986, 10 distilleries have been issued direction under section 5 E(P)A 1986, to restrict their capacity equivalent to treatment facility available with the distilleries. 1 distillery was closed under section 5 of the E(P)A 1986, since the distillery was grossly violating the prescribed standards. 4. Direction to State Boards issued under section 18(1)(b) of the water Act 1974 against the 3 distilleries for taking action. Inspection of Industries under ESS in North Zone 15 industries, which include 4 each of distillery & 4 pulp & Paper, one each synthetic fibre, 1 tennery, Basic drug, caustic soda plant & 2 fertilizer industries. These industries are located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Haryana & Punjab has been inspected. Besides this 23 industries has also been inspected in association with MoEF for better implementation of the projects granted clearance by MoEF during the year The 23 industries includes 9 distilleries, 2 each fertilizer & bulkdrug, 7 pharmaceutical, one of bulk drug & one each of caustic soda, pulp & paper, refinery. Inspection of Industries under ESS in North East Region Three refineries, two pulp & paper, one industry each of cement & fertilizer were monitored for pollution control enforcement and also for corporate responsibilities of environmental protection. Implementation in north eastern region of the country. Nine cement and seven other industries were also monitored under ESS. Besides this, 10 ferro-alloy units in Bymihight Meghalaya & various coal mines areas of jaintia mills district of Meghalaya were also inspected/monitored. Inspection of Industries under ESS in East Zone Under Environmental Surveillance and other programmes 125 inspections were conducted. These include environmental surveillance of 17 categories of industries, registration of reprocessors/recyclers of hazardous waste, public complaints, visits of Parliamentary Committees, Hon'ble Supreme Court and High Courts directives, joint inspection of industries with Regional Office of MoEF etc. The state wise number of inspections/monitoring conducted in the eastern region is given in table.

167 Sl. No. Table Inspections/monitoring conducted under various programmes in the eastern region. State ESS Registration of Recyclers of Haz. waste Public Complaint Hon'ble Supreme & High Courts Directives Others Total numbers 1 Bihar Jharkhand Orissa West Bengal TOTAL Inspection of Industries under ESS in Southern Zone In response to the Hon ble High Court of Kerala, Court order dt and subsequent notice of Advocate commissioner, dt in Writ Petition No of 2005, Zonal office has carried out a trial run (monitoring) at M/s Canon Granites (P) Ltd, Perumbilavu, Thrissur District, Kerala in the presence of Kerala State Pollution Control Board officials. Verification of compliance of standards in Southern Zone Under this project a total number of 26 industries were monitored. In addition 11 industries under 17 Category and 8 industries under CREP were jointly inspected and monitored along with MoEF officials. The industries were communicated for submission of action plan for improvement of pollution control measures. In addition 24 Nos. of recycling units were inspected to assess the efficacy of the pollution control measures. One TSDF site located at Hyderabad was also monitored during the reported year. The Zonal Office is one of the Technical Members in many of the Committees. As per the requirement many industries were inspected and accordingly the Committee has stipulated many conditions to the industries before clearance. Inspection of Industries under ESS in West Zone The west zone office has visited 25 industries under ESS. All the visit reports were submitted to the H.O. with findings and recommendations. HO was also informed about the status of closed industries for updating its database. Joint visit in industries with Regional Office of MoEF Inspection, monitoring and report preparation completed for two industries of Maharashtra jointly visited with the Additional Director of MoEF, Regional Office, Bhopal. Based on the report submitted and the recommendations therein, CPCB-HO has requested the MPCB to take necessary action against one industry.

168 Inspection of Industries in Central Zone (i) Joint inspection was carried out for seven industries along with the officials from Regional Office, MoEF, and Bhopal. During the visit, the source emissions, ambient air quality and wastewater samples were collected for analysis. (ii) Twenty-five industries were inspected under ESS in central zone. (iii) Inspected 23 industries for verification of application submitted to MOEF/CPCB for reorganization /renewal of actual Users certificate NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL The 13 th Meeting of the National Committee on Noise Pollution Control was held on The following issues were discussed in the meeting: - Exemption from noise limits for diesel generator sets used with submersible pumps for irrigation purpose. - Noise Monitoring of diesel generator sets representation from Delhi Pollution Control Committee - Order of Hon ble High Court of Delhi related to noise limits for diesel generator sets - Order of Hon ble Supreme Court on Noise Pollution - Proposed Amendments on Noise Regulations - Airport Noise Monitoring Noise Limits for Diesel Generator Set manufacturing units The Ministry of Environment & Forests has notified noise limits for diesel generator sets (upto 1000 KVA) applicable at the manufacturing stage vide GSR 371(E), dated and its amendments. As per this notification the new diesel generator sets (upto 1000 kva) manufactured on or after shall be provided with integral acoustic enclosures and shall comply with noise limit of 75 dba at 1 m (Sound Pressure Level). However, the notification also prescribes that for the existing generator sets (upto 1000 KVA), as well as, all generator sets more than 1000 kva the noise level shall be controlled by providing an acoustical enclosure or by treating the room acoustically at the user s end. It further prescribes that the aforesaid acoustic enclosure or acoustic

169 treatment of the room shall be designed for minimum 25 db(a) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on the higher side. Directions issued under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Based on the inspections carried out by CPCB officials in diesel genset manufacturing units, in January February, 2005, CPCB issued direction and on May 10, 2005 confirmed directions issued to 7 genset manufacturers. The manufacturers were directed to install acoustic enclosure on all open gensets (upto 1000 kva) manufactured and sold after , at the customers site, or replace the gensets with compliant gensets within six months at their own cost. Based on the replies submitted by the above mentioned genset manufacturers closure directions under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 were issued to two genset manufacturers Court Cases and their status The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India notified the revised noise limits for diesel generator sets (upto 1000 kva) vide GSR 371 (E), dated May 17, 2002 (and its amendments). The noise limits became effective from This notification has been challenged by some genset manufacturers in various Courts. Meetings Held 7 th Meeting of the Standing Committee on Emissions from RIC Engines for Off- Road Applications was held on to discuss the preparedness of compliance with emission limits applicable from , for diesel engine manufacturers (upto 19 kw) for genset application and other issues. Meeting on Emission from Diesel Engines (>800 kw) for Genset/Power Plant Applications was held on to assess the preparedness of the industry for compliance with the next stage emission limits effective from Noise level testing of Fire-Crackers CPCB visited 18 firecrackers factories located in and around Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu in October 2005 and collected fire crackers samples directly from the storage point of the factories. Testing of these samples was carried out by M/s National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bangalore and CPCB, Zonal Office, Bangalore, t jointly. Testing was carried out as per the CPCB procedure. Altogether 760 bursting were done for 76 items, out of which 46 items exceeded the noise limit of 125 db(a1). The items mainly exceeding the limit are Maroons of different sizes, bombs and garlands. Out of 18 firecracker factories from which samples were collected, 12 factories were not complying the standards for more items.

170 Firecracker samples were also collected from 52 firework units located at Sivakasi by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and got tested by Tamil Nadu Fireworks Association. Results indicated that 138 out of the 241 samples complied with noise limits. Fire cracker samples from the market in Delhi were also procured by CPCB, Delhi and noise level testings were carried out at National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. Results indicate that 17 out of the 20 samples complied with noise limits.

171 PROSECUTIONS LAUNCHED, CONVICTIONS SECURED AND DIRECTIONS GIVEN FOR CLOSURE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES 11.1 NOISE POLLUTION MATTER Writ Petition (C) No.72/1998, In Re:- Noise Pollution Implementation of the Laws for Restricting use of Loud Speakers and High Volume Producing Sound Systems Vs Union of India & Ors. This writ petition is relating to noise pollution and is treated as public interest litigation. In order to minimize noise pollution, various orders or directions have been passed by the Hon ble Supreme Court for the implementation of the Rules or prescribed standards for restricting the use of loud speakers and high volume producing sound systems. The Hon ble Supreme Court has also taken issues of the noise pollution by firecrackers. To control noise pollution and also to prevent accidents due to use of firecrackers, the Hon ble Supreme Court issued directions to the Central Government and all the State Governments and the Union Territories for implementation. The Hon ble Supreme Court by its order, dated directed as under:- I. Fire Crackers 1. On a comparison of the two systems, i.e. the present system of evaluating firecrackers on the basis of noise levels, and the other where the firecrackers shall be evaluated on the basis of chemical composition, we feel that the latter method is more practical and workable in Indian circumstances. It shall be followed unless and until replaced by a better system. 2. The Department of Explosives (DOE) shall undertake necessary research activity for the purpose and come out with the chemical formulae for each type or category or class of firecrackers. The DOE shall specify the proportion/composition as well as the maximum, permissible weight of every chemical used in manufacturing firecrackers. 3. The Department of Explosives may divide the firecrackers into two categories (i) Sound emitting firecrackers, and (ii) Colour/light emitting firecrackers. 4. There shall be a complete ban on bursting sound emitting firecrackers between 10 pm and 6 am. It is not necessary to impose restriction as to time on bursting of colour/light emitting firecrackers. 5. Every manufacturer shall on the box of each firecrackers mention details of its chemical contents and that it satisfies the requirement and laid down by DOE. In case of a failure on the part of the manufacturer to mention the details or in cases where the contents of the box do not match the chemical formulae as stated on the box, the manufacturer may be held liable.

172 6. Firecrackers for the purpose of export may be manufactured bearing higher noise levels subject to the following conditions: (i) The manufacturer should be permitted to do so only when he has an export order with him and not otherwise; (ii) The noise levels for these firecrackers should conform to the noise standards prescribed in the country to which they are intended to be exported as per the export order; (iii) These firecrackers should have a different coloure packing, from those intended to be sold in India; (iv) They must carry a declaration printed thereon something like not for sale in India or only for export to country AB and so on. II. Loudspeakers 1. The noise level at the boundary of the public place, where loudspeaker or public address system or any other noise source is being used shall not exceed 10 db(a) above the ambient noise standards for the area or 75 db(a) whichever is lower. 2. No one shall beat a drum or tom-tom or blow a trumpet or beat or sound any instrument or use any sound amplifier at night (between p.m. and 6 a.m.) except in public emergencies. 3. The peripheral noise level of privately owned sound system shall not exceed by more than 5 db(a) than the ambient air quality standards specified for the area in which it is used, at the boundary of the private place. III. Vehicular Noise No horn should be allowed to be used at night (between 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.) in residential area except in exceptional circumstances. IV Awareness 1. There is a need for creating general awareness towards the hazardous effects of noise pollution. Suitable chapters may be added in the text-books which teach civic sense to the children and youth at the initial/early level of education. Special talks and lectures be organized in the schools to highlight the menace of the noise pollution and the role of the children and younger generation in preventing it. Police and civil administration should be trained to understand the various methods to curb the problem and also the laws on the subject. 2. The State must play an active role in this process. Resident Welfare Associations, service Clubs and Societies engaged in preventing noise pollution as a part of their projects need to be encouraged and actively involved by the local administration. 3. Special public awareness campaigns in anticipation of festivals, events and ceremonial occasions whereat firecrackers are likely to be used, need to be carried out.

173 The Hon ble Court certified that these guidelines are issued in exercise of power conferred on this Court under Articles 141 and 142 the Constitution of India. These would remain in force until modified by this Court or superseded by an appropriate legislation. V Generally 1. The State shall make provision for seizure and confiscation of loud-speaker, amplifiers and such other equipments as are found to be creating noise beyond the permissible limits. 2. Rule 3 of the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 makes provision for specifying ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones, categorization of the areas for the purpose of implementation of noise standards, authorizing the authorities for enforcement and achievement of laid down standards. The Central Government/State Governments shall take steps for laying down such standards and notifying the authorities where it has not already been done. The Hon ble Court further clarified that the matters are closed consistently with the directions as above issued in public interest, there will be liberty of seeking further directions as and when required and in particular in the event of any difficulty arising in implementing the directions. The CWP, CA and all pending IAs be treated as disposed POLLUTION IN RIVER YAMUNA Writ Petition (Civil) No.725/1994, News Item HT A.Q.F.M. Yamuna Vs Central Pollution Control Board & Ors. The Writ Petition is related to the Pollution in River Yamuna in Delhi area.. The monitoring report of the Central Pollution Control Board (related to the water quality of river Yamuna at Palla, Agra canal and at Okhla) is regularly being submitted in the Hon ble Supreme Court in compliance of Hon ble Supreme Court s directions. The Hon ble Supreme Court after examining the monitoring report of the Central Pollution Control Board submitted vide its affidavit dated ordered that the Delhi would be provided with at least C category of water. The Hon ble Court referred the monitoring report submitted by the Central Pollution Control Board on that water quality gets affected at Palla, a point at which it enters Delhi. It further states that the Central Pollution Control Board has submitted the result of 92 rounds of monitoring since 1999 but there has been deterioration instead of improvement in the quality of water. The Hon ble Court directed the Delhi Jal Board to submit the complete details with respect to action taken till date and future plans with specified time schedule POLLUTION BY SLAUGHTER HOUSES Writ Petition (Civil) No.309/2003, Laxmi Nairan Modi Vs Union of India & Ors.

174 This writ petition has been filed in the Supreme Court of India with the prayer that all animal wastes be incinerated and shall be made mandatory in all abattoirs, slaughter houses and meat processing units in the country. The animal wastes like meat and bones generated from abattoirs, slaughter houses and meat processing units should be used as poultry/animal feed. Pursuant to the directions of the Hon ble Court the Central Pollution Control Board has collected information from all the State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees of UTs regarding modes adopted in their respective areas for disposal of waste and submitted before the Hon ble Court. The Hon ble Supreme Court on after considering the status report filed by the Central Pollution Control Board directed to issue notices to the State Pollution Control Boards of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The Hon ble Court directed to these 5 (five) State Pollution Control Boards to submit detailed responses with regard to the slaughter houses in their respective states and informed the steps taken or proposed to be taken with the time schedule so as to comply with the various provisions of environmental law. The State Pollution Control Boards were also directed to submit information with respect to the requirement of disposal of solid wastes by the slaughter houses and the establishment and running of the slaughter houses. The Hon ble Supreme Court again heard the matter on The State Pollution Control Boards of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh have submitted the status of their respective slaughter houses before the Court. However, the State Pollution Control Boards of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have not submitted/responded. The Hon ble Court issued fresh notices to the State Boards of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu with the direction that the status of slaughter houses in their States be submitted within five weeks. The matter is under consideration of the Hon ble Supreme Court DISPOSAL OF THE BIO-MEDICAL WASTE Writ Petition (Civil) No.160 of 2005, Common Cause Vs Union of India & Ors. This writ petition has been filed by a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 in the name of Common Cause in the Hon ble Supreme Court of India with the prayer that the Union of India and the Central Pollution Control Board be directed to stop giving permission for installation of incinerators and also stop the existing incinerators for the treatment of Bio-Medical Waste procedure of which is provided under the Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, The Petitioner also prayed that the Union of India and the Central Pollution Control Board to be directed to permit the use of the WR 2 (Waste Reduction by Waste Reduction) Technologies and others similar technologies other than use of incinerators for treatment of Bio-Medical Waste. It was further prayed that the Respondents may be directed to restrain from getting the Bio-Medical Wastes for treatment by incinerators and alternatively they may treat the Bio-Medical Wastes by alternative means i.e. other than incineration. In compliance of Hon ble Supreme Court s notice dated the Central Pollution Control Board has submitted its detailed views through an affidavit, dated before the Hon ble Supreme Court. The matter is under consideration of the Hon ble Court.

175 11.5 POLLUTION BY CHEMICAL & FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Special Leave to Appeal (Civil) NO /2005 State Pollution Control Board, Orissa Vs M/s Oswal Chemical & Fertilizers Ltd. & Ors. This Special Leave to Appeal has been filed in the Hon le Supreme Court by the State Pollution Control Board of Orissa against the orders of the High Court of Orissa, Cuttack passed in favour of M/s Oswal Chemical & Fertilizer Ltd. (M/s OCFL). The Hon ble Supreme Court on while hearing the Special Leave to Appeal filed by the State Pollution Control Board, Orissa passed the interim orders to the effect that M/s Oswal Chemical & Fertilizer Ltd. are restrained from further importing sulpher and rock phosphate. M/s OCFL has filed an Interlocutory Application (IA) in the Supreme Court against the interim directions dated In their IA M/s OCFL prayed that the raw material can not be unloaded because of the restraint orders, dated passed by the Hon ble Supreme Court. The Hon ble Court on after hearing M/s OCFL permitted the unloading of rock phosphate imported from Algeria, Jordan and Egypt. However, the Hon ble Court further directed that the said material can not be used in so far as the material of sulpher is concerned the order of restraint would be continued till further orders. The Hon ble Court on observed that M/s Osawal Chemical & Fertilizers Ltd. has sold its Paradeep assets to M/s Indian Farmers Fertilizers Cooperative Ltd. (IFFCO) and handed over physical possession and management control of its DAP Complex at Paradeep to IFFCO w.e.f The IFFCO has furnished bank guarantee which was required to be furnished by the M/s OCFL. M/s IFFCO has taken other measures also. The State Pollution Control Board of Orissa has revoked the closure directions. In view of these developments, the Hon ble Court vacated the interim orders, dated and and Special Leave Petitions filed by the Orissa State Pollution Control Board were accordingly disposed of TAJ POLLUTION MATTER Writ Petition (Civil) No.13381/1984, M. C. Mehta Vs Union of India & Ors. AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS AT AGRA Pursuant to the directions of the Hon ble Supreme Court the Central Pollution Control Board has established four air quality monitoring stations and one Central Analyticalcum-Calibration Laboratory in Agra. These four air quality monitoring stations are located at Taj Mahal, Etmad-ud-daula, Rambag and Nunhai. The data so generated from these air quality monitoring stations are being submitted on quarterly basis to the Hon ble Supreme Court. The data is also being displayed at Taj Mahal. BRICK KILN MATTER In compliance of Hon ble Supreme Court s order, dated , the Central Pollution Control Board has constituted a Committee for the purpose of considering the

176 applications of brick kilns located in Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) area. The hearing of the said Committee was held in Agra. The Hon ble Supreme Court on after consideration of applications filed by the brick kilns of TTZ area directed that all pending applications and applications to be made relating to brick kilns or challenging the decisions of the Special Committee set up by this Court shall be made before the Court having jurisdiction in these matters. With these directions the Hon ble Court dismissed all pending applications UTILISATION OF FLYASH BY BRICK KILNS Special Leave to appeal (Civil) No.24106/2004, Ent Nirmata Sangh Vs Union of India & Ors. This Petition for Special Leave to Appeal has been filed against the interim order, dated passed by the High Court of Delhi in the Civil Writ Petition No.2145/1999- Centre for Public Interest Litigation Vs Union of India & Ors.. In the said order, the High Court of Delhi directed the State Pollution Control Boards not to allow operations of brick kilns if they do not use fly ash for mixing with top soil provided that brick kiln is located within 100 km radial distance from a lignite/coal based Thermal Power Plant. The provisions of using fly ash by brick kilns were notified by the Ministry of Environment & Forests vide their Notification, dated and subsequently amended on The High Court of Delhi further directed that it is the duty of the concerned State Pollution Control Board and Pollution Control Committee to comply the provisions of these notifications. The Central Pollution Control Board has submitted their detailed counter affidavit on before the Hon ble Supreme Court with the submissions that the provisions of these Notification have to be complied by all the State Pollution Control Boards and the brick kilns located within 100 km radial distance of coal or lignite based Thermal Power Plants even if it was not directed by the Hon ble High Court of Delhi by its interim order, dated The matter is under consideration of the Hon ble Supreme Court ACTION PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF SILT IN BBMB PROJECTS Civil Writ Petition No.77/2003, Bhakra Beas Management Board Vs Himachal Pradesh State Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board & Ors. This Petition has been filed by the Bhakra Beas Management Board, Chandigarh before the High Court of Himachal Pradesh at Shimla and challenged the applicability of the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Act No.6 of 1974). The Hon ble High Court of Himachal Pradesh on directed the Ministry of Environment & Forests and Central Pollution Control Board to examine the entire issue in its total and true prospect and in coordination with every concerned including the Petitioner Bhakra Beas Management Board and the H.P. State Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board. The Central Pollution Control Board has constituted an Expert Committee for examining the whole issue. Pursuant to the directions of the High Court of Himachal Pradesh, the Expert Committee held series of meetings for preparing action plan for management of silt. The Expert Committee also

177 made field visits for on the spot assessment of silt problem and submitted its final report. The Central Pollution Control Board has submitted the final report of the Expert Committee by its affidavit, dated in the High Court of Himachal Pradesh at Shimla. The Central Pollution Control Board has submitted that the suggested action plan may be fully implemented for the management of silt disposal in environmentally sound and socio friendly manner. The Hon ble High Court of Himachal Pradesh has accepted the report of the Expert Committee on

178 FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS The amount of grant-in-aid sanctioned by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, to the Central Pollution Control Board for Plan and Non-plan expenditure for the financial year is as under : Sanctioned Budget for Rs. in lacs Plan-Projects/Programmes Rs., Non-plan Rs. The broad details of the expenditure incurred out of the aforesaid amount of Rs. released (Rs. during the year and Rs. brought forward from the previous financial year) to the Central Pollution Control Board and from other deposit - projects are given below : Receipt Amount Payments Amount (Rs. in lacs) (Rs.in lacs) OPENING BALANCE I. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE I. GRANTS RECEIVED a) Fixed assets(building) From government b) Other assets From other agencies - II. FEES II. REVENUE EXPENDITURE Consent fee - a) Administration III. FINES/FORFEITURES - b) Board's laboratory c) Running and IV INTEREST ON maintenance of INVESTMENT - vehicles d) Maintenance and V. MISCELLANEOUS repairs including RECEIPTS rent e) Legal charges & VI. MISCELLANEOUS fee to consultants - ADVANCES III. PROJECT REVENUE VII. DEPOSIT - EXPENDITURE VIII. OTHER DEPOSITS 2 a) Project (Revenue Exp.) (Outside projects) (Project I to IX) IV. FEE FOR AUDIT V. MISCELLANEOUS 1 VI. ADVANCES VII. GRANT IN AID REFUND VIII. DEPOSITS/CASH AT BANK IX. CASH IN HAND -- Total Notes:

179 1. Miscellaneous: The amount reflects the payments made against the funds received for outside projects as noted below (Note No. 2) 2. Other Deposits: Other deposits include the deposits for the following projects from (other projects) other Govt. Depts/Institutions namely: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xv) (xvi) (xvii) (xviii) (xix) (xx) (xxi) (xxii) (xxiii) (xxiv) (xxv) (xxvi) (xxvii) (xxviii) (xxix) (xxx) (xxxi) (xxxii) (xxxiii) Indo-Dutch Project Indo-Norwegian Project AWQMS (NRCD) GPD (NRCD) - Yamuna Training (World Bank) Orissa Board (Procurement GTZ) Environmental Atlas Project Metro Cities ENVIS Project Survey of Medium & Minor Rivers Project (GPD)-NRCD- SMMR Development of National Standards (MoEF) UNEP Project Survey of 61 Towns (NRCD) DST-CRM (Metals) DST-CRM (Gas & Mixture) EPA - NCR UNEP (MALE) Comprehensive Approach on Environmental Audit (CAEA) CESS-EM Delhi Jal Board STP TDSM-DBT WHO-BMHW SCC-Haryana Distilleries NRCD-Mixed AAQM- Agra (Hardware) EMCB-ENVIS Project HPC-Enquiry Committee NRCD-Oxidation Pond-STP World Bank-Development of Standards Zoning Atlas (World Bank) World Bank AAQM CDG World Bank Training NRCD-STP under Ganga-Kanpur BSS-on cleaner technology

180 ANNUAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE YEAR ANNUAL ACTION PLAN FOR Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Acts, 1974 serves as a technical wing of of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India and coordinates with the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/ Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) for implementation of plans and programmes relating to abatement of pollution. CPCB undertakes the project and programs through in-house efforts and also with the assistance of different Research Institutions such as IITs, Engineering Colleges, Universities, Research Institutions etc. CPCB has been co-ordinating with different concerned agencies for controlling pollution and this is being done by generating relevant scientific information and rendering technical inputs for formulation of national policies and programmes. CPCB is also imparting training and development of manpower through different Nodal Training Institutes (NTIs). CPCB, in addition to the implementation of Water and Air Act, has planned various programmes relating to implementation of new rules framed under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 such as Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 1989, Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998, Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 and Plastics Manufacture, Sales and Usage Rules The plans and programmes for are prepared based on the thrust areas identified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Planning Commission and also as per decisions taken in the Chairmen and Member Secretaries Conferences of State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees 13.2 Important Programmes and Thrust Areas during Strengthening of National Water and Air Quality Monitoring Programme including analysis of critical pollutants; Continuation of calibration and evaluation of national ambient air quality monitoring stations; Operation and maintenance of continuous air quality monitoring stations; Operation and maintenance of ambient air quality monitoring stations at 7 locations in Delhi; Strengthening of monitoring of ambient PM 2.5 Setting up of continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations (16 cities);

181 Setting up of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in 4 cities covering three locations in each city on BOO and OC basis; Review of ambient air quality standards; Guidelines for pollution prevention from asbestos industries; Sector specific programme relating to development of standards, guidelines and pollution control technologies such as thermal power plants, cement, coke oven, smelters, mining, etc; Inventory of Class-I cities and Class-II towns for assessing water supply, waste water generation, treatment and disposal; Epidemiological studies relating to effect of air pollution on human health; Setting up of pilot plant at Bhagirathi Water Works in Delhi to carry out flocculation and settling studies; Source apportionment studies in six cities; Application of RO technology for recovery of metals from electroplating industries; Evolving guidelines and environmental sound technologies for electronic waste recycling; Import of equipment for setting up of trace organic laboratory with Japneese Debt Relief Grant Assistance for; Development of infrastructure facilities for measurements of hazardous organic compound; Strengthening of laboratory including procurement of equipment; Networking of continuous air quality monitoring stations in 10 cities. Development of integrated software and creating environmental data bank; On-line data display for four continuous air quality monitoring stations; On-line access of emission data from oil refineries and thermal power plants; Sector specific documentation to identify waste stream as per Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules;

182 Implementation of Hon ble Supreme Court directives on management of hazardous waste; Assessment of hazardous waste dump site and review of rehabilitation plans; Registration of continuous programme on registration of hazardous waste recycling/ re-processing industries. Implementation of rules relating to bio-medical waste including evaluation of state of art treatment technologies Expanding scheme of water quality monitoring programme with the aid of biomonitoring in all the States and UTs in a phased manner; Continuation of schemes relating to Eco city, zoning atlas, management of municipal solid wastes and plastic wastes Implementation of Environment Surveillance activities through Zonal Offices of CPCB; Implementation of Rules relating to batteries. Strengthening of SPCBs for implementation of new rules- Assessment of needs/guidelines for evolving norms for staff and laboratories Budget Allocation for The allocation made against each major Plan head is summarised as under: Summary of Scheme-wise Allocation for Sl. Allocation (Rs. in lakh) Project Heads No. Head office Zonal offices Total I Pollution Assessment Survey & Monitoring II Lab Management III Development of Standards and Guidelines IV Training VA Information (Database) Management VB Library VI Pollution Control Enforcement VII Pollution Control Technology VIII Mass Awareness, Publications & NGO Activities IX Hazardous Waste Management TOTAL

183 OTHER IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES DEALT BY CPCB 14.1 NATIONWIDE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIO-ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY PROGRAMME CPCB has adopted a system to represent the severity of pollution in rivers throughout India on the basis of biological data, by means of geographical presentation called biomapping. The bio-mapping helps in presenting complex biological responses in easy-toread and presentable form. So far bio-mapping programme has been taken up in the states of Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Karnataka as well as River Yamuna basin. 42 nd Chairman and Member Secretaries Conference of Pollution Control Boards resolved that the inclusion of Biological parameter in National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP) will enhance the quality evaluations in a cost-effective manner. In the 136 th Board Meeting on 19 th December, 2005, as a follow up programme, it was declared that Nationwide Bio-monitoring programme in NWQMP under MINARS/GEMS on surface water have to be initiated and sustained regularly by various State Pollution Control Board. Accordingly, the biological parameter have been included in National Water Quality Monitoring Programme and presently been undertaken by several State Pollution Control Boards nationwide. Bio-monitoring of major wetlands in important wildlife habitats of India The bio-monitoring studies under the project `Bio-monitoring of Wetlands in India Wildlife habitats have been undertaken at various wetlands of Uttaranchal, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tripura, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. The bio-monitoring studies on wetlands in wildlife habitats covered 15 lakes and 10 river stretches. Four river stretches are found to be clean. Two river stretches and two lakes are showing slight pollution. Three river stretches and eleven lakes depicted moderate pollution. Among the total studied wetlands one lake point is heavily polluted and one river stretch and four lake points show severe pollution, which has not found supporting any benthic macro-invertebrates. Table 14.1: Bio-monitoring of Wetlands in Important Wildlife Habitats of India S. Wildlife Habitats, Wetlands No. State 1. Rajaji National River Song Park, Uttaranchal February, Rajaji Motichur & Chilla Sanctuaries, Uttaranchal River Berli River Yamuna December, 2004 Location Near Satyanarayan Temple on NH-72, NEAR song River road bridge, CWC gauge and discharge site, Haridwar Sahashradhara, 14 km from Dehradun Thana Rajpur Dak Pathar near road bridge Hathnikund barrage Temp ( 0 C) Saprobic Diversity Biological BWQC Air Water score score Water Quality A Clean B Slight Pollution A Clean

184 S. Wildlife Habitats, No. State 3. Dzuvuru Fall, Nagaland August, Tsomgo Lake, Sikkim August, Gurudongmar Lake, Sikkim August, Nal Sarovar, Gujarat 7. Thol, Pond, Gujarat January, Khijadia Wetlands, Gujarat January, Porbandar Wetland, Gujarat January, Dholavira Pond, Gujarat January, Great Ram of Kutch, Gujarat January, Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh February, 2005 Wetlands Dzuvuru Fall Location Upstream Hathnikund Barrage, Hathnikund Saharanpur Bridge Near Pesama village, Kohima Temp ( 0 C) Saprobic Diversity Biological BWQC Air Water score score Water Quality C Moderate Pollution A Clean Tsomgo Lake Near Inlet Feeder B Slight Pollution Gurudongmar Lake C Moderate pollution Nal Sarovar Dungribet, Lakhtar Taluk, Viramgam District B Slight pollution Thol Pond Thol village C Moderate pollution Khijadia Part-I Khijadia village, Amreli C Moderate pollution Dholavira Pond Dholavira, Khadir, Ropar District E Severe Pollution Great Ram of Amrapur village Ropar E Severe Kutch pollution Khijadia Part- 3 km ahead ofj Part-I C Moderate II pollution Porbandar Khijadia Plot, Ranava C Moderate Road pollution River Noa- Near Diban, Dihing downstream of confluence of river Diban and River Namdapha River Near Deban b/c Noa- Namdapha Dihing River Deban After confluence of River Namdapha River Near Police check post, Namchik Namchik 13. Rudrasagar Bird Rudrasagar Sonamura near Udbastu Sanctuary, Tripura Lake fisherman Samabay February, 2005 Samiti 14. Sipahijala Bird Sipahijala Sanctuary, Tripura Lake February, Collage Tilla MBB cottage Near Stadium of MBB Tripura Lake Cottage, Agartala February, Jayakwadi Bird Nath Sagar Left bank, Jayakwadi Sanctuary, reservoir village Maharashtra April, Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Maharashtra April, Corbett National Park, Uttaranchal June, 2005 Salim Sarovar River Ramganga Ali A Clean A Clean C Moderate pollution B Slight Pollution C Moderate pollution Near Darbar hall C Moderate pollution C Moderate pollution C Moderate pollution Main Lake, right bank C Moderate pollution Left Bank D Heavy pollution Downstream Kalagarh C Moderate am near Afjalgadh pollution Bio-monitoring of river Ganga at Garhmikteshvar

185 The stretch of River Ganga from Garhmukteshwar to Narora is likely to be declared as a Ramsar Site as the location represent endangered Gangetic Dolphin population. It is also an important stopover for a large number of migratory birds and indigenous bird species like Grey Heron, the beautiful Brahmini ducks, River Terns, Black headed Gulls, Cormorants, Black winged stilts, Indian shag, small green bee-eater etc. Due to anthropogenic influences like transportation, construction of bridge, cremation, open defaecation, bathing, idol immersion, religious activities and industrial discharges, the river is becoming shallower and the water quality degrades. This in turn may cause habitat fragmentation and habitat destruction of the only surviving freshwater dolphin population in India. Central Pollution Control Board, in collaboration with Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board has undertaken biomonitoring at upstream and downstream of Bridge Ghat, Garhmukteshwar. The findings are presented in Table Table 14.2: Water Quality of River Ganga at Garhmukteshwar, U. P. S. No. Parameters Locations Upstream bridge Ghat near village Naya Bans Downstream Bridge Ghat Year 2004 Year 2006 Year 2004 Year Temperature ( 0 C)-Air Temperature ( 0 C)-Water Saprobic Score Diversity Score BOD, mg/l COD, mg/l TC, No./100 ml 1,10,000 3,000 2,20,000 7, FC, No./100 ml 2, , TKN, mg/l NT 0.56 NT Phosphate, mg/l - NT - NT Bio-monitoring of surface waters used for hydro-electric power generation (Uttranchal state) Uttaranchal is the newly formed state came into existence on 9 th November It stretches on an area of 53,566 km 2 and consists of 13 districts. The state is bounded by Uttar Pradesh on the west and China on the Northeast. Uttaranchal State is the eleventh state to be given the special category status by the centre due to its hilly and difficult terrain, low population diversity, strategic location, economic and infrastructural backwardness and non-viable nature of state s finances. The rivers of Uttaranchal generate resources for hydroelectric power. The state economy depends mainly on tourism. Six of the seven National Parks including the most famous Corbett National Park are presently under Uttaranchal State. Bio-monitoring of various rivers was undertaken in the state of Uttaranchal for water quality assessment using Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC). The findings are presented in Table 14.3.

186 Table 14.3: Bio-monitoring of Rivers in Uttaranchal State S. No. Rivers Location of River Stretches 1. River Bhagirathi 2. River Bhilangana 3. River Alaknanda 4. River Dhauliganga 5. River Birahiganga 6. River Pindar 7. River Nandakini Gangotri, District Uttarkashi Lohari Nag. Pala Hydro-electric Project Upstream Maneri Bhali Phase-I, Jhulapul Inlet Maneri Bhali Phase-I, Keshavpuram Saprobic Score Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class Biological Water Quality A Clean B Slight Pollution A Clean A Clean A Clean Outlet Maneri Bhali Phase-I A Clean Inlet Maneri Bhali Phase-II A Clean 2 km downstream Maneri Bhali A Clean Phase-II Upstream Uttarkashi A Clean Downstream Uttarkashi A Clean Upstream Nagon Gadhera, A Clean Dharasu Upstream Old Tehri, Malideval A Clean A Clean Ghonti, 41 km upstream New A Clean Tehri Kandal Village, Old Tehri, Before A Clean confluence to River Bhagirathi Badrinath, second Hydel project A Clean Bamni 250 m upstream Vishnuprayag A Clean Barrage Infront of Switch Yard, A Clean Downstream Power House of Vishnuprayag HEP. Birahi, after confluence of Birahi A Clean Ganga Rudraprayag, opposite Temple, A Clean u/s Sangam Rudraprayag, after confluence of A Clean River Mandakini, GMVN Guest House Kaliyasaur, near Dhari Devi A Clean Temple Tapovan village, Vishnugad A Clean Barrage site, District Joshimath Birahi, before confluence to River A Clean Alaknanda, Nizamul 13 km, 6 km from Chamoli Meeng, Near bridge A Clean Karanprayag, before confluence A Clean to River Alaknanda Nandprayag near Bridge before A Clean confluence to River Alaknanda

187 S. No. Rivers Location of River Stretches 8. River Mandakini 9. River Dhauliganga 10. River Kali 12. River Saryu 2 km before Tilwara u/s Rudraprayag Baity village, 7 km u/s Dhauliganga barrage, Distt. Pithoragarh Dharchula D/s Barrage before confluence River Kali, near Tawaghat 2 km upstream Tawaghat, 13 km from NHPC guest house on NH- 29 Upstream Power House, after confluence of River Dhauliganga at Tawaghat Hanumangadi, Tanakpur, District. Champawat Downstream Kalagadh Dam, Afjalgadh Loharkhet Micro Hydel Project Downstream, Saling Udiyar Saprobic Score Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class Biological Water Quality A Clean A Clean A Clean A Clean A Clean B Slight Pollution C Moderate Pollution A Clean Harsila Downstream Kapkot B Slight Pollution Majiakhet downstream A Clean Bageshwar, after confluence of River Gomti Ghat, District Pithoragarh A Clean 13. River Gomti Kukarigad, upstream Bageshwar B Slight Pollution Kailasu A Clean 14. River Kosi Jorasi, district Almora A Clean 15. River Ganga Kaudiyala, near Rafting club A Clean 16. River Yamuna Rishikesh, Muni Ki Reti, opposite Gita Bhawan Downstream Veerbhadra Barrage, Rishikesh Lakhwar Dam, NH-123, 2.5 km from Dam site, Juddo village, Near Bridge Dakpathar near Road bridge, Panchayat Bhawan B Slight Pollution A Clean A Clean A Clean 17. River Tons Haripur, Khadar A Clean Bio-monitoring at raw water intake poins in NCT-Delhi Rapidly increasing population and industrialization has resulted in increase in the demand of fresh water. The production and distribution of clean drinking water in NCT Delhi is undertaken by Delhi Jal Board. Delhi Jal Board supplied 675 million gallons of water per day during year 2005 against the demand of 850 million. Various surface (River Yamuna, Upper Ganga Canal and Western Yamuna Canal) as well as subsurface water sources (renny well and tube well) are being utilized as raw water source

188 in order to meet the ever-growing drinking water demand of NCT Delhi. Information on water treatment plants in Delhi is presented in Table Table 6.4: Water Treatment Plants in NCT - Delhi S. No. Raw water source 1. River Yamuna 2. River Yamuna 3. Western Yamuna Canal 4. Upper Ganga Canal, U.P. 5. Western Yamuna Canal 6. Renny Wells on River Yamuna Bed 7. River Yamuna 8. Ranny Wells/Tube wells 9. River Yamuna Water Treatment Plant Installed Water Treatment Capacity MCM/day MGD Clear Water Supply Areas Chandrawal I & II service Reservoirs Flagstaff, Hindu Rao, Jeetgarh, Jhandewalan, Ridge Road, Talkatora, Palam, Hasanpur, Rajendra Nagar, Shadipur, Narayana, (One booster pump station at Patel road) Wazirabad I, II, III Sonia Vihar, Wazirabad, Civil Lines, Connaught Place, Model Town, Rajendra Nagar Haiderpur I & II North West Delhi (Rohinia, Saraswati Vihar, Ashok Vihar, Lawrence Road), Part of South Delhi and entire West Delhi Bhagirathi East Delhi, Trans Yamuna, Parts of South Delhi (Okhla, Maharani Bagh, Lajpat Nagar, Kalkaji, Sukhdev Vihar), also to Okhla Water Works Nangloi West Delhi- Uttam Nagar, Dwarka, Papappankalan, Jhandewalan, Talkatora, Patel Nagar, Ridge Road, Malkaganj, Nangloi, Najafgarh Okhla - 12 Kalkaji, Okhla, New Friends Colony Sonia Vihar Under construction Sub-Surface Water Bawana In order to assess any sudden deterioration in raw water quality, the Central Pollution Control Board had initiated the bio-monitoring studies at raw water intake points CPCB has been conducting bimonthly bio-monitoring of water quality at raw water intake points of water treatment plants in Delhi. Bio-monitoring concept is based on utilization of biological variables for assessment of the structural and functional aspect of aquatic ecosystems. Bio-monitoring of raw water sources in Delhi has been conducted through application of artificial substratum indigenously fabricated by CPCB. Biological assessment of raw water is being complemented and supplemented with chemical assessment including analysis of micro pollutants (heavy metals and pesticides), Trihalomethanes and AOX in raw as well as in treated water. Table 14.5, 14.6 and 14.7 depict the findings on quality at intake points of raw water at Wazirabad, Haiderpur and Bhagirathi Water Treatment Plants.

189 Table 14.5: Monthly Biological Assessment of raw water intake points of Haiderpur, Wazirabad and Bhagirathi Water Treatment Plants (January, 2005 December, 2005) S. No. Month 1. January 2. March 3. May 4. November Biological Parameter Western Yamuna Canal at Haiderpur River Yamuna at Wazirabad River Yamuna at Bhagirathi Upper Gang Canal at Bhagirathi Saprobic Score Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class C C C A Saprobic Score Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class A C C B Saprobic Score Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class A C C B Saprobic Score Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class A - - C Note: Bio-monitoring has not been undertaken during monsoon months (July and September) as benthic colonization is affected due to monsoon flushing. Table 14.6: Physico-chemical characteristics of Raw water Source at various Water Works in NCT Delhi (January December 2005) SN Raw Water Source Water Works ph Conductivity (µmho/cm) COD (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) NH 3 N (mg/l) TDS (mg/l) Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg 1. River Wazirabad < Yamuna Bhagirathi NT Upper Gang Canal 3. Western Yamuna Canal BIS (1991) limits Bhagirathi < NT Haiderpur Desirable (mg/l) Permissible No relaxation (mg/l) Raw Total Alkalinity Total Hardness Calcium as Ca +2 Magnesium as Water (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) Mg +2 Chloride (mg/l) Sulphate (mg/l) SN Water (mg/l) Works Source Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg 1. River Wazirabad Yamuna Bhagirathi Upper Gang Canal 3. Western Yamuna Canal BIS (1991) limits in mg/l Bhagirathi Haiderpur Desirable (as Ca) Permissible (as Ca)

190 Table 14.6(Contd): Physico-chemical characteristics of Raw water Source at various Water Works in NCT Delhi (January December 2005) SN Raw Water Source Water Works Phosphate (mg/l) Boron (mg/l) Fluoride (mg/l) Sodium (mg/l) Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg 1. River Yamuna Wazirabad NT NT # # * Bhagirathi * ## # 2. Upper Gang Canal Bhagirathi * ## # 3. Western Haiderpur NT # # * Yamuna Canal BIS (1991) limits in mg/l Desirable Permissible SN Raw Water Source 1. River Yamuna 2. Upper Gang Canal 3. Western Yamuna Canal BIS (1991) limits in mg/l Water Works Potassium (mg/l) Nitrite (mg/l) Nitrate (mg/l) TKN (mg/l) Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Wazirabad * Bhagirathi * Bhagirathi * NT Haiderpur * Desirable Permissible * One month data; # Two months data; ##Three months data Table 14.7: Average Heavy Metal Residues in Raw water source at various Water Works in NCT Delhi (January December 2005) S. No. Raw Water Source Water Works Cadmium (mg/l) Chromium (mg/l) Copper (mg/l) Iron (mg/l) Nickel (mg/l) Lead (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) 1. River Yamuna Wazirabad NT NT NT NT 0.09 Bhagirathi NT NT NT Upper Gang Canal Bhagirathi NT NT NT NT Western Yamuna Canal Haiderpur NT NT 0.04 Desirable BIS (1991) limits in mg/l Permissible No relaxation NT = Not traceable No relaxation No relaxation HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Compliance of Hon ble Supreme Court Directives in W. P (C) No. 657 of 1995 As per the Directives of Hon ble Supreme Court of India, dated October 14, 2003 in the matter of Writ Petition No. (C) of 657 of 1995, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is required to prepare and comply with the following directives: i) Preparation & Issuance of Check list and Ensuring its Compliance;

191 ii) Preparation of Guidelines on Hazardous Waste Incinerators; iii) Preparation of Guidelines for Proper Functioning & Up keep of Disposal Sites; iv) Preparation of Guidelines for Transportation of Hazardous Waste; v) National Policy Document on Management of Hazardous Waste; vi) Random Checks on Inventory of Hazardous Waste Generation submitted by the SPCBs/PCCs; vii) Random Checks on Inventory on Hazardous Waste Dump sites submitted by the SPCBs/PCCs and Evaluation of the Rehabilitation Plans of Dump Sites; viii) Preparation of Comprehensive Report on Inventory of HW Generation and HW Dump Sites and Rehabilitation Plans of Dump Sites; ix) To do R & D Work on Phasing out of Dirty Technologies x) Co-ordination with Ministry of Environment & Forests w.r.to preparation and finalization of the draft Amendment to Hazardous Waste (M & H) Amendment Rules. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in compliance of aforesaid directives, finalized and published the following guidelines: i) Uniform Testing Procedures to be followed by the Labs. ii) Guidelines for Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators. iii) Guidelines for Transportation of Hazardous Waste. iii) Pre-requisites for Issuing Authorization by the SPCBs/PCCs. iv) Guidelines for Proper Functioning and Upkeep of Disposal Sites. As per the Order of Hon ble Supreme Court of India, dated October 14, 2003 in Writ Petition (C) No. 657 of 1995, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) either itself or through Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) or any other agency is required to draft a policy document on hazardous waste management, keeping in view recommendations of High Power Committee (HPC).CPCB co-ordinated with the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), in preparation of National Policy Document on Management of Hazardous Waste and revision of Schedule 3 (list of wastes applicable for import & export for reprocessing, Schedule 4 (list of wastes, the reprocessing of which need registration from Central Pollution Control Board) and Schedule 8 (list of wastes prohibited for import and export of hazardous wastes) of the Hazardous Waste ( Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended in The final draft of National Policy Document on Management of Hazardous Waste and proposed draft amendments to Schedule 3, Schedule 4 and Schedule 8 of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules has already been forwarded to MoEF for consideration. Strategy for interstate movement of hazardous waste and its disposal in common facilities In the Draft National Policy on Management of Hazardous Waste, it has been suggested that inter-state movement of hazardous waste will be required when

192 (i) landfillable waste generated by a State/UT is less than 20,000 tonne per annum and or (ii) when incinerable wastes generated in a State/UT is less than 3,000 tonnes per annum. Though, the above policies were finalized and incorporated in the draft national policy document, after considering the views of SPCBs/PCCs and keeping in view that some progress have been made in setting up of common facilities including in relatively small hazardous waste generating States such as Punjab, Himachal Pradesh & Kerala etc., as well as the reluctance of the State Governments to accept hazardous waste from other States, it was felt necessary to review the draft National Policy on Management of Hazardous Waste particularly in respect of interstate movement of hazardous waste and disposal of hazardous waste in common hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDF). In this regard, a strategy was proposed, which was discussed in 52 nd Conference of Chairpersons and Member Secretaries of State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees, held at Mumbai during January 05, Further, outcome of these discussions was also presented next day in the 13 th meeting of Supreme Court Monitoring Committee, held on January 06, After deliberations, following recommendations were made for taking further necessary action by the SPCBs/PCCs: All States /UTs should ensure setting up common facilities for land filling of hazardous waste, latest by June States/UTs which propose to utilize Common HW landfill facilities set up/ being set up in neighboring States, should finalize formal agreements by above date. States/UTs generating incinerable wastes exceeding 5000 TPA, should ensure setting up of common facility for incineration by December States/UTs proposing to utilize common incineration facilities available in neighboring States should finalize formal agreements by December To request Chairman, SCMC to write to all the State Governments / UTs Administration enclosing details of subsidy and assistance already provided by some of the State Governments with the suggestion to provide assistance/ incentives for setting up of common facilities. Hon ble Supreme Court may be appraised by SCMC accordingly. The decisions taken in the afore said conference have been communicated to all the Chief Secretaries of State Governments and the Union Territory Administration by the Chairman, Supreme Court Monitoring Committee as well as to all the SPCBs/PCCs for necessary action.

193 Inventory of hazardous waste generation as per Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003 As per the directives of the Hon ble Supreme Court, all SPCBs/PCCs are required to carryout inventory in the light of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Amendment Rules as amended in In order to carryout inventory on hazardous waste generating industries by the SPCBs/PCCs as per the directives of the Hon ble Supreme Court, the CPCB have prepared guidelines and circulated to all the SPCBs/PCCs. Also, to have uniformity in submission of the inventory reports, Central Board prepared a format and circulated to all the SPCBs/PCCs. So far, 22 SPCBs viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, West Bengal and 03 UTs viz., Chandigarh, Daman, Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli, and Pondicherry have completed the inventory and submitted the reports to CPCB. The States (04Nos) Viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Sikkim and UTs (02 Nos) viz., Lakshdweep, Andaman & Nicobar Islands reported that there is no ahzardous waste generating units in the respective States or UTs. The States viz., Tripura, Delhi, J & K are yet to submit the inventory to CPCB covering the industry-wise hazardous waste generation in the light of the Hazardous Waste (M & H) Amendment Rules, The information on hazardous waste generating units and the quantity of hazardous waste generation as reported by the SPCBs/PCCs are tabulated in Table Zonal Offices of CPCB have carried out random checks, as per the directives of Hon ble Supreme Court. Random checks have been completed in 18 No. of States viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, West Bengal and 03 UTs viz., Chandigarh, Daman, Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli, and Pondicherry. The random checks in other States/UTs viz., Goa, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu are under progress. Table 14.1: State-wise hazardous waste generating units and quantity of hazardous waste Sl. No. Name of the As per HWM Rules, 1989 As per HWM Rules, 2003 State/ UT No. of Units Quantity in TPA No. of Units Quantityin TPA 1. Andhra Pradesh 501 1,11,098 1,532 5,07, Assam 18 1,66, , Bihar 42 26, , Chandigarh 47 3, , Delhi 403 1,000 1,777 17, Goa 25 8, , Gujarat 2,984 4,30,030 6,052 12,07, Haryana , , Himachal 116 2, ,361

194 Pradesh 10. Karnataka 454 1,03,243 1,589 92, Kerala 133 1,54, , Maharashtra 3,953 20,07,846 4,355 14,07, Madhya Pradesh 183 1,98, ,82, Orissa 163 3,41, , J & K 57 1, <10, Pondicherry 15 8, , Punjab ,709 1,448 15, Rajasthan 344 1,54, ,83, Tamilnadu 1,100 4,01,073 2,177 1,81, Uttar Pradesh 1,036 1,45,786 1,703 82, West Bengal 440 1,29, ,36, Chattisgarh , Mizoram - - Nil Nil 24 Meghalaya , Nagaland Daman, Diu, D & NH , Jharkhand Not given 28 Uttaranchal , Manipur - - Nil Nil 30 Tripura Nil 31 Lakshadweep - - Nil Nil 32 Arunachal Pradesh - - Nil Nil 33 Andaman & Nicobar - - Nil Nil 34 Sikkim - - Nil Nil Note: The data is only based on the preliminary inventory carried out by the SPCBs/PCCs. Hence, the figures may vary. The observations of the Central Board made on the inventory submitted by the States/UTs were discussed in 52 nd Conference of the Chairpersons and Member Secretaries of State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees held at Mumbai on January 05,2006. Further, the observations of CPCB as well as the random check reports were communicated to the Concerned SPCBs/PCCs for updation of the inventory by the concerned SPCB/PCC. In the afore said conference it was decided that all the SPCBs/PCCs will take necessary action for rectification of the inventory in the light of the guidelines & as per prescribed format circulated by CPCB and keeping in view the observations of CPCB sent to the concerned SPCBs. It was suggested to SPCBs/PCCs to submit the updated inventory to CPCB, by March 31, Inventory of hazardous waste dumpsites and preparation of rehabilitation plans

195 As per Hon ble Supreme Court Directives, SPCBs/PCCs are also required to carryout inventory on hazardpis waste dumpsites and are required to make assessment with regard to the extent of soil or ground water contamination in & around identified dump sites and also to prepare and submit the rehabilitation plans. As per the information provided by SPCBs/PCCs, 17 States viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, J & K, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal, Manipur, Tripura, Sikkim & Chattisgarh and 05 UTs Viz., Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Pondicherry, Daman, Diu & DNH and Lakshadweep have indicated that there are no hazardous waste dump sites in their States/ UTs. The hazardous waste dumpsites, as reported by 12 States are as follow: Table 14.2: Hazardous Waste Dump sites identified/reported by the SPCBs/PCCs S.No Name of State No. of Dump Sites 01. Andhra Pradesh 40 (In Hyderabad region) 02. Assam Gujarat Karnataka Maharashtra 10 (In MIDC Area) 06. Madhya Pradesh Orissa 21(In 07 Districts) 08. Punjab Rajasthan Tamilnadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal 08 Total 125 Steps taken by Pollution Control Boards regarding Hazardous Waste Dumpsites The various steps taken by SPCB are summarized below: Most of the States are in the process of making preliminary assessment with regard to the extent of soil or ground water contamination in and around the identified hazardous waste dump sites. The States viz., Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Orissa have already made efforts with regard to assessment of dump sites. The State of Maharashtra has outsourced the work on identification and quantification of the hazardous waste dumpsites (outside MIDC area) to National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad, using satellite imageries. The study is restricted to Thane district and is under progress. In the State of Gujarat, 15 identified dump sites have been reported to be cleaned up at an approximate cost of 14.3 Million Rupees. In the case of M/s. Hema Chemical

196 Industries, Vadodara, the State Board has completed National Productivity Council, New Delhi. assessment through M/s. The State of Orissa and West Bengal have completed the preliminary assessment in and around the identified dumpsites in the respective States by engaging M/s. National Productivity Council, New Delhi. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board have carried out the assessment of contaminated sites at Ranipet and Kodaikanal. However, the remediation plans proposed by the TNPCB to SCMC is under review. In case of Rajasthan, the remediation programme at Bichchri, Udaipur as per the directives of the Hon ble Supreme Court is yet to commence. The State Board of Punjab constituted an expert committee so as to review the progress made by their consultant. Assessment of dumpsite in Punjab is under progress. The State of Karnataka have taken up the assistance of GTZ-HAWA for carrying out the assessment of HW dump site at Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore. Assessment study is under progress. Other State Pollution Control Boards expressed difficulty in making the assessment of the HW dumpsites. In view of the difficulties expressed by the SPCBs/PCCs and in order to upgrade the technical capabilities of the State Board officials, training programmes have already been conducted as well as proposed to be conducted in the financial year for the officials responsible for assessment and preparation of rehabilitation plans in the SPCBs/PCCs. Steps taken by CPCB i) Organized two days workshop at New Delhi in association with GTZ-ASEM, during August 11-12, 2005 wherein GTZ experts shared their experience with regard to German regulations concerning hazardous waste dump sites, assessment of dumpsites and their remediation. Officials from State and Central Pollution Control Boards, CPCB and Ministry of Environment & Forests attended the workshop. German guidelines for assessment and remediation of dumpsites/contaminated sites and European legislations concerning dumpsites/contaminated sites were circulated to the participants. ii) In order to strengthen the technical capabilities of SPCBs/PCCs, in first phase, a training programme for Environmental Engineer/Senior Scientific Officer level officers on Assessment of dump sites and preparation of rehabilitation plans has been organized during March 06-10, 2006 at Bangalore and wherein the officials of State Pollution Control Boards made presentations on the assessment so far made and feed back from the experts from GTZ-ASEM were made available so as to take further necessary by the SPCBs. Second phase of the training programme is proposed to be organized in Germany, in April/May 2006.

197 iii) Issues regarding the status on identification of dump sites, their assessment and preparation of rehabilitation plans and the projects on management of hazardous wastes proposed to be taken up under World Bank assistance including the component on remediation of contaminated sites and further course of action to be taken were also discussed in 52 nd Conference of the Chairpersons and Member Secretaries of State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees held at Mumbai on January 05,2006. In the afore said conference, the SPCBs/PCCs have been advised to complete assessment of dump sites and also to prioritize for the purpose of remediation and for consideration under World Bank Assistance Programme, by September 2006 and also to draw up the plans with financial estimates for immediate measures that may be required to stop further environmental damage as well as preparation of full scale rehabilitation plans with detailed estimation of cost of remediation and to send the reports to CPCB, by December The decisions taken in the aforesaid conference were communicated to the SPCBs/PCCs for taking necessary action. Identification of hazardous waste streams in paint sector, their characterisation and waste minimisation options The project has been taken up by the Central Board, to identify various hazardous waste streams, their characterisation and to recommend waste minimization options in paint industry. The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) has been engaged to accomplish the project. Preparation of guidance documents for hazardous waste management, industry sector-wise Study for the preparation of guidance document for hazardous waste management was taken up through Orissa State Pollution Control Board for industrial sectors such as iron & steel, aluminium, sodium dichromate & galvanising process. The objective of the study is the Identification of hazardous waste streams, its characterization and recovery & recycling options. The study for aluminium & sodium dichromate manufacturing sectors has been completed & the report is under finalisation. The study pertaining to other sectors (Iron & steel and Galvanising) is under progress. Separately, study for preparation of guidance document for Pesticide Sector was takenup and completed through M/s. NCL, Pune which covers 12 pesticide products. The study is further continued for additional 12 products such as DDT, Dichlorovos, Phorate, Phosphamidon, Quinalphos, Lindane, Methyl parathion, Mancozeb, 2-4 D, Isoproturon under insecticides, fungicides, herbicides & weedicides group of pesticides, for identification of hazardous waste streams, its characterization and recovery/recycling options. The study is under progress.

198 Hazardous Waste Management in Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh In pursuance of the directives of Hon ble Supreme Court of India (dated October 14, 2003) regarding management of hazardous wastes, in the matter of writ petition no. 657 of 1995, C.P.C.B. carried out the random checks on the reports submitted by various State Pollution Control Boards with respect to generation and management of hazardous waste. North Zonal office of C.P.C.B., Lucknow had been entrusted to carry out the random checks on the inventory reports of the northern States namely Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Haryana, Punjab, UT-Chandigarh, Himanchal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. The job was completed for U.P., Uttaranchal and U.T. Chandigarh during For Punjab, Haryana and H.P. the random verification was completed during ) Industries selected for random check were chosen so as to satisfy not only the geographical area of the State but also category of the industries. 2) Industries were identified as hazardous in accordance with Hazardous waste (Management & Handling) Amendment Rules, ) While estimating the waste an exhaustive scrutiny of Process Flow Detail was made along with study of process units, conveyance of waste stream, mechanism of waste handling, scrutiny of records made available by the industry and interaction with the concerned industry representatives. 4) For an over-all interpretation,schedule-1and II of the Notification (dt of the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling ) Amendment Rules,2003 wereconsideredas the nodal reference The State-wise observations are as follows- Punjab After going through the list / inventory of the hazardous wastes generating industries as submitted by PPCB, it appeared that it is not final and needs revision. Very few industries are getting analyzed their hazardous wastes for its characterization. This is a serious matter of concern to be looked after by PPCB. In many of the zinc sulphate manufacturing industries, no treatment is given to the filter press cake for conversion of soluble fractions of heavy metals into their insoluble fractions. Some industries even lack proper sludge drying beds. In case of industries producing secondary lead from waste lead-acid batteries, it is observed that the pollution control facilities and storage of hazardous slags are satisfactory in the newly commissioned industries but the old industries needs improvement. In some storage facilities, leakages of the rainwater were observed in sheds constructed for storing the HW. An engineering approach in the design and construction of HW storage facilities is needed.

199 Many of the industries including service stations / large-scale industries are selling their waste oils / lube oils/ oil spillages etc. to those dealers / industries which do not have Registration as actual user of HW. Some categories of the industries like organic chemicals, Vanaspati & Refined oils are using nickel-based catalysts. Many of the industries are selling the spent catalysts to the authorized re-generating industries with proper permission of SPCBs. This is considerably reducing the HW quantities. There is a need to follow this practice by the remaining such industries also. Some pharmaceutical industries have installed the double chambered incinerator recently and MEE (multiple effect evaporator). Monitoring of this incinerator has been conducted by CPCB & NPC. However others especially the small-scale units are presently storing their wastes and waiting for common facility to come up. There is an urgent need for installation of a common incinerator either by Pharmaceutical / Pesticides Industries Association or by the Common facilitator at Derrabassi. Some of the chemical industries have old & obsolete incinerator. They need to dispose their wastes through the incinerator fulfilling the norms of pollution control. Records of generation /disposal of the HW are in general maintained by the industries except by majority of the tanneries at Jallandhar. A number of waste oils / used oils re-refining units are in operation in Punjab. Initially all these units were based on acid treatment process. Now they have started switching over to vacuum distillation technology. 6 such new industries have been inspected by CPCB and technology has been verified. Still a large number of these categories of units have to change the process of re-refining. Many small and medium scale industries are selling their exhausted / spent acids to dealers / industries which do not have proper infrastructure for reprocessing the HW and also the Registration as actual user of HW. Some such buyer industries are in operation in Amritsar region manufacturing ferrous sulphate in an unscientific manner, in the non-conforming area and without the permission of concerned government agencies. This is a serious matter of concern. Significant numbers of chrome tanning industries are in operation in Jallandhar in Leather Complex industrial area. General Observations with regard to Leather Complex are as follows- In many of the industries, CRU is yet to be installed. Drains in the industrial area were seen as choked as a result of non-operational stage of PETPs and also because of discharges of hazardous wastes and sludge into them. Large quantities of hazardous solid wastes were seen as lying in the industries. These wastes may thereafter be disposed off in an unscientific manner without following the rules and regulations. No proper records of the hazardous sludge are maintained. The quantities of hazardous wastes estimated by PPCB and permitted in the Authorization appear to be on lower side.

200 There is a need to take up this area on priority by the regulating agencies (CPCB, PPCB and Local Bodies) and the Industrial Associations. The common disposal site has been finalized at Nimbua (Derrabassi) Distt. Patiala and 21 acres of the land has been acquired by PPCB. The Facilitator party namely M/s Nimbua Green Field Pvt. Ltd. for building & operation has been finalized and process for transfer of land to it on lease basis is in progress. In the first phase, safe landfill facility will be started and it will be come into operation latest by mid of In the second phase, Incineration Facility, depending upon the availability of quality & quantity of Incinerable wastes and its economic viability, may be provided. Haryana There are about 889 hazardous waste generating units. a. While identifying the waste category with reference to the Schedule-I, there have been quite a few waste category, which were not included / considered in the Authorization issued by HSPCB. Such waste categories are however mentioned in the summary sheet as well as in the questionnaire submitted by individual industry. b. In some cases, correct category of the industry has not been mentioned. c. In Faridabad and Ballabhgarh areas, the status of most of the electroplating units have been changed as the units are sending their wastewater to the newly installed and commissioned CETP at sector 58 of Faridabad. d. The facility for storage of hazardous waste at CETP site has not been prepared so far and the waste has been found dumped in the CETP premises indiscriminately. e. Variations have been noticed in generation of hazardous waste quantity assessed by H.S.P.C.B. f. The State of Haryana does not have any secured landfill site ready for the disposal of hazardous waste; hence industries are forced for on site storage of hazardous waste since long. This has resulted into stock pilled in every industry and shortage of storage area at the industry premises in several cases. g. In most of the cases, the data provided by HSPCB regarding stockpiled was not actually found on site which is very much understandable. h. Couples of industries were observed as having installed incinerator for hazardous waste generated. Efficiency of these incinerators is required to be checked. i. It has been noticed that some of the industries that were visited have not been included in the HSPCB report & are actually hazardous waste generating units. j. There are many industries that generate more than one category of waste, have been listed as per their major waste generating process. k. There has been a general observation that waste generation has significantly increased, mainly because of several waste categories remained unattended while granting authorization. There has been near general negligence towards storage of empty barrels / containers, neither there has been any record maintained by the industries nor any enforcement steps are taken.

201 Himachal Pradesh Government of H.P. has approved 191 Bighas of land for hazardous waste land fill site in Nalagarh and is only one landfill site coming up for entire state of H.P. B.B.N. Industries Association is managing development of this site. M/s Tetra Tech. India Limited are the consultants and M/s United Phosphorus Ltd the partners to set up and operate the facility. The project cost is around Rs 34 crores. While carrying-out random inventory, a reference was made to the data provided by HPPCB. The salient observations as emerged out are as under: 1. HPPCB has submitted a list of 519 industries identified as hazardous waste generating units. Out of these, 52 industries were selected for random check out of which one unit had not co-operated in inspection and three were found closed. 2. It was observed that HPPCB seems to issue authorization based on the information submitted by industry in application form without any further verification of hazardous waste generation quantity nos. of industries were found operational without authorization and 01 industry without valid authorization. 4. While identifying the waste category with reference to the Schedule-I, there have been a few waste categories, which were not included / considered in the Authorization issued by HPPCB. Such waste categories are however mentioned in the summary sheet as well as in the questionnaire submitted by individual industry. 5. In some cases, correct category of the industry has not been mentioned e.g. Electroplating industries, Iron & Steel industries and Pharmaceutical plants. 6. Variations have been noticed in the quantities of hazardous wastes generated. 7. The secured landfill site in the state is under process of development hence industries are required for on site storage of hazardous waste since long. This has resulted into stock pilled in every industry, leading to shortage of onsite storage area for most of the industries. 8. Couple of industries was observed as having installed incinerator for hazardous waste generated. Performance of incinerators needs to be checked. 9. Most of the industries have installed the display board giving information regarding hazardous waste generation and storage. 10. It has been noticed that most of the small-scale units irrespective of their category have casual approach towards hazardous waste management. 11. There are many industries that generate more than one category of waste, have been listed as per their major waste generating process. 12. Sufficient quantities of used/waste oil are being generated from many of the industries from their plants and machineries. In majority of the cases, it has not been included in the inventory. It appeared that the inventory prepared by HP EP&PCB is not complete and needs revision e.g. two industries namely M/s Jhonson & Jhonson Baddi and M/s Solan Food Products Private Limited are not included in the list submitted by SPCB.

202 Characterisation of hazardous waste containing heavy metals Hazardous waste samples (32 Nos.) were collected from different industries in Southern Zone and characterization studies were conducted for Heavy Metals. A total No. of 288 elements were analysed.. These hazardous wastes were collected from CETPs in Hyderabad, Vellore, Tirupur and Karur and a variety of industrial effluent treatment plants including the composts from Distillery Units. COD waste from the laboratory of CPCB Zonal Office Bangalore was treated and recovered around 37 gms. of silver. In continuation of this study, five major environmental laboratories have been identified in Bangalore and COD waste samples are being collected regularly from these laboratories for recovery of valuable silver and toxic mercury. Apart from the above, TCLP as well as water extraction studies were conducted for few slag samples collected from some of the Lead recycling units in Tamil Nadu. The results of analysis have been shown in the following Table Table 14.3: Characterisation of hazardous waste containing heavy metals Sl. Metal Concentration No Code Pb Cd Cu Zn Ni Fe Cr Mn Co 1 Cyclone Dust BDL 2 Bag filter dust sample Bag filter dust sample Bag filter dust sample BDL BDL 6 BDL Slag Rotary Slag Water Extraction of Slag BDL Water Extraction of Rotary Slag TCLP of Slag TCLP of Rotary Slag Note: Sl.Nos. 1 6 are expressed in mg/kg and 7 10 are expressed in mg/lit. Inspection of Port Trust of India and ICD depot Southern Zone Inspections were carried out at Chennai, Tuticorin Port Trust and ICD Depot at Bangalore as per Directions issued by the Hon ble Supreme Court. The details of consignments cleared by such authorities during last two years was verified in addition to the sample analysis reports which should have been a decision making tool towards clearing such consignments. The gaps observed in the system were highlighted and based on the recommendations made by all the Zonal Offices, a meeting for the Port

203 and Customs authorities at the National level was organized at Delhi. All the Port and Customs authorities were intimated about the necessary do s and don ts to overcome the shortcomings noticed till date. Review of environmental management at Alang Ship Breaking Yard A full status review of environmental management was taken up at Alang Ship Breaking yard in view of the growing domestic and international concern about the environmental effects of ship breaking operations. Apart from this, some Ships have been visited for the assessment and verification of measures taken for the management of various hazardous waste (including asbestos, oils, etc.) generated during ship breaking operations. The status of ambient air /water quality, as monitored during the year at the Problem areas Vapi & Ankleshwar, were discussed among the senior officials of CPCB and concerned SPCBs. The existing Action Plans, prepared by CPCB long back, were found complied with. However, the Plans were reviewed critically in the present context and the revised Action Plans were formulated to incorporate some more timebound Action points 14.3 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Bio-medical Waste Management in North Zone Common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBMWTF) have been set up in various cities for treatment of Bio-medical waste generated in various hospitals, nursing homes, medical establishments etc. In North Zone mostly private operators have established 28 CBMWTF. The state wise breakup is as below: Uttar Pradesh : 14 (3 presently not operational, 1 under installation) Punjab : 4 Harayana : 7 Himachal Pradesh : 2 Jammu &Kashmir : 1 Out of these, 8 common facilities were inspected by Zonal Office-Lucknow during the year Common facility specific observations of the facilities inspected by ZO Lucknow are given in Table 14.4 General Observations: In almost all-common facilities un- segregated/partially segregated waste is received for treatment and disposal. In many facilities arrangement of power back up is not available. Only in two facilities conveyer feeding of waste and auto recording of operational condition is in practice. Operation and maintenance of incinerators is not proper in most of the cases resulting in emission not meeting the prescribed norms of incinerator monitored.

204 In some cases the monitoring platform and porthole for stack are not proper for monitoring. In most of the facilities inspected ash disposal practices need improvements. Record keeping of waste is not as per guidelines in almost all facilities. ETP though installed yet they are not operated properly. Table 14.4: Common facility specific observations of the facilities inspected by ZO Lucknow Name of the facility Envirad Medicare Pvt. Ltd., Bareilly Ferro Build Hard (India) Pvt. Ltd., Allahabad Synergy Waste management Pvt. Ltd., Bareilly Equipments Incinerator Autoclave Shredder Incinerator Shredder Incinerator Autoclave Shredder Pollution Control System Yes 34/440 Medical Establishment Linked / Beds covered City covered Moradabad,Barielly Waste treatment Capacity 200Kg/hr ETP Installed Yes Yes 125/4500 Allahabad 60Kg/hr Yes Yes 22/200 Barielly Shajahanpur Pilibhit 60Kg/hr Balrampur Hospital, Golaganj,Lucknow Incinerator No 19/1887 Lucknow 75Kg/hr. No Yes Common incinerator of Lucknow Nagar Nigam,Lucknow Medical Pollution Control Committee, Kanpur Incinerator No 240/3600 Lucknow 75 Kg/Hr No Incinerator Hydroclave Shredder Yes 149/3808 Kanpur, Unnao 350kg/hr Yes M/s WillWorld Environmental Inc.Bithoor-Kanpur M/s Sembramky Environmental Management, Pvt.Ltd, Ghaziabad Incinerator Autoclave Incinerator Autoclave Shredder Yes 43/900 Kanpur 170Kg/hr No Yes 180/2659 Noida, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Meerut 200kh/hr Yes Performance of Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facilities in Central Zone In central zone, eighteen CBWTFs have been established. Out of eighteen, thirteen are operating in Madhya Pradesh, three in Rajasthan and two in Chhattisgarh (as on March, 2006). CBWTFs are having incinerator with other supporting facilities like autoclave, shredder, chemical treatment, deep burial etc. The details of CBWTF visited in Central Zone, the water generation and gas emission characteristics are presented in Tables below.

205 Table 14.5: Details of CBWTF visited during at central zone (as of March, 2006) Name of the Facility Facility started Capacity of incinerator M/s Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal M/s Bhopal Incinerator Ltd, Bhopal M/s Elite Engineers, Jabalpur M/a Hoswin Incinerator Pvt. Ltd., Indore M/s.Sales Promoters C/o. NSCB, Medical College, Jabalpur M/s.Sales Promoters C/o. G.R. Medical College, Gwalior M/s Instrumedix (I) Pvt. Ltd, Jaipur M/s E-Tech Project Pvt. Ltd, Bhilai Investme nt in the facility in lakh Area used for operation of facility Disposal Method Adopted Nos. of health care facility associated Nos. of beds covered by CBWTF June, m 2 Incineration 30x3 kg/hr January, Sqft Incineration 50 kg/hr May, acre Incineration 15 kg/hr ,000 sqft Incineration 100 kg/hr Information not provided sqft Incineration 100 kg/hr June, sqft Incineration 100 kg/hr acre Incineration 250 kg/hr June ,000 Sqft Incineration 75 kg/hr Table 14.6: Characterization of wastewater generated from the CBWTF for prescribed parameters Facility Source of sample ph TSS O & G COD BOD Status of compliance Remarks M/s Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Center, Bhopal (M.P.) M/s Bhopal Incinerator Ltd., Bhopal (M.P.) M/s Elite Engineers, Jabalpur (M.P.) M/s Hoswin incinerator Pvt. Ltd., Indore (M.P.) M/s.Sales Promoters C/o. NSCB, Medical College, Jabalpur (M.P) M/s.Sales Promoters C/o. G.R. Medical College, Gwalior (M.P) M/s Instromedix (I) Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur (Raj.) M/s E-Tech Project pvt. Ltd., Bhilai (CG) Outlet of STP/ETP Inlet of CETP Outlet of ETP Outlet of ETP Scrubber O/L Floor washing Outlet of ETP Outlet of ETP Compliance Treated water reused in the premises Compliance Waste water sent to CETP Compliance Treated water reused in the gardening Compliance except BOD Compliance Except TSS, BOD & O&G 100% water recirculation No ETP is attached to CBWTF & untreated wastewater discharged into drain No defined drained system made for discharge of wastewater Compliance except BOD Treated water reused in the gardening Non compliance Treated water discharge in to drain

206 Table 14.7: Monitoring of flue gas emission from different incinerator installed at CBWTFs Facility M/s BMHRC, Bhopal M/s Bhopal Incinerator Ltd., Bhopal (M.P.) Date of monitoring A.P.C. devices PM mg/ Nm 3 HCl Mg Nm 3 NOx mg/ Nm 3 SO 2 mg/ Nm 3 Combustion efficiency (CE) (%) Status of compliance 16/03/06 Dilution chamber Compliance except PM 05/01/06 Cyclone, Venturi scrubber, droplet separator & stack and CE Compliance except PM and CE M/s Elite Engineers, Jabalpur (M.P.) M/s Hoswin IncineratorPvt. Ltd., Indore (M.P.) M/s.Sales Promoters C/o. NSCB, Medical College, Jabalpur (M.P) M/s.Sales Promoters C/o. G.R. Medical College, Gwalior (M.P) M/s Instromedix (I) Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur (Raj.) M/s E-tech Project Pvt. Ltd., Bhilai (CG) 28/03/06 Cyclone, Venturi scrubber, droplet separator &stack 06/10/05 Venturi scrubber, droplet separator & stack Monitoring not done Venturi scrubber, droplet separator &stack 23/01/06 Multi-cyclone & Stack 27/02/06 Venturi scrubber, droplet separator tanks and stack 20/03/06 Cyclone, Venturi scrubber, separator-id fan stack MND: Monitoring not done Compliance Except PM and CE Monitoring not Compliance done MND MND MND MND Monitoring not done Stack emission not monitored due to inadequate facility Compliance except PM and CE Compliance except CE Compliance except PM and CE Monitoring of Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facilities in South Zone The Common Biomedical Waste Incinerators Stack and ETP(s) were monitored in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In addition sixteen hospitals were also inspected in Kerala under this project. The results obtained in concern with flue gas analysis are tabulated in table Table 14.8: Stack Monitoring Results of Common Bio-Medical Waste operated in Southern States Name of Common Bio-Medical Wastes facilitators O 2 % CO PPM NO X PPM SO 2 PPM HC PPM Particulate mg/nm 3 1. M/s. Medicare Incin. Private ltd,no.2950, Mahakavi Kuvempu Road, 2nd Stage Rajaji nagar, Bangalore M/s. Maridi Eco Industries P Ltd, 71, 8th cross!st main SR nagar Bangalore 3. M/s. Shree Consultants, No.724,!st floor SVM complex Ramanuja road Mysore M/s. Medicare Incin pvt Ltd, No.47-B, karnad Industriel Area, Mulky, Mangalore

207 5. M/s Shushrutha Bio Medical waste Management Society, 4th Cross, Achutha rao layout, Shimoga M/s Sushanth Environment Tech p ltd, No.56/IA. Not Voddinahalli village, BadaRoad, Davangere Monitored 7. M/s Ken Bio Links P Ltd, Kandipeddu, Vellore District M/s. GJ Multi clave, Thenmelpakkam- Kanchipuram dist M/s. Tamil Nadu waste management co Ltd, Chennakuppam, Kanchipuram dist M/S IMAGE Incinerator Unit, Kanjicode, Palakkad, Kerala Performance studies of CBMWTFS and Common Incinerators CPCB has carried out the performance evaluation of 06 out of 12 in Maharashtra and 03 out of 19 CBMWTFs in Gujarat. Table 14.9: Performance of Bio Medical Incinerators in Maharashtra and Gujarat S.No Location M/s. Bio Clean Systems (I) Pvt. Ltd. BMWTF, Ahmednagar M/s. Water Grace Products BMWTF, Nashik M/s. Daas BMWTF, Kolhapur 4. M/s. S. S. Enterprises BMWTF Ichalkaranji 5. M/s. Sangli-Miraj Kupwad Municipal Corporation, Sangli 6. M/s. Bio Clean Systems (I) Pvt. Ltd. BMWTF, Solapur 7. M/s. Quantum Environment Engineers, Vadodara 8. M/s. BMW Management Committee IMA, Bhavnagar 9. M/s. Samvedana BMW Incinerator, Halol. Stack attached to SO 2 mg/nm 3 ) NO X (PPM) HCL (mg/m 3 ) PM Mg/Nm 3 Incinerator Incinerator BDL Incinerator Incinerator Incinerator Incinerator Incinerator (30 m) Incinerator (30 m) Incinerator (30 m) MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES Status of MSW Management in 59 Cities CPCB sponsored a project to NEERI on Assessment of Status of Municipal Solid Wastes Management in Metro Cities and State Capitals with a view to establishing database on National level for selected 59 cities. The selected cities include 35 metro cities and 24 State capitals. The objectives of the study is to collect field data on composition and characteristics of municipal solid waste alongwith determination of waste generation rates. Field studies for all the 59 cities have been completed. Studies

208 have revealed that waste generation rate varies from 0.12 to 0.60 kg per capita per day. Analysis of physical composition indicates total compostable matter in the waste is in the range of percent while recyclable fraction was observed between 10 and 25 per cent. The moisture content in the MSW was observed to vary from 30 to 60 per cent while the C:N ratio was observed to be in the range of Based on the study, suggestive guidelines for management of MSW are indicated and each local body will have to prepare detailed project report estimating requirement of tools and equipment and fund estimates. Table 14.9: Municipal solid waste generation rates in 59 cities S Population Area Waste Quantity Waste Generation Name of City No (2001 census) (Sq. km) (TPD) Factor (kg/c/day) 1 Kavaratti 10, Gangtok 29, Itanagar 35, Daman 35, Silvassa 50, Panjim 59, Kohima 77, Port Blair 99, Shillong 1,32, Simla 1,42, Agartala 1,89, Gandhinagar 1,95, Dhanbad 1,99, Pondicherry 2,20, Imphal 2,21, Aizwal 2,28, Jammu 3,69, Dehradun 4,26, Asansol 4,75, Kochi 5,95, Raipur 6,05, Bhubaneswar 6,48, Tiruvanantapuram 7,44, Chandigarh 8,08, Guwahati 8,09, Ranchi 8,47, Vijaywada 8,51, Srinagar 8,98, Madurai 9,28, Coimbatore 9,30, Jabalpur 9,32, Amritsar 9,66, Rajkot 9,67, Allahabad 9,75, Vishakhapatnam 9.82, Faridabad 10,55, Meerut 10,68, Nashik 10,77,

209 S Population Area Waste Quantity Waste Generation Name of City No (2001 census) (Sq. km) (TPD) Factor (kg/c/day) 39 Varanasi 10,91, Jamshedpur 11,04, Agra 12,75, Vadodara 13,06, Patna 13,66, Ludhiana 13,98, Bhopal 14,37, Indore 14,74, Nagpur 20,52, Lucknow 21,85, Jaipur 23,22, Surat 24,33, Pune 25,38, Kanpur 25,51, Ahmedabad 35,20, Hyderabad 38,43, Banglore 43,01, Chennai 43,43, Kolkata 45,72, Delhi 1,03,06, Greater Mumbai 1,19,78, Table 14.10: Municipal Solid Waste characterisation in 59 cities S Compostables Recyclables C/N HCV* Moisture Name of City No (%) (%) Ratio (Kcal/Kg) (%) 1 Kavarati Gangtok Itanagar Daman Silvassa Panjim Kohima Port Blair Shillong Simla Agartala Gandhinagar Dhanbad Pondicherry Imphal Aizwal Jammu Dehradun Asansol Kochi Raipur Bhubaneswar Tiruvananthapuram Chandigarh Guwahati

210 S Compostables Recyclables C/N HCV* Moisture Name of City No (%) (%) Ratio (Kcal/Kg) (%) 26 Ranchi Vijaywada Srinagar Madurai Coimbatore Jabalpur Amritsar Rajkot Allahabad Visakhapatnam Faridabad Meerut Nasik Varanasi Jamshedpur Agra Vadodara Patna Ludhiana Bhopal Indore Nagpur Lucknow Jaipur Surat Pune Kanpur Ahemdabad Hyderabad Bangalore Chennai Kolkata Delhi Gr.Mumbai MSW Issues at Agra The CPCB-Agra Office is dealing with local Administration for implementation of MSW Rules. In various meetings, the issues have discussed at length. Formulation of guidelines is being prepared for the following: Formation of local resident welfare association in all areas/business & commercial areas/street vendors and organize meetings with them so as to have people s participation in the entire city. Prohibit littering on the streets by ensuring storage of waste at source in two bins- one for biodegradable waste and another for recyclable waste. Introduce system of primary collection of waste from the doorstep from all households, shops and establishments by means of training, organization of

211 mass awareness activities for total compliance and review of the progress from time to time. Ensure street cleaning on all the days of the year including Sundays and public holidays. Abolish all open waste storage depots and provide neat mobile close body containers at short distances to cover the entire city for secondary storage of waste. Arrange daily transportation of waste in covered vehicles. Arrange for the treatment of municipal solid waste by composting or power generation. Ensure scientific disposal of waste at an engineered landfill. The local municipality notifies the same in local newspapers and formation of resident welfare association is in progress. Demonstration Projects for solid waste management CPCB and MoEF have instituted a scheme for setting up of demonstration project for solid waste management in accordance with MSW Rule. Objective of the scheme is to demonstrate total implementation of MSW Rule. The scheme is on cost sharing basis where concerned local body is required to contribute 50% of the total cost of the project. Initially, the scheme is confined for one town in each State/UT. The following project have been taken up or planned. S.No State Town Status 1 West Bengal North Dum-Dum Under Implementation New Barrakpore 2 UT Chandigarh Chandigarh Under Implementation 3 Tamil Nadu Udumalpet Under Implementation 4 Kerala Kozhikode Under Implementation 5 Himachal Pradesh Mandi Under Implementation 6 Andhra Pradesh Suryapet Under Implementation 7 Nagaland Kohima Under Implementation 8 Maharashtra Jalna Under Implementation 9 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Under Implementation 10 Sikkim South West District Under Implementation 11 Tripura Agartala Under Implementation 12 Gujarat Clusters of munici-palities in Ahemdabad Planned Methane Emission from MSW Disposal Sites. Most of the waste disposal sites in the country are uncontrolled dumps. Organic matter content in the deposited MSW at the landfill site tends to decompose anaerobically leading to emission of volatile organic compounds and gaseous by products. Emission of gaseous products from landfills commonly called landfill gas (LFG) contains methane and carbon dioxide as major constituents. LFG has potential for non-conventional energy, which also contributes to greenhouse gas effect, if not managed properly. Due to various variable factors, it becomes difficult to estimate correct quantities of such

212 gaseous emissions. With this background, CPCB instituted studies on estimation of landfill gases in collaboration with IARI and NEERI. The study involved development of methodology for monitoring LFG emissions from the landfill at Nagpur and validation of methodology at other landfill sites. For the studies, flux box method was used for LFG flux emission measurement. Initially, the monitoring was carried out at Bhandewadi disposal site, Nagpur and validity of the methodology was tested at Sukhali landfill site in Amravati (6.0 lakhs population). The LFG emission flux for landfill site at Nagpur was observed in the range of 0.57 to 16.5 mg/m 2 /sec while for Amravati landfill sites the LFG emission flux was in the range of 0.67 and 0.88 mg/m 2 /sec. The results of study indicated that the established methodology for Nagpur landfill site could be very well applied for the other landfill sites in the country. Characterization of Compost Quality and its Application in Agriculture India has a good potential for the production and use of MSW based compost and sewage sludge generated in various metros and municipalities. However, few studies have been conducted on its safe and economic disposal and its application on agricultural land in different cropping system. A project taken up by Central Pollution Control Board with IARI attempts to cover the safe and beneficial use of MSW compost and sewage sludge in agriculture vis a vis its environmental impacts based on extensive experimentations and a review of the scientific literature. Under the project, detailed studies on characterization of compost quality and its application on agricultural crops. Seven compost plants were studied for characterization of compost quality. Studies indicated that average concentration of heavy metals in the raw waste that was fed to the various compost plants was in the range of 47 to 185 mg per kg in respect of lead, 36 to 63 mg/kg for nickel and 1.5 to 6.5 mg/kg for cadmium. The level of mercury in raw waste was between 0.01 and 0.23 mg/kg. Heavy metals in the finished compost were ranging as follows; Pb; mg/kg; Ni mg/kg; Cd mg/kg and mg mg/kg. It has been observed that the growth attributes of wheat/ maize and vegetable crops viz., plant height, number of cobs/tillers/m2, dry matter production and leaf area index, were increased due to supply of nitrogen through combination of different doses of urea with compost/ sewage sludge. Assessment of Health Status of Conservancy Staff in Kolkata A study was instituted by CPCB on assessment of health status of conservancy staff and other community associated with handling of solid waste management. The study was taken-up at Kolkata through Chittaranjan Cancer Research Institute and at Chennai with the assistance of Sri. Ramchandra Medical College. The objective of the study is

213 to assess health status of each target group involved in handling of municipal solid waste (MSW). Health assessment studies at Kolkata included clinical examination of 732 individuals of which 376 were conservancy workers, 151 rag pickers and 205 controls. After detailed examination, the findings of the study are summarized in Table Table 14.11: Health assessment of conservancy workers in Kolkata Parameter Control Rag Pickers MSW staff Implication Upper respiratory symptoms Infection in nose, throat Lower respiratory symptoms Infection in lung Impaired lung function Breathing problem Sputum neutrophilia Infection, Inflammation Elevated AM number High PM 10 exposure Larger and multinucleated AM Sustained high pollution load Multinucleated giant cell Bacterial infection Curschman s spiral Obstruction in airways Goblet cell hyperplasia Elevated mucus production Elevated siderophage count Covert lung hemorrhage Elevated micronucleus count Chromosome break Low hemoglobin, RBC in blood Anemia Leukocytosis Infection Elevated platelet count Cardiovascular rish High platelet P-selection Do Low CD 4+high CD8+cells Altered immunity Low CD20+high CD56+cells Do Sputum eosinophilia Allergy, asthma MSW staff=conservancy staff of Kolkata Municipal Corporation 14.5 PLASTICS WASTE MANAGEMENT Indicative Operational Guidelines on Utilization of Plastics in Road Construction Granite aggregates used in road construction have great affinity for water due to inherent wetting nature of the aggregate. Bitumen has very poor water wetting property. This results in the penetration of water between aggregate and Bitumen layer if water is stagnated over the surface. Thus bitumen film is often stripped off the aggregates because of the penetration of water, which results in pothole formation. This is accelerated during the movement of vehicle. When polymer is coated over aggregate,

214 the coating reduces its affinity for water due to non-wetting nature of the polymer and this resists the penetration of water. Polymers are not soluble in water or acids and even in most of the organic solvents. Therefore polymer will not leach out of the bitumen layer, even after laying the road using waste plastics-bitumen-aggregate mix. Besides, waste polymer-bitumen blend reduce the bleeding of bitumen during the summers. The polymer materials used are polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene. Use of polyvinyl chloride is not suggested. There is no possibility of dioxins formation during the use of waste polymer for road construction because chlorine is not present and temperature is not favourable. Addition of waste plastics, generally improves the strength of the road. The addition of fly ash to the polymer aggregate bitumen mix improves the strength of the flexible pavement. It is also observed that the fly ash does not leach from this mixture. Above all, for 1000m x 3.5m road nearly 10 to 15 tons of fly ash is used. Disposal of fly ash becomes easy by this process. Process of road laying using waste plastics is being implemented successfully for the construction of flexible roads at various places in India. A brief description is given below followed by a detail description. Brief description Disposed plastics waste (films, cups and thermocole) is sorted and cleaned Waste plastics to the required size (passing 6.75mm and retaining 2.36mm) is shredded Heat the aggregate to around ( C) Quantitative Addition of shredded Polymer waste with proper mixing technique to get a Uniform coating at the surface (30-40 sec only) Quantitative addition of hot bitumen whose temperature is maintained between C Mix the waste plastic Aggregate Bitumen to get a uniform mix (composite) Bitumen Polymer waste aggregate mix (composite) is taken out around C and used for road Laying Road laying is done between C to get better result using 8 ton roller Central Pollution Control Board has prepared and published an Indicative Operational Guidelines on Utilization of Plastics in Road Construction.

215 14.6 DEVELOPMENTS IN LABORATORIES Guidelines for evaluation and recognition of Environmental laboratories under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Environmental laboratories play a very important role for any effective pollution control programme to be effective as they provides qualitative as well as quantitative data for good decision making purpose. In order to provide infrastructural support for environmental pollution control activities the environmental laboratories should have comprehensive infrastructure and analytical facilities, expertise for all groups of parameters including water, air, noise, hazardous waste, soil, sludge etc. Keeping this in view, the earlier published document has been updated and revised under Laboratory Analytical Technique Series:LATS/9/ (Revised & Updated version). The revised guidelines for evaluation and recognition of environmental laboratories has been approved for its implementation in 135 th Board Meeting held on 28th November, Establishment of National Reference Laboratory for analysis of Trace Organics Persistence Organic Pollutants are of concern globally for high persistence in the environment and have ability to transport through various pathways. These pollutants do not disintegrate easily causing various serious short-term and life-long health affects. The Persistent Organic Pollutants identified for priority action globally under Stockholm Convention include Pesticides - Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, DDT, Toxaphene, Mirex, HCB; Poly-chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); Polychlorinated dibenzo - para - dioxin (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzo-furan (PCDFs). There exists legal framework in the country dealing with POPs under The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules. However, there is need for upgradation and strengthening of monitoring facilities for POPs. The CPCB Laboratories are regularly strengthened in terms of instruments/equipment, expertise and technical capabilities to undertake the national task of environmental assessment and pollution control in the country. Various national and international bilateral programme are providing much needed support for this endeavor. Development of a trace organic laboratory for analysis of trace organics and POPs is one such activity for capacity building and strengthening that is being undertaken in collaboration with Indo-German Bilateral Programme GTZ-ASEM. The National Reference Laboratory is being established with following objectives: Trace Level Organics Analysis including POPs in various matrices Development of relevant Laboratory Infrastructure Training to Personnel of CPCB & SPCBs/PCCs Providing Services and Establishing Co-operation and Co-ordination among stakeholders

216 Technical specifications for analytical instruments, ancillary equipments and infrastructural support have already been finalized. Procurement of instruments/equipments is in final stage. Layout plans of laboratory, air handling system, air cleaning system and air conditioning have been finalized. Civil works for restructuring of the allocated space, installation of air handling system, air cleaning system and air conditioning are being undertaken. Development of infrastructure facilities for polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are environmental contaminants usually present in diverse environmental matrices. 75 PCDDs and 135 PCDFs congeners have been reported till date among which 7 PCDDs and 10 PCDFs are internationally identified having considerable toxicity. Concentrations of these ultra-trace compounds in environmental matrices may vary from sub-ppt (parts per trillion) and may reach upto ppm (parts per million) level. There exists no laboratory in the country, which is having exhaustive facilities for analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs in environmental matrices. Therefore, the project is undertaken with following major objectives: - Development of infrastructure facilities for measurement of Dioxins / Furans. - Development/validation of standard methodology for sample extraction, cleanup and analysis of identified Dioxins/Furans species in temperate environmental conditions, once the infrastructure facilities is developed. The Central Pollution Control Board has collated various information about Dioxin and Furan, their environmental status and published in `PARIVESH Newsletter Dioxin (PCDD) and Furan (PCDF) Persistent Organic Pollutants. Mr. Bernd Schilling a dioxin expert from ERGO Forschungsgesellschaft mbh, Hamburg, Germany under GTZ-ASEM Programme has visited CPCB Laboratories between 14 th to 21 st January, 2005 to provide expert input in development of infrastructure facilities for measurement of Hazardous Organic Compounds Dioxin & Furan. A presentation on Dioxin analysis discussing various analysis requirements was made by the visiting expert. Procurements of equipments for CPCB laboratories under Japanese Debt Relief Grant Assistance Project The Central Pollution Control Board has been allocated an amount of Rs.4.84 crores under Japanese Debt Relief Grant Assistance for procurement of various equipments by Department of Economic Affairs. CPCB has undertaken MOU with NTPC Consultancy Wing, Noida for various procurement procedures through International Bidding. The Technical Committee was constituted at CPCB for finalization of Technical specifications of equipment to be procured. The finalized technical specifications have been included in Bid Documents. Notification inviting tender has been published in

217 various newspapers for 11 packages of equipments. The bidder has submitted their bids in two stages Technical bid and Financial Bid. The Technical bid process was completed in March, 2005 and the financial bids of technical qualifying bidders were opened and Letter of Award placed to successful bidders. The following progress has been made: Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance has issued Authorization to Pay (A/P) to Office of Controller of Aid Accounts & Audit with respect to eight (8) finalized packages. The Office of Controller of Aid Accounts & Audit has issued Authorization to Pay to Bank of India, Tokyo Branch, C.P.O. Box 253, Marunouchi Nakadori Bldg., 2-2-3, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, which have issued A/P to Principal suppliers of equipments with respect to finalized eight packages. The remaining three (3) packages viz. TOC Analyzer, GC-Methanizer and PM 2.5 Dichotomous Sampler System have been re-tendered by NTPC. Technical bids finalized and Technical evaluation report submitted to CPCB for concurrence. The Central Pollution Control Board provided comments to NTPC on Technical evaluation report for further consideration and financial bid open and submission of financial evaluation report Follow up action on NABL laboratory accreditation of CPCB laboratories The follow up continued further for NABL Accreditation of Central Pollution Control Board laboratories by National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi. As a part of implementation of Quality Assurance System as per ISO at Central Pollution Control Board Laboratories, the following activities have been undertaken: - Periodical review of activities in Laboratory Incharges / general meetings organized from time to time. - Internal quality audit conducted during July 2005 as per ISO/IEC of the HQs laboratories. - Verification of corrective actions taken on NCs observed during Internal Audit and NC s were closed. - Minutes of Fourth Management Review meeting related with NABL Accreditation System held on were circulated. Participation of CPCB laboratories in international proficiency testing programme In order to ensure analytical quality, the CPCB laboratories at HQs, Zonal Office Kolkata and Zonal Office Lucknow have participated in Proficiency Testing Programme organized by Environmental Laboratory Approval Programme Wardsworth Center, New York State Dept. of Health Albany New York for PT samples related with Potable water

218 Chemistry, Non Potable Water Chemistry, Solid and Hazardous Waste, Potable and Non Potable Water Bacteriology. The Proficiency test results received with respect to CPCB HQs Laboratories from New York State Dept. of Health are depicted below: Table 14.12: International Proficiency Testing Programme Results Analyte Result Reported by CPCB Laboratories (mg/l) Acceptance Limit of PT Provider (mg/l) Potable Water Chemistry PT Score Copper Total Satisfactory Iron Total Satisfactory Zinc Total Satisfactory Chromium Total Unsatisfactory Nitrate as (N) Satisfactory Orthophosphate (as P) Satisfactory Sulfate (as SO4) Satisfactory Alkalinity Unsatisfactory Chloride Unsatisfactory Fluoride Total Unsatisfactory Calcium Hardness Satisfactory Hydrogen Ion (ph) Satisfactory Cyanide Free Satisfactory Aldrin Unsatisfactory Dieldrin Unsatisfactory Heptachlor Unsatisfactory Hexachlorobenzene Satisfactory Lindane Satisfactory Bromodichloromethane Satisfactory Bromoform Unsatisfactory Chloroform Satisfactory Dibromochloromethane Satisfactory Total Trihalomethanes Satisfactory Specific Conductance Satisfactory PCB Screen Satisfactory Cadmium Nitrite (as N) Satisfactory Solids, Total Dissolved Satisfactory Potable and Non Potable Water Bacteriology PW Stand Plate Count Unsatisfactory NW Total Coliform - MF Satisfactory NW Faecal Coliform - MF Satisfactory

219 The CPCB HQs Laboratory, CPCB Zonal Office Kolkata and CPCB Zonal Office Lucknow laboratories have participated in Non Potable Water Chemistry PT Programme during the month of January, 2006 and PT reports are awaited from New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York. Analytical quality control for the laboratories of Pollution Control Boards/ Committees and EPA recognized laboratories Analytical Quality Control (AQC) is one of the main tools by which the performance of a laboratory can be assessed in terms of accuracy and reliability of analytical data generated by the laboratory. Any Water Quality study or organized water quality monitoring program involves the collection, comparison and interpretation of analytical data, which leads to a decision - making approach. The correctness of decision or action depends largely upon the accuracy of the analytical results. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is monitoring 784 water quality monitoring stations under GEMS, MINARS, GAP and YAP Programmes comprising rivers, lakes, wells, and ground waters through various State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB). In order to obtain reliable and accurate analytical data, CPCB has started regular and organized Analytical Quality Control (AQC) exercise. The overall performance of 21 st AQC exercise covering 10 physico-chemical parameters are depicted in Figure % success BOD Na TDS NH3 -N TKN K PO4 -P COD ph FDS Overall Paramet ers Figure 14.1: Performance (% success) in 21 st AQC exercise for 10 physico-chemical parameters by various laboratories. Proficiency testing programme for NABL accredited laboratories in chemical testing of water Proficiency Testing (PT) is one of the main tools by which the performance of a laboratory can be assessed in terms of accuracy and reliability of analytical data generated by the laboratory. National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of

220 India has assigned the task of conducting Proficiency Testing (PT) programme under the title Chemical Testing of Water : TC 29 to Central Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Delhi. The main objectives of this PT programme are: 1. To assess the status of analytical competence of participating laboratories in view of Laboratory accreditation. 2. To identify the serious constraints (random & systematic) in the working environment of laboratories. 3. To promote the scientific and analytical competence of the concerned laboratories to the level of excellence for better output. The PT samples were sent to 62 laboratories, out of which 57 laboratories reported the results. The overall performance based on the Z-score values is depicted in Table given below: Parameter Table 14.13: Status of Laboratory Performance of the PT programme No. of labs Satisfactory (lzl 2) Questionable (Need Monitoring) (2 < lzl < 3) Outlier (lzl 3) Between Within Between Within Between Within Conductivity Total Hardness Fluoride Nitrate-N Total Iron Regarding the performance of various parameters are concerned, the relative decreasing order of performance as per the between laboratories Z score basis, is depicted in figure % success Conductivity Total I ron Total hardness Fluoride Nitrate-n Parameters Figure: Performance (% success) of PT exercise (water parameters) conducted by CPCB for NABL Accredited Laboratories.

221 A perusal of the table above would clearly indicate that 40 (85%) laboratories out of 47, have reported satisfactory results (Z-score between laboratories ±2) for Conductivity and the same for Total hardness is 46 (82%) out of 56 laboratories; for fluoride 39 (80%) out of 49 laboratories; for Nitrate N 46 (68%) out of 53 laboratories and for Total Iron 47 (85%) out of 55 laboratories reported. The performance of all the parameters is found satisfactory with more the 80% success except Nitrate-N (68% success). Development of Office cum Laboratory at Lucknow CPCB Zonal Office North, having been shifted from Kanpur to Lucknow, the work pertaining to complete the interiors was handed over to CPWD. The Zonal Office itself has completed the basic designing of the lab. Rigorous follow up with CPWD resulted into the actual execution of the interiors being done in full swing and the entire laboratory and office are expected to be completed by July The lay-out plans for G/F (Incharge, Officers, Admn., Training hall, Library, Computer Room & future expansion) and F/F (Complete laboratory set-up) have been prepared by keeping in view the Vastu Shastra, ventilation, sunlight and security aspects. The partition work in the first floor has been started and major work is completed. The ful-fledged laboratory is supposed to be functional by June In the laboratory design, separate rooms are provided for Air laboratory, Conditioning Room, HVS/ RDS room, Fresh water lab., Waste water Lab., Microbiological lab., Toxicological lab., Hot room, Digestion chambers, Calibration room, Instrumentation lab., AOX Room, GC Room, BTX Room, AAS Room, Maintenance room, glass ware washing room, distilled water room, record room, sample receiving room, lab. Incharge room, staff sitting room etc. Strengthening of Zonal laboratory, Vadodra The West Zone Office of Central Pollution Control board is having the full-fledged laboratory equipped with the sophisticated instruments like GC, AAS, BTX, which can analyse the water and air samples for physico- chemical, microbiological, pesticides (Organochloro, Organo phosphorus), VOCs etc. The laboratory was recognized under Environmental Protection Act Performance of Zonal Laboratory, Kolkata Zonal laboratory, Kolkata has been accredited by NABL in June It is well equipped with sophisticated instruments like AAS, GC, IC, AOX Analyzer, stack sampling for different parameters such as SO2, NO2, metals, Fluoride has been adopted following USEPA methods and sampling is being regularly carried out. Quality assurance programme is well maintained. Performance of proficiency test conducted by CPCB, ITRC, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center is quite satisfactory.

222 14.6 PREPARATION OF NATIONAL CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT PROFILE (NCMP) TO ASSESS THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS It is widely recognized internationally that chemicals need to be managed properly in order to achieve a sustainable economic development and to attain a high level of environmental and human health protection. An important initial step in strengthening systems for risk reduction and management of chemicals in a country is the preparation of a comprehensive assessment of national infrastructure related to legal, institutional, administrative and technical aspects of chemicals management with an understanding of the nature and extent of chemicals which are available and used throughout their life cycle, National Chemicals Management Profile is being prepared through a stakeholder consultation process under the Canada-India Environmental Institutional Strengthening Project (CI-EISP). It will help assess the national infrastructure for the management of chemicals in the country and identify the gaps for capacity building and priority areas of concern to improve management of chemicals. The key principle of preparing the Profile is the involvement of all concerned stakeholder in the country. To ensure a broad stakeholder involvement, a National Coordinating Committee (NCC) has been constituted to oversee the preparation of the profile and guarantee the full participation and contribution of interested parties. Three Working Groups (Legal, Technical and Infrastructure) were also constituted to guide in obtaining the data inputs and make initial assessment and analysis of available information. Technical Assistance from UNITAR through two Indian consultants was made available, for preparation of Chemical Profile, under the guidance of the Working Groups. To obtain the views of stack holders such as State Pollution Control Boards, Chief Inspectors of Factories, Industrial Associations and NGOs concerned with the subject, a draft document was prepared and circulated. Two regional workshops were also organised at Delhi and Mumbai. The draft document prepared, which is under finalisation for publication as a first version of the National Profile, is available on website ( The website is facilitated with an interactive forum for the users to share their views on various components of the profile STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE COLLECTION/TREATMENT/ DISPOSAL AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COLLECTION/PROCESSING/ DISPOSAL IN CLASS-I CITIES AND CLASS-II TOWNS. The status of water supply and sanitation is an important indicator of environmental quality in terms of pollution load and related issues. Domestic sewage is responsible for about eighty percent of water pollution in India. Most of the cities are not having sewage treatment and municipal solid waste processing facilities. The information on

223 these aspects are very important for highlighting need of urgent planning and action in these areas. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has earlier brought out reports on the status of water supply and wastewater generation, collection, treatment and disposal in class -I cities and class-ii towns ( ). It was updated during the years and It has been observed that within a decade the number of Metro cities, Class-I cities and Class-II towns have increased from 23, 299 and 345 to 35, 425 and 498, respectively, as per last census survey (2001). To bring the next status report (fourth in the series), CPCB has initiated the collection of information on water supply, sewage collection/treatment/disposal and municipal solid waste collection/transportation/ disposal through questionnaire survey from class-i cities and class-ii towns. So far information with respect to about 250 cities/towns is gathered. The information form the rest of the cities/towns is awaited. As soon as the completed information is available the data will be compiled and the reports will be prepared AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING AT PORT NANNING, WEST BENGAL Central Pollution Control Board has installed an ambient air quality monitoring station at Port Canning, West Bengal bordering Bangladesh for the study of trans-boundary movement of pollutants. CPCB Zonal Office, Kolkata started air quality monitoring at this station since September 15, 2004 for assessing the ambient air quality parameters like RSPM, NO 2 and SO 2. Besides water quality of the adjacent water bodies such as ponds and rivers, as well the quality of sediment and soil were also monitored. Ambient air sampling was done eight hourly interval in a day for at least ten days in a month. Water and sediment samples were collected once in a year. Table reveals that the variation among the values of different parameters during different shifts in a day and days in a month was quite significant. No consistent trend among shifts and among days was observed, rather variation was quite random indicating influence of non linear behaviour of meteorological condition as shown in Wind rose diagram (Figure 14.2). Monthly average concentration of RSPM id depicted in Figure Maximum concentration was observed in December to the tune of 170 µg/m 3 and in November and January, the concentrations of RSPM were 124 µg/m 3 and 146 µg/m 3 respectively, which exceeds the permissible limit of 100 µg/m 3. Analysis of results provided in the Table indicates that the frequency of RSPM exceeding the permissible limit was almost nil during March to October, while it was 42% to 92.8% during November to January with highest frequency in December. Concentrations of SO 2 and NO 2 level were always below the permissible limit. But slight increase in NO 2 level during winter was observed. Table 14.14: Variation in concentration of air pollutants at Canning Town (Sep-2004 to Sep-2005) Months RSPM SO 2 NO 2 Shift-1 Shift-2 Shift-3 Shift-1 Shift-2 Shift-3 Shift-1 Shift-2 Shift-3 AVG SEP SD CV AVG OCT SD CV NOV AVG

224 DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP SD CV AVG SD CV AVG SD CV AVG SD CV AVG SD CV AVG SD CV AVG SD CV AVG SD CV BDL AVG SD CV BDL BDL BDL AVG SD CV BDL AVG SD CV Figure 14.2:- Wind velocity and wind direction at Port Canning (Sep-04-Sep-05)

225 Figure : Monthwise average of RSPM at Port Canning (Sep Sep 2005) MONTHWISE AVG OF RSPM AT CANNING (SEP 04-SEP05) Conc.(µg/m 3 ) Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun MONTHS Jul Aug Sep RSPM STD Table 14.5: Frequency of violation of RSPM standards at Port Canning Months No of Obs. No. of Violation of Std % of violation of Std September Nil Nil October November December January February March Nil Nil April May Nil Nil June Nil Nil July Nil Nil August Nil Nil September Nil Nil The prevailing concentration of total nitrogen available phosphorous, organic carbon, exchangeable calcium and magnesium in the soil are shown in Table which indicates that the soils are fairly fertile. The above parameters were also measured for sediment. The quality of sediment was found quite suitable for a balanced ecosystem. The quality of surface run-off and pond water was found suitable for aquatic organisms including fish, except a marginal increase in chloride, sodium and sulphate contents indicating influence of sea-water (Table 14.17). Similarly the river water was found saline as reflected from the concentration of sodium, chloride, sulphate etc. which clearly indicates the tidal influence.

226 Table14.16: Characteristics of the sediment/soil from the vicinity of monitoring station at Canning Sample Code ph Moisture CEC Exchangeable cations meq/100g T-N Available- OC % % meq/100g Ca Mg K Na mg/kg P mg/kg Pond Pond Canning River Agriculture Field Drain All the values are in mg/l except otherwise stated Table 14.17: Characteristics of surface water/wastewater from the vicinity of monitoring stations at Canning Sample Code ph Cond. µs/cm Alk Na K Total Hard Ca Mg NH 4 SO 4 NO 2 NO 3 PO 4 Cl SAR Pond Pond Surface run off Drain-3 Canning River BDL Surface run off BDL Drain-2 All the values are in mg/l except otherwise stated 14.9 SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PROGRAMME The Spatial Environmental Planning Programme was conceptualised for ensuring protection of environment and its resources through planned and sustainable development. The Programme commenced in 1995 in 14 volunteering states with district-wise environmental assessments for siting of industries. The Programme was extended under the Environmental Management Capacity Building Technical Assistance Project funded by the World Bank, during April 1997 to June Having streamlined methodologies/concepts, completed a number of studies, built the basic technical competencies and the needed infrastructure to undertake spatial environmental planning tasks within the State Pollution Control Boards and other executing agencies, the programme has been extended beyond June 30, 2003 until the end of the X Plan period with the grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India. The criteria for preparation of Zoning Atlas Programme were revised to ensure the usage of results. The revised criteria were discussed and generally agreed in the 50 th Conference of Chairmen and Member Secretaries of Pollution Control Boards/Committees held on March 8-9, 2004 at Delhi. In the same Conference decision were taken to take up the following activities under Spatial Environmental Programme.

227 State Environmental Atlas District Environmental Atlas State Level Industrial Siting Guidelines District Wise Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries District Specific Industrial Siting guidelines All State Pollution Control Boards/Executing Agencies participating in the programme agreed to undertake the above activities. Details of activities are given below. State Environmental Atlas The State Environmental Atlas is a compilation of environment related information about a particular State and is depicted in the form of maps, texts and statistical data. It includes maps on general features (i.e. administrative boundaries, major settlements, transportation networks etc), on physical characteristics (i.e. land use, physiography, land capability etc), on surface/ground water features (i.e. drainage pattern, use, quality, flow and table etc), on environmentally sensitive zones (i.e. biological diversity, incompatible land uses etc), on major sources of pollution and also on environmental quality. The maps of the atlas will be in the scale of 1:1 million or 1:2 million or as appropriate as per the size of the State. In we have received the State Environmental Atlas Reports for Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu State Level Industrial Siting Guidelines The State level industrial siting guideline will clearly bring out the areas to be avoided and the rules/norms/procedures to be followed to obtain consent to establish. After completion of State Environmental Atlas, State level industrial siting guidelines will be formulated. For the Tamil Nadu draft guidelines has been received and under finalisation at CPCB. District Environmental Atlas The District Environmental Atlas is a compilation of environment related information in the form of maps, texts and statistical data. It includes maps on general/physical features, surface/ground water features, environmentally sensitive zones and major source of pollution and on environmental quality. The scale of the atlas will be 1:2,50,000. The District Environmental Atlases are being used to develop the Zoning Atlas. District Environmental Atlases for the following Districts have been received and under finalization in CPCB. 1. Bardhhaman 14. Baran 2. Hoogly 15. Alwar 3. Nellore 16. Sirmour 4. Kurnool 17. Malappuram 5. West Godavari 18. Ernakulam 6. Chittoor, 19. Kannur

228 7. Srikakulam 20. Palakkad 8. East Godavari 21. Bellary 9. Kasaragod 22. Belgaum 10. Kozhikode 23. Tumkur 11. Sagar 24. Thiruvallur 12. Chindwara 25. Kanchipuram 13. Kota District Wise Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries The district-level Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries interrelates the sensitivity of environment with the pollution potential of industries so as to identify sites with minimal environmental impacts/risks. The existing criteria for the preparation of district wise Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries has been revised. The Zoning Atlas report will be used only for official purposes to develop district-specific industrial siting guidelines. Report for the following Districts have been completed by the State Boards and executing Agencies and is under finalisation.

229 1. Puri 31. Banka 61. Ahmedabad 2. Mayurbhanj 32. Patna 62. Valsad 3. Kendujhar 33. Indore 63. Navsari 4. Cuttack 34. Dhar 64. Surat 5. Jagatsinghpur 35. Raisen 65. Anand 6. Kendrapara 36. Sagar 66. Kheda 7. Jajpur 37. Chindwara 67. Pune 8. Sambalpur 38. Kota 68. Aurangabad 9. Baragadh 39. Baran 69. Thiruvallur 10. Deogadh 40. Alwar 70. Kanchipuram 11. Jharsuguda 41. Solan 71. Belgaum 12. Sundargadh 42. Una 72. Bellary 13. Sonepur 43. Bilaspur 73. Tumkur 14. Bolangir 44. Sirmour 74. Kasaragod 15. Bardhaman 45. Kullu 75. Kozhikode 16. South 24 Parganas 46. Kangra 76. Malappuram 17. North 24 Parganas 47. Shimla 77. Ernakulam 18. Jalpaiguri 48. Lahul & Spiti 78. Kannur 19. Hooghly 49. Mandi 79. Pallakad 20. Kamrup 50. Hamirpur 80. East Godavari 21. Kamrup Metro 51. Kinnaur 81. West Godavari 22. Tinsukia 52. Chamba 82. Prakasam 23. Goalpara 53. Jalandhar 83. Nellore 24. Naogaon 54. Amritsar 84. Chitoor 25. Vaishali 55. Kapurthala 85. Ananthpur 26. Bhojpur 56. Bharuch 86. Kurnool 27. Muzaffarpur 57. Narmada 87. Medak 28. Saran 58. Vadodara 88. Srikakulam 29. Bhagalpur 59. Rajkot 30. Ara 60. Amreli District Specific Industrial Siting Guidelines The district level siting guidelines, clearly bring out information on environmentally sensitive zones/areas to be avoided for location of industries or carrying of process or operations, industries or carrying of processes or operations to be restricted in the district, potential zones for siting of air and water polluting industries and industries or carrying of process or operations that may be considered for siting anywhere in the district, other than Environmentally sensitive zones/areas to be avoided for priority districts. This will be an instrument for implementing the district level Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries. These guidelines once completed are to be published after undertaking stakeholder consultations. The district level Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries will be used to develop these guidelines. Report for the following Districts have been received at CPCB. 1. Indore, 19. Kasaragod 37. Amritsar

230 Ecocity Programme 2. Dhar, 20. Kozhikode 38. Kapurthala 3. Raisen, 21. Malappuram 39. Solan 4. Sagar 22. Ernakulam 40. Naogaon 5. Chindwara 23. Kannur 41. Tinsukia 6. Kanchipurum 24. Puri 42. Kamrup 7. Thiruvallur 25. Mayurbhanj 43. Kamrup Metro 8. Medak 26. Kendujhar 44. Goalpara 9. Srikakulam 27. Cuttack 10. East 28. Jagatsinghpur Godavari 11. West 29. Kendrapara Godavari 12. Prakasham 30. Jajpur 13. Nellore 31. Sambalpur 14. Chittoor 32. Baragadh 15. Ananthapur 33. Deogadh 16. Kurnool 34. Jharsuguda 17. Bellary 35. Bardhaman 18. Belgaum 36. Jalandhar The EcoCity Programme has been conceptualized for improving environment and achieving sustainable development through a comprehensive urban improvement system employing practical, innovative and non-conventional solutions. The EcoCity Programme was initiated under the 10 th plan to bring in visible environmental improvement in the small and medium towns. The following towns have been taken under first phase of EcoCity programme to bring in visible environmental improvement: 1. Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh) 2. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh) 3. Puri (Orissa) 4. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) 5. Kottayam (Kerala) 6. Thanjavour (Tamil Nadu) Funds will be provided to the Municipalities through respective SPCBs by CPCB for the identified project, on 50:50 cost-sharing basis up to a maximum of Rs. 2.5 Crore per town, wherein 50% of the total budget should come from Municipalities either from their own funds or through financial institutions or any other means. An Expert Committee has been constituted by CPCB for the identification of the projects and approval of Environmental Development Plan (EDP) and Detailed Project Reports (DPRs). GTZ-ASEM is providing support in terms of engaging consultants for the

231 preparation of the DPRs for the identified activities/design of decentralized treatment systems/conducting feasibility studies etc. The town wise status of work is given below: Vrindavan The project in Vrindavan aims at environmental improvement of the Ecozone in Vrindavan. The Environmental Development Plan (EDP) for Vrindavan has been prepared by IIT Kharagpur, engaged by GTZ-ASEM, which is finalized and approved by the Expert Committee of CPCB in The report documents the existing situation of the Ecozone of Vrindavan and identifies the projects that can be taken under the EcoCity Project. Map showing the zones identified in EDP-Vrindavan The Expert Committee of CPCB has given administrative approval for the DPRs for implementation of the following sub-activities: 1. Improvement of 2km stretch from Kaliadaha Ghat to Kesi Ghat of Parikrama Path funded by India Heritage Foundation (IHF), a non-profitable trust of ISKCON. 2. Improvement of Banke Bihari area in Vrindavan covering Banke Bihari Bazaar, 2 nos. of roads from Shri Bhagavat Mission Trust to Banke Bihari temple and from the Banke Bihari Bazaar to the VIP Parking area near Banke Bihari Temple at Parikrama Marg which includes road surface improvement, covering of storm water drains, providing of foot lamps and low volume sound system (for bhajans), drinking water points, dust bins and provisions for cabling, funded by Shri Bhawagat Mission Trust. Based on the EDP Vrindavan the following projects/activities have been identified, for which the DPRs are prepared 1. Comprehensive improvement along the roads connecting all major pilgrim/tourist spots in Zone-I, II and III including road surfacing, signage, parking, street lighting, public toilets, drinking water facilities etc (Rangnathji Temple to Inner College, Road stretch from Rangnathji Temple to Bankhandi up to Banke Bihari and Nodes) 2. Restoration/Development of Gandhi Park (Adaptive Reuse of Laxman Sahid Bhawan, Landscape development of Gandhi Park, Public toilets near Gandhi Park) For the sub activity on the Landscape Development of the Gandhi Park, due to budgetary constraints only the following activities have been taken in the first phase under CPCB fund: Paved sand stone walkways Boundary wall

232 Metal gates Rainwater harvesting pits Similarly, for the sub activity Adaptive Reuse of Laxman Sahid Bhawan, following activities have been taken in the first phase: Improvement of Gate Boundary wall The rest of the activities for Gandhi Park and Laxman Sahid Bhawan would be taken up by the Vrindavan Nagar Palika on its own. Tirupati The EcoCity project in Tirupati is to bring the Environmental Improvement around the Govind Raja Swamy temple, which is also the core area of the town. The report on Environmental Development Plan for the core area around Govindrajaswamy Temple has been prepared by SPA, JNTU, Hyderabad, engaged by GTZ- ASEM, which is finalized and approved by the Expert Committee of CPCB in Tirupati Railway Station - Core Area Based on the EDP report, following works are under implementation by the Tirupati Municipality: 1. Covering/Improvement of storm water drains on the Northern, Southern and Western side of the Govind Raja Swamy Temple. 2. Connecting Konneru to Narsimha Thirtha by pipeline to replenish water 3. Cleaning/desilting of drains in the Core area. The Expert Committee of CPCB has also given administrative approval for the DPRs for implementation of the following sub-activities: 1. Public toilets at appropriate locations, Public drinking water facilities, flower beds, ornamental landscaping in appropriate locations, Pedestrianization of Koneru surroundings and its beautification including drainage, landscaping etc. 2. Covering/improvement of storm water drains adjoining the roads numbering 02,03,04,06 & 07 and 05 & 09D 3. Multistoried Parking Facility The signing of agreement document with APPCB and Tirupati Municipality for the implementation of the above-mentioned projects is under process. Puri

233 The project area of Eco City Puri is around the Jagannath temple. The Environmental Development Plan for Puri has been prepared by SPA, New Delhi engaged by GTZ-ASEM which is finalized and approved by the Expert Committee of CPCB in The report documents the existing situation of the Puri and identifies the projects that can be taken under the EcoCity Project. The Expert Committee of CPCB has given administrative approval for the DPRs for implementation of the following subactivities: 1. Repair/Covering/Improvement of existing drains around Lord Jagannath Temple 2. Improvement of drinking water point at Lion s Gate near Lord Jagannath Temple 3. Improvement of public toilet near Narendra tank The JaganathTemple in The other identified projects for which revised DPRs are under preparation are the following: 1. Improvement of public toilet at Dolamandap Sahi near Lord Jagannath Temple 2. Development of Nursery for horticulture/gardening work The projects for which the feasibility study has been approved by the Expert Committee and the DPRs are under preparation are the following: 1. Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies- Markendeya Tank in Puri 2. Shifting of Auto Garages from existing location along Grand Road and vicinity of Jagannath temple - Development of Eco Automobile Park in Puri Ujjain The project in Ujjain aims at area vide improvement around Mahakal Temple and cleaning of Rudra Sagar Lake. The task on Excavation/Embankment of Rudra Sagar in part has been taken up by Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC). The Expert Committee of CPCB has given administrative approval for the DPRs for implementation of the sub-activities: Sewerage & Drainage & Laying of Water Supply line from Narsingh Ghat to Rudrasagar. Mahakal Temple in Ujjain However, UMC has not yet given its approval for the decisions taken in the meeting held on 19/09/05 to discuss the request by MPPCB to withhold the sanctions of the project to UMC on the account of unsatisfactory work on the sanctioned project

234 Excavation/desiltation of Rudra Sagar. In view of that sanctions for the implementation of the approved DPRs can be issued only upon receiving the approval of the decisions taken in the meeting held on 19/09/2005.Also the received revised DPRs on the activities Landscape and Plantation and Traffic & Transportation could be placed before the Expert Committee for approval only when UMC agrees to the decisions taken in the meeting. Kottayam The project in Kottayam includes activities on Rejuvenation of Mundar River and Renovation of Kacherikadavu Boat Jetty Canal that have been severely degraded because of siltation, weed growth and disposal of domestic waste. The projects have been approved by Expert Committee of CPCB and are under implementation by the Municipality. The Municipality has bifurcated the portions of the Project and has given the sub activity for deweeding and desiltation to Irrigation Department. The work has been completed and the first installment has also been issued to the municipality. Rejuvenation of Mundar River Rejuvenation of Boat Jetty Thanjavur In Thanjavur town, the activity on Renovation of old tanks has been proposed to be taken up to protect presently used and potentially useable aquifers from further degradation and to facilitates the rainwater harvesting system. The DPRs for Renovation of four Old Water tanks has been received form the Municipality and it will be placed for approval of the Expert Committee of CPCB in its next meeting. Eco Industrial Estate CPCB has contemplated to develop the upcoming Special Economic Zone, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh as eco industrial estate. The implementation work is

235 to be taken up by Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Ltd. (APIIC). Two existing industrial estates (Industrial Development Area, Nacharam and Industrial Development Area, Mallapur) have also taken up under this programme to improve the industrial ecology. Environmental Status Report for IDA Nacharam and Mallapur has been prepared ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The studies taken on Environmental Management Plan for Bhubneshwar target the urban environmental problems and providing solutions to complex environmental problems. EMP Bhubaneshwar was presented at Bhubneshwar, Orissa and at CPCB. Comments were obtained from the various Departments. The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, Delhi has appreciated saying that the report is a very good attempt and has asked the State Government to prepare the Action Plan. The Town & Country Planning Organization Government of India, Delhi has appreciated the effort and has said that the report should be used for the incorporating the environmental considerations in the Master Plan of Bhubaneswar. The Forest & Environment Department, Govt. of Orissa has said that the report is having excellent compilation of lot of data on various aspects of environment and data analysis has been done in an excellent way depicting the environmental issues of the Bhubaneswar City. A time bound action plan needs to be brought out detailing the responsibilities of the various departments. The State Archeological Department, Orissa has said the report is a very good attempt and the protection of the monuments is well represented in the report. The Regional Office of MoEF, Bhubaneswar has said that the report is well depicting the problems of Bhubaneswar City. There is a need of coordination between Urban Development and Town Administration Department/Horticulture & Forests department for making the city into a model city. Ex.Prof (Dr.) P K. Dash, Dept of Civil Engg, NIT Rourkela appreciated the effort and the recommendation of the Report. The task of preparation of Action Plan by SPCB is under progress to utilize the outcome of the studies PERFORMANCE STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS Performance status of sewage treatment plants in Delhi Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) carried out surveillance of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Delhi to study the utilization of sewage treatment capacity and their performance during 2003, 2004 and Delhi. There are 30 sewage treatment plants

236 (STPs) located at 17 locations in Delhi. Out of thirty STPs, three STPs were not in operation during 2003, 5 were not in operation in 2004,and 4 were not in operation in The total treatment capacity of the 30 STPs was observed as 2330 mld. The actual treatment of sewage during 2003 was found only 1478 mld (63%), in 2004 it was 1432 mld (61%) and in 2005 it was 1810 mld (78%). Most of the STPs (23 Nos) are based on activated sludge process except 7 STPs work on either extended aeration (2) or high rate bio-filters (3)/Trickling filters (1) and Oxidation ponds (1). Performance of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the last three years i.e. 2003, 2004 and 2005 is presented in Table Table 6.17: Summary of Performance of STPs in Delhi % Reduction Sl. No. of STPs Year of Total Design Actual Faecal Total No in Monitorin Capacity Flow, Colifor Colifor TSS BOD. Operation g (mld) (mld) m m Performance status of sewage treatment plants in Central Zone Performance study of sewage treatment plants in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan was carried out in the financial year A 24-hour composite sampling was done at the STPs in Indore, Jaipur and STP at Matamandir in Bhopal. Grab samples were collected at the waste stabilization/ Oxidation ponds constructed under Bhoj wetland project in Bhopal city. The list of STPs monitored by this office and their details are given in Table Table 6.18: List of STPs in Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan and their details City Location Type treatment Capacity, MLD Area covered Constructed under Remarks Indore STP at UASB 78 Indore NRCP Operated with Kabitkhedi city 50 % load STP at Kabitkhedi UASB 12 Indore city NRCP Under construction STP at Jalmahal Extended aeration treatment 27 Jaipur city Installed by PHED. Operated with full load. Jaipur Renovation work was under progress STP at ASP 62.5 Jaipur ADB Under Pratap Nagar STP, at Matamandir, South Trickling filter 4.5 South T.T. Nagar PHED commissioning Operated with 50 % load

237 Bhopal Raipur Bilaspu r STP at Berkheda, STP at Gondarmau STP at Badwai Oxidation ponds 4.5 Bairagarh, Kohefiza PHED. Upgradation done under Bhojwet land project Anaerobic 2.34 Bhoj Wet Followed by Land Facultative Ponds Anaerobic Followed by Facultative Ponds STP at Kotra Anaerobic Followed byfacultative Ponds. STP at Mohali Damkheda STP at Shahapura Anaerobic Followed by Facultative Ponds Bhoj Wet Land 10 Kotra Bhoj Wet Land 25 Old Bhopal Bhoj Wet Land Not in continuous operation Not stabilized Flow was diverted in to nallah with out taking in to STP Operated with full capacity Operated with full capacity Oxidation ponds NA New Bhopal Bhoj Wet Land In Operation No sewage treatment plant exists except the age-old oxidation ponds. STP Kabitkhedi, Indore Sampling Location ph COD BOD TSS TDS Chlorides Sulphate Phosphate Inlet to Final Outlet % STP at Jalmahal in Jaipur Sampling Locations Inlet to STP Final outlet % Reduction ph TSS COD BOD Chlorides Phosphates Sulphates Nitrate STP at South T.T Nagar Bhopal

238 Sampling Locations ph TSS TDS COD BOD Inlet to STP Final Outlet % Reduction Performance status of sewage treatment plants in North Zone STPs monitored under NRCD Project The project for surveillance of raw sewage and treatment effluent quality from sewage treatment plants installed at the river stretch from Allahabad to Tarighat (Gazipur) has been under taken by Central Pollution Control Board as identified by NRCD, Ministry of Environment & forests. Composite samples for round the clock operation are collected on monthly basis from inlet and outlet of each unit to evaluate the complete performance of STPs. The detailed performance of each STP monitored by Central Pollution Control Board in is presented as below- Allahabad Sewage Treatment Plant (60 MLD) With reference to designed specifications as also to standard norms, the quality of treated effluent do not conforms in terms of BOD. The performance of STP has decreased in year 2005 indicating improper maintenance. The Coliform contents are appreciably high as there is no provision for its control/treatment. The STP seems to be over designed in terms of organic loading. The gas generation is much below the designed value and that too is not utilized optimally, resulting in loss of resource. This needs to be attended on priority by the plant management. BOD & SS profile Allahabad STP Concentration in mg/lt Apr 05 May 05 June 05 Jul 05 Aug 05 Sep 05 Oct 05 Nov 05 Dec 05 Jan 06 Feb 06 Mar 06 BOD SS Months It is general observation that down time for aerator needs to be reduced to ensure their regular operation.

239 Distribution of sewage to STP & bypass is not regular, sometimes plant gets huge amount of sewage & sometimes very low. Such shock loads are detrimental to the performance of STP. Month wise comparative performance of STP in respect of TSS and BOD during monitoring year is presented in graph as below- Mirzapur Sewage Treatment Plant (18 MLD) With reference to standard norms the quality of treated effluent do not conform in terms of BOD. The coliform content are appreciably high as there is no provision for its control/treatment. The plant lacks in optimal utilisation of Biogas, which is merely flared. Month wise comparative performance of STP in respect of TSS and BOD during monitoring year is presented in graph as below- BOD & SS profile Mirzapur STP Concentration in mg/lt Apr 05 May 05 June 05 Jul 05 Aug 05 Sep 05 Oct 05 Nov 05 Dec 05 Jan 06 Feb 06 Mar 06 BOD SS Months Bhagwanpur Sewage Treatment Plant Varanasi In consideration of designed maximum hydraulic loading of 8 MLD, the plant receives times higher flow. Against designed characteristics for inlet (raw sewage) the plant generally receives appreciably diluted characteristics. The withdrawal of treated effluent which is conveyed through irrigation channel & its minors becomes irregular due to improper management resulting in backflow in the main channel itself, thereby overflowing treatment units of the STP thus making the treatment process a meaningless exercise. Floating materials were also found in primary settling tanks indicating improper screening. High hydraulic load and diluted characteristics indicate a significant dilution and/or inefficient collection system. Month wise comparative performance of STP in respect of TSS and BOD during monitoring year is presented in graph as below-

240 BOD&SS profile Bhagwanpur STP Concentration in mg/lt Apr 05 May 05 June 05 Jul 05 Aug 05 Sep 05 Oct 05 Nov 05 Dec 05 Jan 06 Feb 06 Mar 06 BOD SS Months Dinapur Sewage Treatment Plant, Varanasi (80 MLD) Proper provision for quantifying the gas generation, use and flaring has to be made by equipping the plant with gas flow meter which presently does not exist. Strict measures for urgent procurement of power back up (Gensets) at main pumping station at Konia must be taken as in the event of power failure, the untreated sewage is discharged to river Ganga through River Varuna. Trickling filters arms have irregular and broken holes, which results in uneven distribution of sewage. BOD & SS profile Dinapur STP Concentration in mg/lt Apr 05 May 05 June 05 Jul 05 Aug 05 Sep 05 Oct 05 Nov 05 Dec 05 Jan 06 Feb 06 Mar 06 BOD SS Months The aeration and sludge recycling/wastage require a better optimisation necessitated by the observation, wherein, high MLSS and low to nil DO has been observed. The trickling filters in particular are poorly maintained, as obvious from their contributing BOD & SS, which may be due to excessive growth of microbial film over the gravels leading to endogenous phase with low F/M ratio. Proper attention is immediately required to optimise their performance. Month wise comparative performance of STP in respect of TSS and BOD during monitoring year is presented in graph as below-

241 Diesel Locomotive Works STP, Varanasi With reference to standard norms, the quality of treated effluent conforms in terms of BOD & TSS, however coliform content are appreciably high as there is no provision for its control/treatment. In consideration of designed maximum hydraulic loading of 12 MLD, it has been observed that plant always receives less flow. The pumping of sewage to the plant has also been irregular. Input (raw sewage) characteristics are appreciably diluted and are not conducive for proper & sustainable bacterial population thus rendering the treatment process a meaningless exercise. Operational parameters need to be regularly analyzed at the lab at STP & the data should be utilized in performance optimization of the plant. Month wise comparative performance of STP in respect of TSS and BOD during monitoring year is presented in graph as below- BOD&SS profile DLW STP Concentration in mg/lt Apr 05 May 05 June 05 Jul 05 Aug 05 Sep 05 Oct 05 Months Nov 05 Dec 05 Jan 06 Feb 06 Mar 06 Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants at Agra, Mathura and Vrindavan BOD SS Under Yamuna action plan, a series of 07 STPs were installed at Vrindavan, Mathura and Agra. The sample (inlet & out let) from these STPs was monitored three times during the year. On perusal of the data as depicted at Chart reveals that all the STPs are complying with the norms for SS for discharge into the river, while BOD values have exceeded in most of the cases except the plants at Mathura. Table 14.18: Performance of Sewage Treatment Plants at Agra, Mathura and Vrindavan S. No. Location of STP Capacity (MLD) Average inlet quality, mg/l Average outlet quality, mg/l ph BOD COD SS ph BOD COD SS Name of city: Vrindavan 01 Kalidah

242 02 Pagal Baba Name of city: Mathura 03 Laxmi Nagar Masani Name of city: Agra 05 Burhi-ki Nagla 06 Peelakhar Dhandupura In addition to the above, it was observed during the monitoring activity that none of the STP has the power back-up facility, as such most of the time, the waste water find its way directly into the river, none of the plant has obtained consent to operate the plants. Monitoring of the other STPs located in the North Zone Monitoring of the other STPs located in the Northern zone of U.P, Haryana, Chandigarh and Punjab were also conducted during The details of these STPs are given in Table S. No. Table 14.19: Performance of Sewage Treatment Plants in North Zone Location of STP Capacity Average inlet quality, mg/l Average outlet quality, mg/l (MLD) BOD COD SS BOD COD SS Name of city: Ghaziabad, UP 56 MLD Trans Hindon 2 Cis Hindon 70 MLD Name of city: Noida, UP 3 Noida 27 MLD Noida 34 MLD Name of city: Faridabad, Haryana 5 Faridabad 20 MLD Faridabad 45 MLD Faridabad 50 MLD Name of city: Gurgaon, Haryana 8 Gurgaon 30 MLD Name of city: Sonipat, Haryana 9 Sonipat 30 MLD Name of city: Panipat, Haryana 10 Panipat 35 MLD Panipat 10 MLD Name of city: Karnal, Haryana 12 Karnal 3 MLD Karnal 8 MLD

243 14 Karnal 40 MLD Name of city: Naya nangal, Punjab 15 Naya Nangal 1.75 MGD Name of city: Nayal, Punjab 16 Nangal MGD Name of city: Phillore, Punjab 17 Phillore 2.56 MLD Sultanpur Lodhi Name of city: Sultanpur Lodhi, Punjab 2.6 MLD Name of city: Chandigarh 19 Raipur Khurd MGD 20 Moali 30 MGD The % reduction in BOD, COD and TSS ranges from 9.9 to 86.0 %, 0.8 to 81.8 and 21 to 90.3 % respectively. Monitoring of the other STPs located in the West Zone In western region 24 STPs were monitored for performance evaluation out of 23 STPs 13 located in Maharashtra & 11 located in Gujarat. The STPs have been monitored for the verification of compliance status and over all operation and maintenance conditions. The monitoring results reveal that the STPs located in Nasik in Gujarat state are not meeting the prescribed standards with respect to physico chemical parameters. Table 14.20: Performance of STP Located in Maharashtra Location TDS BOD COD TKN STP in Undewadi, Nasik Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location TDS BOD COD TKN -2 SO 4 Cl - STP in Morwadi, Nasik Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location TDS BOD COD TKN SO 4 Cl - STP in Bhujbalnagar, Nasik Inlet

244 Outlet % Reduction Location TDS BOD COD TKN -2 SO 4 Cl - STP located in Tapovan, Nasik Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Kasarwadi-I, Pune Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Cawdi Road, Pune Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Sangamwadi, Pune Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Erandwane, Pune Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Mantharwadi, Pune Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Chikhali, Pune Inlet Outlet % Reduction

245 Location BOD COD SS STP Kasarwadi-II, Pune Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD SS STP Chinchwad, Pune Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD SS STP Shivaji Nagar, Pune Inlet Outlet % Reduction In Gujarat, 11 STPs located in Ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot and Vadodara have been monitored for the verification compliance status and over all operation and maintenance of STPs. The results reveal that the STPs are not meeting the prescribed limits for few parameters. Table 14.21: Performance of STP Located in Gujarat Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Pirana, Ahmedabad Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Vasana (Old), Ahmedabad Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Gajrawadi, Vadodara Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD SS STP Tarsali, Vadodara

246 Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Atladara, Vadodara Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Anjana, Surat Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Bhatar, Surat Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Bhestan, Surat Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Singanpur, Surat Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Karanj, Surat Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS SS STP Madhopur, Rajkot Inlet Outlet % Reduction

247 6.14 PERFORMANCE STATUS OF COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS Performance status of CETPs in North Zone 36 MLD CETP, Kanpur The plant maintenance is significantly improved during the past one year. Compared to previous 30 %, currently the plant is being operated on appx 70 % of its designed capacity of 36 MLD. The performance efficiency of the plant is not upto the designed efficiency as evident from the following : CETP- Kanpur % reduction COD BOD SS T-Cr Designed Observed CETP- Kanpur Parameter Raw effluent (After T:S::1: 2 Mix) Treated effluent % Reduction Designed Observed Designed Observed Designed Observed Flow MLD PH COD BOD TSS Chromium (t) CETP- Unnao

248 The plant was in regular operation, yet the performance needs further improvement. The overall treatment economics of the plant has been good. The plant management has provided storage provision for hazardous waste from CETP. The performance efficiency of the plant is still quite short of designed values. This has been depicted below: CETP- Unnao % reduction COD BOD SS Designed Observed CETP- Unnao Parameters Untreated Waste Treated Waste Percent Reduction Desired Observed Desired Observed Desired Observed Flow(MLD) ph BOD COD TSS Chromium (t) CETP- Jalandhar After a span of appx one-year closure, the plant has been made operational. In spite of efforts being made by the Punjab Pollution Control Board and the contracted operating agency, the characteristics of the combined wastewater received at CETP are not conducive for plant stabilization. As a result the CETP is yet to be stabilized. The overall scenario needs immediate action especially in view of poor state of primary treatment and equally bad performance of chemical (chrome) recovery by the member tanneries. The matter is sub-judice in the Hon ble High Court of Punjab and Chandigarh. CETP-Phillore The plant management has taken-up measures to further upgrade the plant, disposal of treated wastewater and pre-treatment by member units. The only tanning unit performing chrome tanning has established Recovery Plant. The issue of disposal of treated wastewater has been sorted out with local administration and currently it is disposed in Sewage Treatment Plant at Phillore. The performance efficiency of the plant is very good as present in the following:

249 CETP Phillore % reduction ph TSS COD BOD 0 Designed Observed CETP Phillore Parameter Untreated Waste Treated Waste Percent Reduction Desired Observed Desired Observed Desired Observed ph TSS COD BOD O&Gr CETP Banthar CETP Banthar is an integral part of the Banthar Leather Technology Park project, at Banthar, dist. Unnao established with a view to promote export oriented tanneries by stressing ecofriendly operation of tanning and organized collection and treatment of wastewater and proper storage / disposal of hazardous waste. With reference to the Environmental Clearance granted to the project by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, a joint team of MoEF and CPCB inspected the project site on Oct 29 th, The observation made by the joint team are as under : Observations a. Out of 43 tannery units proposed to be established in the Leather Technology Park project, only 5 units are established and have resumed operations b. The Common Effluent Treatment Plant (Cap : 4.5 MLD) has been established and in currently under stabilization.

250 c. The very purpose and efficacy of the entire project is seriously at stake mainly due to stubborn attitude by the units who have purchased plots in the Leather Park and have yet not established and started their operation. The CETP established having their (Wastewater) share reserved for treatment is incurring heavy financial losses. The number of such defaulters is 28. CETP Banthar S.N. Location ph SS Cl COD BOD T-Cr 1 Raw inlet to CETP Banthar Equalized Raw influent to CETP Banthar After Second stage clarification (Final Treated) CETP Banthar Pre-Treated wastewater from M/s Model Tannery Pre-Treated wastewater from M/s Model Tannery All other except ph is in mg/l Performance status of CETPs in West Zone (Gujarat & Maharashtra) In Gujarat and Maharashtra there are around 18 CETPs and 12 CETPs have been commissioned so far in various industrial estates respectively. In order to assess the compliance verification and overall operation and maintenance of CETPs, this Office has carried out the monitoring of 07 CETPs located in Ankleshwar, Vapi, Ahmedabad, Vadodara of Gujarat state, 08 CETPs located in Tarapur, Taloja, TTC, Loteparasuram, Mahad, Patalganga, Kalyan Dombivili in Maharashtra state. Following are the observations based on the performance of CETPs in Gujarat and Maharashtra Most of the CETPs are having primary & secondary treatment only - Tertiary treatment not adopted though requires achieving the desired norms. Inlet effluent characterization indicates significant deviation (upward) from the inlet design norms causing sometimes shock loads. In most of the cases, there is heavy hydraulic shock load in monsoon season due to lack of separation of storm water & industrial waste water. This results in flooding of CETP units & thus improper treatment. Almost all CETPs are non-compliant to prescribed norms CETP at Ankleshwar found compliant however, resulting from heavy dilution (in preparation of treatment-chemical solutions). BOD in many cases, close to the norm, however COD found exceeding several times, Parameter NH3-N also exceeding norms.

251 Influent (to biological treatment) characterization indicates non-amenability to biological treatment (due to very low BOD/COD ratio and high TDS) in case of Chemical CETPs handling only industrial effluent. Many CETPs started taking domestic sewage to improve amenability to biological treatment. Table 14.22: Performance of CETP Located in Gujarat Location BOD COD TDS TKN CETP, Ankleshwar 1 mld Inlet Final Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TKN CETP, Naroda, Ahmedabad 3 mld Inlet to CETP Outlet of CETP % Reduction Location BOD COD CETP, Odhav, Ahmedabad 1 mld Inlet to CETP Outlet of CETP % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS -2 SO 4 Cl - CETP, Nandesari 5.5 mld Inlet Final Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS TKN -2 SO 4 Cl - CETP, Vatva, Ahmedabad 16 mld Inlet to CETP Outlet of CETP % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS TKN -2 SO 4 Cl - CETP, Vapi 55 mld Inlet to CETP Outlet of CETP % Reduction Table 4.23: Performance CETP, Tarapur located in Mahrashtra

252 Location BOD COD TDS TKN -2 SO 4 Cl - CETP, Mahad 7.5 mld Inlet Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TDS -2 SO 4 Cl - CETP, Tarapur 20 mld Inlet Final Outlet % Reduction Location BOD COD TKN -2 SO 4 Cl - CETP, Thane-Belapur 12 mld Inlet to CETP Outlet of CETP % Reduction Location BOD COD TKN CETP, Taloja 12.5 mld Inlet to CETP Outlet of CETP % Reduction Location BOD COD TKN -2 SO 4 CETP, Dombivali (Textile) Inlet to CETP Outlet of CETP % Reduction Location BOD COD TKN -2 SO 4 CETP, Dombivali (Chemical) Inlet to CETP Outlet of CETP % Reduction Performance status of CETPs in Central Zone Seven CETP were monitored in Central Zone for their performance evaluation. The results are presented in Table 14.24

253 Table 14.24: Performance study of various CETP in Central Zone CETP, Balotra Location Composite sample ph TSS TDS COD BOD Inlet ,072 31, Outlet , Removal, % CETP, Jodhpur Location Composite sample ph TSS TDS COD BOD Inlet Outlet Removal, % CETP, Jasol Location Composite sample ph TSS TDS COD BOD Inlet Outlet Removal, % CETP-I, Pali Location Composite samples collected on 22/ 02/ 2006 ph COD BOD TSS TDS Unit- 1 & 2, Influent Unit- 1, Final outlet % Removal CETP-II, Pali Location Composite samples collected on 22/ 02/ 2006 ph COD BOD TSS TDS Inlet outlet % Removal CETP-III, Pali. Location Composite samples collected on 22/ 02/ 2006 ph COD BOD TSS TDS Influent outlet

254 % Removal CETP Govindpura, Bhopal Location ph COD BOD TSS TDS Equalization tank outlet outlet % Reduction Performance status of CETPs in South Zone A total of six CETPs in Tamil Nadu and one STP in Andhra Pradesh were monitored and the results are tabulated below : Table 14.25: Performance study of various CETP in South Zone Name of the CETP Details ph TSS BOD COD TKN Total Cr M/S. Pallavaram CETP Inlet Outlet % Reduction M/S. Kancheepuram CETP Inlet Outlet % Reduction M/S. VISTECS, Melvisharam Inlet CETP Outlet % Reduction M/S.TALCO, Ranipet CETP Inlet Outlet % Reduction M/S. Jeedimetla Effluent Inlet Treatment Plant, Medak Outlet % Reduction M/s. Patancheru Envirotech Inlet Ltd, Medak Outlet % Reduction M/S. Sewage Treatment Inlet Plant, Amberpet, Hyderabad Outlet

255 % Reduction PERFORMANCE STATUS OF CETPs IN INDIA Central Pollution Control Board studied performance of 78 CETPs operating throughout the country during It is observed that of the total 78 CETPs studied, only 20 complied with the prescribed limits for general parameters ph, BOD, COD and TSS but 15 of these were not able to comply with the prescribed limit for TDS. Thus, only 5 (i.e. 6.4%) CETPs were complying all general parameters including TDS. In general, the performance of CETPs has been found very unsatisfactory, largely because of poor operation and maintenance. Therefore, the State Pollution Control Boards have been advised to conduct regular monitoring of CETPs, persuade the operating agencies for proper operation and maintenance and initiate actions against negligent agencies and willful defaulters. Operational performance of CETPs State Number of CETPs studied by CPCB CETPs complying ph, BOD, COD, TSS and TDS standards CETPs complying ph, BOD, COD and TSS but not complying TDS standard Number Name Number Name AP Delhi 10 3 Mayapuri, GTK, Badli 6 Wazirpur, Mangolpuri, Jhilmil, SMA, Nangaloi, Okhla I.A Gujrat Ankleshwar, Sachin (0.5MLD) Haryana 1 1* Kundli-I 0 Karnataka Pai&Pai Maharashtra Thane-Belapur, Ambernath, Patalganga MP Punjab 1 1 Phillore 0 Rajasthan Jodhpur** Tamilnadu Thiruvai Karur***, TALCO Thuthipet Ambur UP Total 78 5 (6.4 %) 15 (19.2 %) *TDS not determined but likely to be within limits; **CETP was under trial; TDS not determined but Cl exceeded; ***TSS not determined

256 High TDS in treated effluent is observed a widespread problem as, in all, 69 (i.e. 88.5%) out of the 78 CETPs did not complied with TDS standards. Reduction in release of TDS contributing chemicals from problem industries by adopting cleaner production technologies and recovery and recycling of chemicals from the waste streams is the most important action required to tackle this problem. State Boards may consider prescribing location specific regulations for the control of TDS at the industry level. A status report on performance of CETPs in India has been finalized and published DECENTRALISED SEWAGE TREATMENT AND RECYCLING OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER _ A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT AT AUROVILLE Central Pollution Control Board has implemented this project, in collaboration with Auroville in residential colony, sangmam at Auroville, near Pondicherry in Tamil Nadu. In this project, the domestic wastewater from the households is treated at the site and reused for the inferior uses like flushing in the toilet. Also, use of harvested rain water is integrated with the decentralized sewage treatment system. With the objective to share the experience of the above project with the people concerned with the Domestic wastewater management, a demonstration workshop at the project site itself was held on 4 th March Workshop was attended by the Pollution Control Board officials, NGOs, Architects, Engineers etc.potential persons who can use the experiences of the project in implementing the concepts of Decentralising sewage Treatment at other places. Working of the Decentralising sewage management was shown and explained to the participants and result of the study was discussed in detail in this workshop DEVELOPMENT OF DECENTRALISED SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS IN SOUTHERN ZONE A joint project was initiated by South Zonal Office jointly with Bremen Overseas Research & Development Agency (BORDA) of Germany, Rajiv Gandhi Rural Housing Corporation and Nirmiti Kendras of Government of Karnataka and Beedi Workers Association. The project focused on design and erection of Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) for 200 flats generating sewage to the tune of 42 m 3 /day of sewage. The unit processes are 2 Nos. of anaerobic digesters, 1 No. anaerobic baffle filter, 1 No. planted gravel filter and also one dosing tank to inject high BOD industrial effluents (from Diaries, Sugar Units, Breweries, Cola Units etc. ) in order to enhance the methane gas production in such systems. The methane generation through the ordinary sewage was not found to be attractive. This full-scale plant shall also be used to conduct feasibility studies of treating a variety of industrial effluents in combination with domestic sewage. The construction of the DEWATS was completed and the plant is under trial runs of hydraulic testing and receiving sewage from the colony in a gradual manner. Performance evaluation of the system shall take sometime.

257 14.18 INSPECTION REPORT ON COLLECTION, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN DELHI Pursuant to the directions of Hon ble Supreme Court, dated 1 st March 1996, the Central Pollution Board (CPCB) had been regularly carrying out bi-monthly inspections on municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Delhi. Three reports were submitted during A comprehensive statement of the findings of the three reports is presented in Table Hot spots identified during three rounds of inspection in MCD areas are also presented in Table Table Status of MSW receptacles randomly inspected during the Year 2005 in Delhi Condition of waste receptacles Zone/ Area Central Zone City Zone 3. Civil Lines Karol 4. bagh 5. Najafgar h No. of receptacles inspected Ma y- 05 Sep -05 Dec Ma -05 y- 05 In-sanitary condition Sep -05 Dec -05 Physically dilapidated condition Ma y- 05 Sep -05 Dec -05 Stray Rag pickers animals seen seen Ma y- 05 Sep -05 Dec -05 Ma y- 05 Sep -05 Dec -05 Properly maintained Ma y- 05 Sep -05 Dec - S Narela Rohini Sadar- Pahargan j Shahdara 9 (North) 10 Shahdara (South)

258 South 11. Zone West Zone MCD subtotal NDMC 13 North Circle South Circle NDMC Subtota l 15 DELHI CANTT GRAND TOTAL Sl. No. Zone Table Hotspots identified in MCD areas during the year 2005 Twenty Twenty Eight Seventh (27) (28) Round of Round of Twenty Sixth (26) Round of Inspection May 2005 No. of Waste Recept acle No. of Hot Spots Percent age of Hot Spots Inspection, Sep No. of Waste Recept acle No. of Hot Spots Percent age of Hot No. of Spots Waste Recep tacle Inspection, Dec No. of Hot Spots Percent age of Hot Spots 1. Central City Civil Lines 4. Karol Bagh 5. Nazafgarh Narela Rohini Sadar Paharganj 9. Shahdara (N) 10. Shahdara

259 (S) 11. South West Zone Total % % % INVESTIGATION OF SLAUGHTER HOUSE In compliance to a direction of Hon ble Supreme Court of India, a slaughterhouse has been commissioned at Kuberpur, Agra. M/s Frigorifico Allana Limited, Mumbai and Agra Nagar Nigam are operating the plant since 21/6/02. The plant was inspected during January-06 by CPCB-Agra and following observations were made: Table: Performance of ETP of slaughter house at Agra S. No. Locations ph TSS TDS COD BO D 01 ETP Inlet ETP Outlet By-pass drain Note: All values are in mg/l except ph (a) No record on water extraction, water discharge & water balance record is maintained; (b) Operation & management of ETP was not satisfactory as there was inadequate addition of oxygen due to formation of foam in the aeration tank; (c) There was no removal of oil & grease in the trap (d) Waste water was found flowing directly into the river through a bypass drain instead of using the entire treated water for irrigation; (e) no trained analyst has been deputed for analyses of waste water / monitoring performances of ETP; (f) Poor house keeping of rendering plant; (g) No arrangement for composting of the animal body parts including for solid waste etc. On perusal of the data as presented in the table shows that except ph, none of the values are meeting the stipulated norms.

260 The matter has been referred to concerned agencies (viz. Department of Forests for greenery, Yamuna Pollution Control Unit for control of discharge into the river, Nagar Nigam for solid waste management, UP PCB for improvement in the performances of ETP on regular basis. It is also mentioned here that the plant is in operation without any consent for past three and half years MINING ACTIVITY IN TTZ Public complaints have been received related to huge mining activity in Kaman Tehsil under Bharatpur district in Rajasthan (within TTZ area). It was noted during the investigation that a huge area of hilly terrain was under the brutal destruction of its natural settings / environmental setting / tourist destinations due to mining activity. The investigating team has observed: (a) Exploitation / Large scale mining operation of hillocks in the region particularly in and around the villages of Seu, Kalawata, and Lehsar in the Kaman tehsil of Bharatput District in Rajasthan (all in air pollution sensitive, TTZ area), (b) Blasting of dynamites in the region and thereby destroying the flora and fauna of the entire region, (c) Dumping and throwing of rock splinters in the entire area causing an ecological imbalance, (d) Mining activity which is being done below the groundwater table disturbs the ground water flow, (e) Mushrooming of stone-crushing units in the entire belt causes air pollution on a large scale in the region, besides bringing changes in the socio-economic condition of the area. All these observations along with recommendations have been forwarded to the respective State Governments for the compliance of the recommendations given by the CPCB. The matter has also been referred to Taj-Trapezium Authority IMPLEMENTATION OF RAJBHASHA PROGRAMME

261 The CPCB-Agra Office implements Rajbhasha program to its best including interaction with Nagar Rajbhasha Karyanvayan Samity, Agra. The office has achieved 94.45% in correspondences in Hindi compared to 5.55% in English. The Office organized series of Hindiworkshops, Hindi-month, Hindi-competitions during the year. A technical report in Hindi on An Assessment of Ambient Air Quality in Agra has been prepared during this year. Publication of brochures on all important days viz. world environment day, water day, earth day are routine activities of this office. Owing to such dedicated efforts, the CPCB-Agra was awarded a shield and a certificate for securing third position among all Central Government offices working in Agra.