WATER ALLOCATION IN THE BRANTAS RIVER BASIN CONFLICTS AND ITS RESOLUTIONS

Transcription

1 WATER ALLOCATION IN THE BRANTAS RIVER BASIN CONFLICTS AND ITS RESOLUTIONS ARIS HARNANTO Head of Research and Development Bureau of Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation, Jl. Surabaya No. 2A Malang Indonesia FAHMI HIDAYAT Researcher, Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation, Jl. Surabaya No. 2A Malang Indonesia INTRODUCTION Increasing world population, with supporting agricultural and industrial activities implies rapidly increasing demands for fresh water. Competition among users and uses of water resources will increase. As shortages occur, effective management of the water resources and political decisions to allocate available water resources will be required. The objective of a water allocation system is to manage the water resources in a fair and equitable manner so that widely held public aspiration can be achieved. This objective can be targeted via numerous means of preparation such as complete control by the Government, by River Basin Management Agency (RBMA), etc. Since countries and circumstances vary widely, water allocation preparation within any country can be regarded as a unique system for sharing the available water across the known sources of demand. The existing institutional and legal frameworks as well as the water resources infrastructure of course influences the structure of any particular system of water allocation. Indeed, preparation of water allocation are likely to require a specific set of laws and regulations, organizations, and water resources infrastructure to operate effectively. THE PHYSICAL FEATURES AND SOCIAL-ECONOMY FIGURES OF THE BRANTAS RIVER BASIN Basin Boundary The Brantas River basin in the East Java lies between and East Longitude and and South Latitude. The area of the basin is approximately 11,800 km 2. The basin is bounded by Mt. Bromo (2,393 m)-mt. Semeru (3,676 m) in the east, a series of low Kidul ridges (El m) in the south, Mt. Wilis (2,169 m) and its families in the west and Kedung ridges and the Madura Strait in the north. The Arjuno Mountain Complex consist of Mt. Arjuno (3,339 m), Mt. Butak (2,868 m) and Mt. Kelud (1,731 m) located in the center of the basin. Figure 1 depicts the Brantas River basin and its primary topographic and hydrologic features. 1

2 Climate and Hydrology The climate of the basin is dominated by tropical monsoon. In the normal years, the rainy season is about 6 months long from November to April, and the dry season prevails from May to October. The annual mean temperature in the basin ranges from C in Malang to C in Porong. The average annual rainfall over the basin is around 2,000 mm, of which more than 80% occurs in the rainy season. Variation of annual rainfall is large about 2,960 mm in a water rich year and 1,370 mm in a drought year. The average annual rainfall in the high elevation areas is generally high, about 3,000 to 4,000 mm especially in southern and western slopes of Mt. Kelud. The yearly mean relative humidity in the basin ranges from 75% to 82% depending on the location. Population Population in the Brantas River basin was about million in 2001, accounting for 42.45% of East Java Province. The population of municipalities accounted for 25.26% of the total population in the Brantas River basin while that for the East Java Province was 10.73%. This large difference comes from the existence of two major cities, Surabaya and Malang in the basin, with population of 2.46 million and 743 thousand respectively. Gross Regional Domestic Product Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of the Brantas River basin area amounted to 113,969 billion Rupiah in 2001, accounting for 58% of GRDP in East Java. On average, GRDP per capita of the basin in 2001 was 7.8 million Rupiah higher than that of East Java (5.7 million Rupiah). Regencies and municipalities in the Brantas River basin area, however, were polarized into high and low income groups. The high-income group includes municipalities and regencies where industries and services have developed rapidly include Kediri, Surabaya, Malang and Sidoarjo. The low-income group, on the other hand, includes areas of Trenggalek and Mojokerto where low value added activities such as agriculture production and agro-related and consumption related industries and services are dominant. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN THE BRANTAS RIVER BASIN The comprehensive water resources development in the basin commenced in 1961 based on a series of master plans. Details of them are as follows: - Master Plan I was prepared in 1961 emphasizes on flood control by developing dams at the upper reaches and river improvements to increase flood relief capacity. - Master Plan II was prepared in 1973 after most objectives of the first master plan were achieved. This master plan was founded in accordance to the government policy on food sustainability, by emphasizing on irrigation development. - Master Plan III was prepared in 1985 after irrigation schemes were developed in the basin and as result of the irrigation development, agricultural intensification was 2

3 made possible. The third master plan emphasizes on water supply for domestic and industrial use, as more urban area is evident in the basin. - Master Plan IV was prepared in 1998, to emphasize on effective water resources conservation and management. The development has constructed 7 reservoirs, 4 barrages, river improvements, etc. At present, all of these water resources infrastructures are operated and maintained by Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation, a State-Owned Company acting as the Brantas River Management Agency, established based on Government Regulation No. 5 of 1990 and No. 93 of PRESENT WATER USES WITHIN THE BRANTAS RIVER BASIN Present major water users in the Brantas River and its main tributaries is used for the various purposes i.e. electricity generation, irrigation (as the largest consumer), brackish water fish ponds (in the coastal belt of the Delta), domestic water supply, industrial water supply, river maintenance flow, recreation and tourism. Actually consumed volume of water is estimated in a range between 20 to 25 percent of the total available water, but large seasonal variation of the availability of water sometimes causes shortage of water supply. Electricity Generation In 1970, when the Brantas River Development started, a total installed capacity of 31 MW from hydroelectric power plants (Mendalan and Siman Power Stations) produced energy of 120 million kwh. In 2002, it has been increased seven folds installed capacity to MW and produced energy close to 1 billion kwh due to progress of industrial development further boosted the demand for electricity in the basin. Irrigation Irrigation sector is the largest water consumer in the basin. The main crops in the irrigation area are paddy, sugarcane, dry-footed crops grown primarily in the dry season, including maize, soybeans and peanuts are collectively known as polowijo. The irrigation area extends all over the basin. The total irrigation area which directly takes irrigation water from the Brantas River is about 83,000 ha out of 304,000 ha for the gross irrigated area in the basin as a whole. Total amount of intake water varies from 2,298 Mm 3 per year to 2,448 Mm 3 per year. In the dry season, a very large proportion of the natural flow in the Brantas is diverted to irrigation schemes. It takes 70 to 80 % of available water in the basin. As water demands increase in other sectors, the tremendous usage of water by irrigation becomes an issue. Brackish water fish ponds Brackish water fishponds for fish and shrimp cultivation are mainly located in the coastal area in the Delta. The fresh water is taken from drainage canals in the irrigation area for 3

4 the fishponds. The existing total area of brackish water fishery in East Java in 1997 was approximately 60,000 ha, out of which 54,000 ha is under extensive culture and only 6,000 ha under intensive culture (which were introduced in 1985). The total present brackish water fishery area in the Brantas Delta is approximately 15,730 ha which mostly based on the extensive method of cultivation. The water demand of these is calculated to be about 1.29 m 3 /s which supplied by irrigation drainage water. Domestic water supply In the Brantas River basin, raw water for domestic purposes is provided for some Regional Water Supply Enterprises (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum/PDAMs) in most urban areas. The present water supply service coverage in Surabaya and Malang Municipalities is 35.4% and 36.8% respectively, while water consumption per capita are 224 liter/day/capita and 147 liter/day/capita, respectively. In 2002, total water volume taken from Brantas River for domestic purposes was about 243 million m 3. Industrial water supply At present total industrial water demand is estimated at about 250 million m 3 /year. In 2002, out of the total supply, 141 million m 3 was taken from the Brantas River by 120 registered industries. The biggest abstractors are sugar factories, which consumed about 33% of total water taken by industries. Even here, abstractions are seasonal and some of the abstracted water is returned to the river after use. River maintenance flow River maintenance flow is the minimum water flow, which shall satisfy concurrently following compositions for beneficial uses during the dry season: water quality : assimilative capacity of the rivers recreation and ablution : water depth for boating, etc aesthetic : water surface in the rivers preservation of biota : water depth for aquatic life in the rivers navigation : water depth for boat PREPARATION OF WATER ALLOCATION IN THE BRANTAS RIVER BASIN In order to avoid conflict among water users in the Brantas River basin, a provincial Water Resources Management Committee (Panitia Tata Pengaturan Air/PTPA) was established based on the East Java Governor s Decree No. 59 of 1994 on the Establishment of Water Resources Management Committee in East Java Province. The committee, which is responsible to the Governor, are supposed to be a coordination body where decision on all management aspects in water resources (planning, implementing, supervising, controlling and funding) in its respective area is made. The tasks of Water Resources Management Committee according to the Decree are: 4

5 Collecting, processing and preparing material obtained from the technical unit of river basin management and the concerned agency, needed for designating Provincial Government policy on water management coordination covering: a) Water quantity availability data in surface and ground water sources b) Water quality data in surface and ground water sources c) Water resources conservation data d) Data on water demand in related sector based on time, space, quantity and quality, which has and will be used e) Data on water resources utilization which has and will be used. Giving consideration and advice for solution problem to the Governor on: a) Water resources supply and use covering water allocation for the use in dry season as well as rainy season to support water demand in various sectors, based on criteria mutually agreed referring to the valid legislation b) Determination of location/method for waste water disposal including the financing and the management c) Determination of flood flow regulation to minimize the losses d) Coordination on C - type of mining material in water bodies Controlling upon the execution of the decision on coordinative matters which covers: a) Collection and analysis of written reports from related agency b) Preparation of follow-up recommendation on the control result report Preparing accountability reports periodically or whenever needed, for the Governor and the Minister of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure through the Director General of Water Resources. PTPA members are currently from the water resources related agencies and the water user companies (State Electric Power Company and Regional Water Supply Enterprises); other water users are represented by the related local government agencies, such as Irrigation, Industrial and Agricultural Services. However, it is planned to include all the stakeholders, such as farmers association, industrial association, etc. In carrying out its tasks, PTPA is supported by an executing committee for each river basin area, which is called the Basin Water Resources Management Committee (Panitia Pelaksana Tata Pengaturan Air/PPTPA). This basin committee has a technical team for each activity area, which is so far for water allocation and flood control, but should be expanded to cover other areas as well, such as watershed management, water quality control, etc. The committee meets in early November and May to ratify water allocations in wet and dry seasons and the reservoir operation patterns on a 10-day basis. Before these official meetings, a small preliminary meeting is held among Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation, East Java Provincial Irrigation Service, State Electric Power Company and other water users to negotiate for water allocation and decide on the proposed strategy. Historic water rights and existing water use permits are taken into account. Basically three scenarios of climate are considered i.e. normal year, wet year and wet year. For the dry season, if the actual reservoir flow is equal to or greater than that 5

6 forecasted, reservoir operation proceed according to the releasing plans. However, if actual reservoir inflow is less than forecasted (in a drier than normal dry season), the committee convene to discuss needs for additional water releases and adjustment to water allocation. In a severe dry season, restrictions are imposed on irrigation water intakes. The Meteorological and Geophysical Agency (Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika/BMG) is consulted for predictions on the weather pattern. In general, any conflict that may appear should be able to be resolved in the coordination forum. So far, PTPA can resolve water use conflict (in quantity) effectively. CONCLUSION a. Present water uses in the Brantas River and its main tributaries i.e. for electricity generation, irrigation, brackish water fishponds, domestic water supply, industrial water supply and river maintenance flow will cause potential conflict among water users due to water shortage in the basin. b. To avoid conflict among water users in the Brantas River basin, a provincial Water Resources Management Committees (Panitia Tata Pengaturan Air/PTPA) was established based on the East Java Governor s Decree No. 59 of This committee has successfully become an essential coordination among stakeholders in allocating water in the basin. 6

7 Table 1. Physical features and present social figures of the basin Main river course: Brantas Length 320 km Administrative location: Province of East Java, flowing 110º30 and 112º55 East through 16 regencies and municipalities Longitude, 7º31 and 8º15 South Latitude A. Main Tributaries and Basins Lesti Konto Widas Brantas Ngrowo Surabaya B. Surface Water Availability Precipitation average in the basin Surface runoff coefficient Surface water availability C. Social-Economy Condition * East Java population (2001) Brantas River basin population (2001) Regional Gross Domestic Products (RGDP) E. Java (2001) RGDP of Brantas River basin (2001) Ratio of RGDP for Brantas River basin to E. Java (2001) 625 km km 2 1,539 km 2 6,718 km 2 1,600 km km 2 Sum 11,800 km 2 * Compiled from East Java in Figures (2001), Biro Pusat Statistik of East Java. 2,000 mm/year billion m million million trillion Rp trillion Rp 58% 7

8 Table 2. Reservoirs in the Brantas River basin Reservoir Sutami & Lahor Type Catch. Area (km 2 ) FWL (m) HWL (m) LWL (m) Function Annual 2, Flood control Irrigation water supply (76,651 ha) Hydropower generation 3 x 35 MW Domestic water supply Fisheries and tourism Selorejo Annual Flood control Irrigation water supply (5,700 ha) Hydropower generation 4.5 MW Domestic water supply Fisheries and tourism Bening Annual Flood control Irrigation water supply (8,832 ha) Domestic water supply Fisheries and tourism Sengguruh Daily 1, Hydropower generation 2 x 14.5 MW Wlingi Daily 2, Flood control Irrigation water supply (12,321 ha) Hydropower generation 2 x 27 MW Lodoyo Daily 3, Flood control Hydropower generation 4.7 MW After bay of Wlingi HPP Wonorejo Annual Flood control Hydropower generation 6.5 MW Domestic water supply 8

9 Table 3. Membership Structure of East Java Water Resources Management Committee N Position in Description on Position/Agency o. Membership 1. a. Chairman Vice Governor of East Java Province (Economic and (also as Development Affairs) member) Chairman of East Java Province Planning Board b. Vice Head of East Java Public Works Regional Office Chairman Head of East Java Provincial Irrigation Service I (also as Head of Physical and Infrastructure Affairs of East Java member) Planning Board c. Vice Head of River and Lake Section of East Java Provincial Chairman Irrigation Service II a. Assistant II East Java Regional Secretary including b. Governor Assistant in East Java member c. Head of East Java Regional Office of Department of 2. a. Secretary Industry (also as d. Head of East Java Regional Office of Department of member) Agriculture b. Vice e. Head of East Java Regional Office of Department of Secretary I Forestry c. Vice f. Head of East Java Food Crop Agricultural Service Secretary g. Head of East Java Fishery Service II h. Head of East Java Industrial Service 3. Members i. Head of East Java Human Settlement Service j. Head of East Java Tourism Service k. Head of East Java Mining Service l. President Director of Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation m. Director of East Java Region of State Electric Power Company n. Head of Law Bureau of East Java Regional Secretariat o. Head of Population & Environment Bureau of East Java Regional Secretariat p. Regional Coordinator of East Java Provincial Irrigation Service q. Chairman of East Java Investment Coordination r. Chairman of Indonesian Farmers Association of East Java s. Chairman of East Java Trade and Industry Chamber t. Water Resources Expert of the Institute of Technology 10 November Surabaya u. Water Resources Expert of the Brawijaya University Malang 9

10 Table 4. Water Allocation Plan in the Brantas River Basin Rainy Season 2002/2003 MONTH/ DECADE INFLOW IRRIGATION INTAKES (m 3 /s) INDUSTRY SURA- BALANCE MRICAN MRICAN MRICAN BRTS KIRI JATI MENTU- JATI DELTA BRANTAS BAYA R. (m 3 /s) TOTAL (m 3 /s) KANAN KIRI KEDIRI MLEREK RUS KULON BRTS (m 3 /s) (m 3 /s) DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

11 Table 5. Water Allocation Plan in the Brantas River Basin Dry Season 2002/2003 MONTH/ DECADE INFLOW IRRIGATION INTAKES (m 3 /s) INDUSTRY SURA- BALANCE MRICAN MRICAN MRICAN BRTS KIRI JATI MENTU- JATI DELTA BRANTAS BAYA R. (m 3 /s) TOTAL (m 3 /s) KANAN KIRI KEDIRI MLEREK RUS KULON BRTS (m 3 /s) JUN JUL AGS SEP OCT NOV

12 Water Demand Beneficiaries Water Supply Hydrological Data Initial Pattern Concept Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation Pattern Concept Technical Workgroup of Water Resources Management Committee Pattern Approval Revised Pattern Concept Technical Workgroup of WRM Committee Initial Revised Pattern Concept Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation Water Resources Management Committee Pattern Implementation Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation Irrigation Service Evaluation and Reporting Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation Y Significant Deviation N Figure 1. Flow Chart of Water Allocation Preparation in the Brantas River basin 12