Latest Developments & Perspectives in R744 Technology

Transcription

1 Latest Developments & Perspectives in R744 Technology Frank Wolf Vice President OBRIST Engineering GmbH AUSTRIA Dr. Armin Hafner Research Scientist SINTEF NORWAY Marc Chasserot Marketing Manager SHECCO BELGIUM 1 Outline Main messages Global R744 Technology Teams / Activities Examples from non automotive applications Benefits of R744 MAC: Safety / Health Comfort Operation cost of MAC Environmental issues CARB Your Market Place for CO 2 Technology, News & Policy 2 1

2 Main Messages R744 (CO 2 ) is a viable natural alternative Successful market introduction 5.2 mill. hot water heat pump units anticipated installed in Japan in 2010 Several thousand beverage cooling units installed in various countries Commercial refrigeration pilot plants Several important applications are coming MAC Heat pumps in Europe Commercial Refrigeration Transport refrigeration Trains Trucks Container CO 2 Technology Community has a new dedicated website 3 Global R744 Tech. Teams / Activities 4 2

3 Examples from non-mac applications ECO Cute market introduction in Japan mill. units expected to be installed in Japan alone until 2010 Commercial Refrigeration Based on Shecco Technology 5 R744 Component & System Manufactures (Non-automotive) 6 3

4 R744 Events IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Hanover (Germany) Århus (Denmark) Oslo (Norway) Purdue (USA) Guangzhou (China) Glasgow (Scotland) Trondheim (Norway) ->2008 Copenhagen (Denmark) ~ 300 participants / conference 71 of 109 papers related to R744 Technology at GL-conference 2006 Other Events: 7 Benefits of R744 MAC Safety / Health Carbon dioxide concentrations inside the passenger cabin do not reach critical levels, due to reduced refrigerant charges (<300 g) -> R744 is not toxic, ref. ASHRAE, ++ R744 is a stable refrigerant, even at high operation temperatures R744 is neither flammable, nor does any decompositions product harm human life No health issue in workshops / service places Improved system performance rise driver attention to traffic 8 4

5 Benefits of R744 MAC Operation cost of MAC Improved seasonal performance 90 % of operation, when COP matters, R744 units are more efficient than HFC-134a systems Reduced AC-Fuel consumption (xx / a) Service Car owners save money Reduces indirect GHG emissions Refrigerant recycling can be dropped Low cost of R744 charge End of life No refrigerant recovery required. 9 Comfort / Cooling 60 Benefits of R744 MAC AC Pull Down, Head Temperature; Small Car _1 ; tamb= ca 35 C; A/C Measurement R-744 vs HFC-134a Recirc Air, Blower max 50 Temperature [ C] AC on forced idle at 1600 rpm idle Time [min] R-744 HFC-134a 10 5

6 Benefits of R744 MAC Small Car Low Cost A/C Solution IHX PXV Gascooler Evaporator Accumulator Compressor Reduced complexity versus HFC-134a Reduced weight Front of dash 11 Comfort / Heating Benefits of R744 MAC Reversible R744 systems can provide sufficient heating capacity for the passenger compartment. No additional auxiliary heating device required Sustainable system solution for vehicles of the future Visteon 12 6

7 ARCRP Phase II Simulation results for energy Vehicle Mid size Full Size Drive cycle NEDC US FTP 75 Cycle 1180 sec duration System Energy/ cycle [kj] Energy/ cycle [kj] Demand R 134a Base Base R 152a -3% -7% R 744* *Optimized Refrigerant Controls -11% -9% Based on analysis of the accuracy and repeatability of the data, it is estimated that these values are within +/- 6%. February 23-24,2005 Saalfelden, Austria 13 Benefits of R744 MAC Indirect Emissions Reduction AC ON Total Fuel Consumption l/100km ~1.3 ~1.0 ~0.7 0ff R-134a FDC R-134a EVDC R-744 EVDC ~ 35 ~ 27 ~ 19 0ff Grams CO 2 emission per km driven Off line for 2008 average Fuel consumption due to drag torque, according to 99 / EG Total l/100km: 5,8 CO 2 -Emission: 140 g/km Values without A/C R-134a with EVDC + 0,1l/100km (off mode) R-744 with EVDC + 0,05l/100km (off mode) NEDC Ambient conditions: 50% RH no sun load; Mode: fresh air FDC - Fix Displacement Compressor EVDC- Externally controlled Variable Displacement Compressor 14 7

8 Benefits of R744 MAC Direct Emissions Reductions Calculation Driving distance km/year times 140gCO 2 /km (NEDC) = 1820 kg CO 2 tailpipe per year w/o AC AC charge 750g (HFC) 80g/a leak fugitive over vehicle lifetime 3% leak due to accidents etc. -> 20g/a Total direct emission estimation: 100g/a times 1410 GWP = 141 kg/a of CO 2 equivalent emissions 8% reduction of equivalent tailpipe emissions 15 Benefits of R744 MAC Indirect Emission Calculation Annual fuel consumption, km/year w/o AC. 754 l/a HFC134a FDC or VDC AC ON Annual AC fuel consumption 101 l/a 12 % HFC134a EVDC AC ON 60% & AC OFF 40%@NEDC Annual AC fuel consumption 78 l/a + 5,2 l/a = 83,2 l/a 10 % 2% reduction ~18 /a R744 EVDC AC ON 60% & AC OFF 40%@NEDC Annual AC fuel consumption 54,6 l/a + 2,6 l/a = 57,2 l/a 7 % 2-5% indirect emissions reduction 8% reduction of equivalent tailpipe emissions 10-13% total emission reduction 3% reduction ~26 /a 16 8

9 Benefits of R744 MAC Environmental issues (Europe) Accumulated GHG saving potential (10 6 ton) from MAC South Europe Accumulated GHG saving potential (10 6 ton) from MAC North Europe Anual R-744 MAC production 1 Mio 2 Mio 3 Mio More than 30 x 10 6 metric tones of GHG could be saved until 2011 by introducing annually 3 Mio R744 MAC units from Benefits of R744 MAC CARB Regulation to reduce vehicle climate change emissions pursuant to assembly bill

10 Benefits of R744 MAC GHG saving potential India / China GHG saving potential prior 2012; China GHG saving potential prior 2012; India GHG savings potential (10 6 metric ton) from MAC AC-Vehicle production growth rate 30 % 20 % 10 % GHG savings potential (10 6 metric ton) from MAC AC-Vehicle production growth rate 30 % 20 % 10 % Year 7th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids Trondheim, Norway, May 28-31, 2006 Year Large GHG savings can be achieved by an early introduction of R744 and a rapid phase out of HFC-134a not only in Europe. The fast developing Asian nations India and China may avoid several hundred million metric ton s of tradable GHG emissions. 19 Comparison Table NA R-744 NNA Blend H NNA DP1 Toxicity (See Health & Safety) Acute Toxicity: Cardiac sensitization of CF 3 I, HF, HI, CF 2 O, Trifluoroacetic acid Chronic Toxicity: (M3 for CF 3 I, also double bond for HFO1234yf) Toxicity of the stabilizers Decomposition product: HF??? Flammability no Flammability of HFO1234yf Flammability together with refrigerant oil Major component: Non flammable, Minor component: Flammable refrigerant 20 10

11 Comparison Table NA R-744 NNA Blend H NNA DP1 Stability -- Stabilizer in lubricant -> What if stabilizer is saturated? Long term stability? Reaction with Al? Presence of water -> corrosion? High temp. operation -> comp. failure??? Fluid- Cost 0.2 /kg Iodine cartel Ref.-lubricant -> stabilizer monopoly? CF 3 I = 150 $/kg -> misuse of HFC-134a in Blend-H system???? 21 Comparison Table Technical NA R-744 NNA Blend H COP -10%: -> Compressor: 165 -> 180cc Suction line diameter -> up Interchangeability of lubricants (HFC-134a -> Blend H) not possible Material compatibility? Service & recovery (toxicity) NNA DP1 One partner chosen 22 11

12 Outlook / take home message As long HFC134a is still in the market, the joint community should make sure that leakages are low and that recycling works A new refrigerant is a good opportunity and will at least help to keep the pace in the search of the best alternative solution R744 is the most mature and therefore the most promising option out there Have a look at: Your Market Place for CO 2 Technology, News & Policy Leading online source of information dedicated to R744 Launching this week Key Features; Components Database Daily News Policies & Regulations for key markets Conferences and more coming 24 12

13 25 R744 Components Database 26 13

14 Do you want to Market Your R744 Components? Live Demo on Laptop outside Please talk to Marc Chasserot & Alvaro de Ona Or visit: 27 Thank you for you attention Frank Wolf Armin Hafner Marc Chasserot See you at:

15 Ambient temp. CO 2 in atmosphere

16 Rodanthe, Cape Hatteras Glacier Nat. Park