1 Understanding Our Environment 5. Field Activity What s in an Ecosystem? 28

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1 CONTENTS Unit 1 Introduction to Environmental Science Chapter 1 Science and the Environment 4 1 Understanding Our Environment 5 Case Study Dam Removal on the Penobscot River 12 2 The Environment and Society 16 Making a Difference Predators of Africa 22 Chapter Summary and Review 24 Field Activity What s in an Ecosystem? 28 Chapter 2 tools OF EnvironmEntal SciEncE 30 xii 1 Scientific Methods 31 2 Statistics and Models 38 3 Making Informed Decisions 45 Case Study Saving the Everglades: Making Informed Decisions 46 Maps in Action A Topographic Map of Keene, New Hampshire 50 Environment Bats and Bridges 51 Chapter Summary and Review 52 Risk Assessment 56 Chapter 3 ThE dynamic Earth 58 1 The Geosphere 59 2 The Atmosphere 67 3 The Hydrosphere and Biosphere 73 Case Study Storm Surge, Tsunamis, and Coastal Wetlands 74 Maps in Action Earthquake Hazard Map of the Contiguous United States 82 Environment Ocean Currents 83 Chapter Summary and Review 84 Simulation Beaches 88 (t) Michael Melford/Getty Images; (c) Charlotte Main/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b) Earth Imaging/Stone/Getty Images

2 Unit 2 Ecology Chapter 4 ThE organization of LiFE 92 1 Ecosystems: Everything Is Connected 93 2 Evolution 97 Case Study Darwin s Finches 98 3 The Diversity of Living Things 102 Making a Difference Butterfly Ecologist 108 Chapter Summary and Review 110 Behavior Analysis How Do Brine Shrimp Select a Habitat? 114 Chapter 5 how ecosystems work Energy Flow in Ecosystems 117 Case Study DDT in an Aquatic Food Chain The Cycling of Matter How Ecosystems Change 129 Case Study Communities Maintained by Fire 130 Maps in Action Tracking Bats and Insects in Texas 134 Environment Changing Seas 135 Chapter Summary and Review 136 Factors That Influence Ecosystems 140 (cr) A. Cosmos Blank/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (tr) Photodisc/Getty Images xiii

3 Chapter 6 biomes What Is a Biome? Forest Biomes 146 Case Study Deforestation, Climate, and Floods Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes 155 Making a Difference A Little Piece of Cajun Prairie 164 Chapter Summary and Review 166 Field Activity Identify Your Local Biome 170 Chapter 7 Aquatic Ecosystems 172 xiv 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems 179 Case Study Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay 180 Maps in Action Wetlands in the United States, 1780s vs. 1980s 186 Environment Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans 187 Chapter Summary and Review 188 Observation Eutrophication: Too Much of a Good Thing? 192 (cl) Marty Snyderman/Corbis; (tl) Photo Researchers, Inc.; (bc) Scimat/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (br) M. I. Walker/Photo Researchers, Inc.

4 Unit 3 Populations Chapter 8 Understanding Populations How Populations Change in Size How Species Interact with Each Other 203 Case Study Predator-Prey Adaptations 206 Environment Conserving Top Predators 210 Chapter Summary and Review 212 Observation Calculating Generation Rate 216 Chapter 9 ThE human Population 218 (t) Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (c) Syndicated Features Limited/The Image Works; (b) Photoshot USA/Canada 1 Studying Human Populations Changing Population Trends 225 Case Study Thailand s Population Challenges 228 Maps in Action Fertility Rates and Female Literacy in Africa 232 Environment Lost Populations: What Happened? 233 Chapter Summary and Review 234 How Will Our Population Grow? 238 Chapter 10 Biodiversity What Is Biodiversity? Biodiversity at Risk 245 Case Study A Genetic Gold Rush in the Rain Forests The Future of Biodiversity 252 Making a Difference Dr. E. O. Wilson: Champion of Biodiversity 258 Chapter Summary and Review 260 Field Activity Differences in Diversity 264 xv

5 Unit 4 Water, air, and land Chapter 11 Water Water Resources 269 Case Study The Ogallala Aquifer: An Underground Treasure Water Use and Management Water Pollution 284 Points of View The Three Gorges Dam 294 Chapter Summary and Review 296 Simulation Groundwater Filters 300 Chapter 12 Air What Causes Air Pollution? Air, Noise, and Light Pollution 309 Case Study The Health Effects of Ground-Level Ozone Acid Precipitation 314 Maps in Action Light Sources 318 Environment Killer Smog 319 Chapter Summary and Review 320 Simulation The Acid Test 324 xvi Chapter 13 AtmoSPhere and ClimatE change Climate 327 Case Study Ice Cores: Reconstructing Past Climates The Ozone Shield Climate Change 339 Making a Difference Climate Scientist 346 Chapter Summary and Review 348 Environmental Engineering Build a Model of Global Air Movement 352 (t) Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis; (b) NASA; (c) Deborah Davis/Getty Images

6 Chapter 14 land How We Use Land Urban Land Use Land Management and Conservation 363 Case Study Conservation Planning 366 Making a Difference Restoring the Range 370 Chapter Summary and Review 372 Modeling Creating a Land-Use Model 376 Chapter 15 Food and Agriculture 378 (cr) David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc./Alamy; (tr) Jim Wark/Airphoto; (b) Edwin Remsberg/Alamy Images 1 Feeding the World Crops and Soil Animals and Agriculture 395 Case Study Menhaden: The Fish Behind the Farm 396 Points of View Genetically Modified Foods 400 Chapter Summary and Review 402 Simulation Managing the Moisture in Garden Soil 406 xvii

7 Unit 5 Mineral and energy resources Chapter 16 Mining and Mineral ResourcES Minerals and Mineral Resources Mineral Exploration and Mining 415 Case Study Hydraulic Mining in the California Goldfields Mining Regulations and Mine Reclamation 421 Maps in Action Mineral Production in the United States 426 Environment Gold from Ghana 427 Chapter Summary and Review 428 Observation Extraction of Copper from Its Ore 432 Chapter 17 Nonrenewable Energy Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels 435 Case Study The "Gas" Rush Deep Hydraulic Fracturing Nuclear Energy 444 Points of View Pipelines and Oil Sands 448 Chapter Summary and Review 454 Your Household Energy Consumption 454 xviii (tl) Dale O'Dell/Alamy Images; (cl) Accent Alaska.com/Alamy Images; (b) Corbis

8 Chapter 18 renewable Energy Renewable Energy Today 457 Case Study A Super-Efficient Home Developing Energy Technologies 466 Maps in Action Wind Power in the United States 472 Environment Solar Living 473 Chapter Summary and Review 474 Modeling Blowing in the Wind 478 Chapter 19 Waste 480 (tr) Rafael Macia/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (cr) Photoshot USA/Canada; (b) Michelle Bridwell/Frontera Fotos 1 Solid Waste Reducing Solid Waste 488 Case Study Paper or Plastic? Hazardous Waste 493 Case Study Green Chemistry 496 Points of View How Should Nuclear Waste Be Stored? 500 Chapter Summary and Review 502 Out of Sight Out of Mind 506 xix

9 Unit 6 our health and our future Chapter 20 The Environment and Human Health Pollution and Human Health 511 Case Study Chemicals That Disrupt Hormones Biological Hazards 519 Maps in Action Lyme Disease Risk 524 Environment Water Challenges 525 Chapter Summary and Review 526 Lead Poisoning and Mental Ability 530 Chapter 21 Economics, Policy, and the Future Economics and International Cooperation 533 Case Study Saving Species in the Open Ocean Environmental Policies in the United States The Importance of the Individual 544 Making a Difference Get Involved with the Environment 548 Chapter Summary and Review 550 Research Be an Environmental Scientist 554 Student Resources xx Appendix A Lab Safety R2 Appendix B Field Studies R6 Appendix C Note-Taking and Study Skills R12 Appendix D Math Skills Refresher R18 Appendix E Chemistry Refresher R24 Appendix F Mineral Uses R28 Appendix G Economics Concepts R30 Appendix H SI Conversions R32 Appendix I Environmental Careers R33 Appendix J Ecoskills R45 Appendix K Maps R56 English and Spanish Glossary Index R72 R92 (c) Alex Webb/Magnum Photos; (t) Michel Gounot/Godong/Corbis