URBAN NEXUS IN PRACTICE: CHINA NOVEMBER 10, 2016 BANGKOK, THAILAND

Transcription

1 URBAN NEXUS IN PRACTICE: CHINA NOVEMBER 10, 2016 BANGKOK, THAILAND

2 Three decades of rapid urbanization in China Chinese urbanization rate: from 18% in 1978 to 54.77% in 2014 World s NO.1 Urban population: 753 million World s NO.1 Car consumption & production while private vehicle ownership only started in 1978 World s NO.1 Energy consumption and carbon emission, more than 80% of which happen in cities

3 Urban expansion threatens food, water and energy security Scarce arable land is giving way to urbanization - China feeds 22% of the world s population with 7% of the world s arable land. - Urbanization rate is increasing and expected to reach 60% by Significant amount of urban land expansion is from arable land: 1990 to % 2000 to % Urban construction exacerbates water problems - Urban water flooding and shortage are significant problems. - Heavy use of cement prevents natural water recycling, with rainwater being discharged as wastewater rather than reused or replenishing ground water supply. Resource efficiency further impacted by inefficient land and energy use - Average per capita construction land in 2014 is sqm 2, compared to the national standard of sqm 2 and average of 84.4 sqm 2 in developed countries. - Severe urban sprawl increases the demand for vehicle use and energy consumption. - Growing peak-valley load differential in cities constrains the power grid.

4 Some Chinese cities are acting on energy-food-water nexus by: Encouraging land-use efficiency - Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB) Portland and other cities in the U.S. have used UGBs to effectively prevent expansion Fourteen (14) pilot cities in China have started implementing UGBs to control sprawl still in early stage Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Xi an, Guiyang - Compact Development UGB must be paired with policies to bolster infill development and increase density particularly around transit centers

5 Some Chinese cities are acting on energy-food-water nexus by: Promoting outcome-based EE in buildings From: 30%, 50%, 65%, 75% savings K/U value Technology oriented Isolated project phase Inability to monitor To: kwh/m2/year Energy meter Performance driven Holistic approach Measurable target Source: SERA ARCHITECTS, INC.

6 Some Chinese cities are acting on energy-food-water nexus by: Adopting sponge city concept Sponge Cities aim to improve flood control and increase water conservation by building infrastructure that absorb, clean and reuse rainwater through various measures for water permeation, retention, storage, purification, and drainage. 16 Sponge City pilots initiated in 2015; 14 in 2016 Supporting urban farming Some cities like Beijing has been encouraging urban farming since the late 90 s. Green roofs help rain capture and flood prevention. Locating production close to consumption center cuts transportation energy consumption.

7 Shanghai as an Example Aiming for 200 sq.km of sponge districts by 2020 Promoting energy performance benchmarking and disclosure Building energy efficiency Sponge city pilot Demand response Urban growth boundary Setting compact development guidelines Improving power grid operation, efficiency and reliability Sustainable Development

8 Implementing Compact Urban Development Strict control of incremental new construction land - The Shanghai 2040 Master Plan aims at ZERO or NEGATIVE growth in newly converted urban construction land - Set land increase caps - Developed roadmap for land incremental quota by districts Stock-based planning/focusing on urban regeneration Re-evaluation of land use efficiency in industrial parks - Eliminate industries with inefficient land use - Re-sell inefficient lands

9 Promoting Data Driven Actions buildings 57 million m Reasonable value Advanced value 0 Energy Tracking Data Analysis Control platform Auditing Energy use guideline Benchmarking & disclosure Quota-based regulation Source:1. Notice on accelerate the development of energy monitor and supervision system for government office building and large non-residential building in Shanghai (No.49,2012, Municipal Government of Shanghai) 2. The 13 th Five Year Plan for Changning District 3. Shanghai Green Building Development Report

10 Benchmarking and disclosure Quota-based regulation

11 GW Implementing Demand Response Historical peak demand and installed capacity in Shanghai Rising electricity peak demand in Shanghai Load for a typical summer weekday in 2013 Highest Peak Demand Installed Generation Capacity in Shanghai First Demand Response city pilot in China Voluntary load reduction by commercial buildings & industrial participants Improves power system efficiency, thus reducing GHG and coal power plant emissions and short duration of peak demand and significant daily peak-valley difference Duration of load in Shanghai in 2013

12 Observation: Efforts to date tend to be disconnected Promote greater awareness of urban nexus. Support research efforts and demonstration projects on co-benefits of integrated urban land use, energy, water and transportation planning. Encourage development of framework for interagency cooperation regarding integrated policy development and implementation. Avoided T&D costs

13 THANK YOU MONA YEW NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL nrdc.cn (Chinese) nrdc.org (English)