Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Johkasou and Japan s Approach for Improvement of Water Environment in Asia

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1 Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Johkasou and Japan s Approach for Improvement of Water Environment in Asia November 13, 2013 Masahiro YASUDA Deputy Director, Water Environment Division Environment Management Bureau,, Japan Today s Presentation Japan s Experience of Water Quality Improvement Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Installation and Management of Johkasou (Johkasou: on site domestic wastewater treatment in Japan) Japan s international cooperation on water environment 2

2 Japan s Experience of Water Quality Improvement 3 Water Pollution of Tokyo in 1970 s Tokyo Bay A river in Tokyo The Kanda River (Tokyo) Photo Credit : Environmental Bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government 4

3 Japan s Experience of Water Quality Improvement ~Dokai Bay, Kitakyushu City~ A miracle city recovering from a dead sea Dead sea where fish cannot live Dokai Bay has recovered Monitoring data in Dokai bay Illegal construction along the river The river as a city symbol with attractive water-side space Water quality in Murasaki River and Sewerage coverage ratio Source: Web site of Kitakyushu City 5 State of Achievement of Environmental Standards Indicators for Human Health(heavy metal, VOC, etc.): Improved significantly since 1970s. Indicators for Living Environment (BOD/COD, etc.): Improved tendency as a whole, but still low achievement rate in enclosed water area such as lakes and inland seas Achievement Rate(%) Annual Change in achievement of BOD/COD environmental standards Rivers: 92.3% All: 87.6% Seas: 79.2% 全体 Total 湖沼 Lakes Rivers 河川 Seas 海域 * Reference (2009) Tokyo Bay:68% Ise Bay: 56% Osaka Bay: 67% Lakes: 53%

4 Framework of the Measures of Water Environment Improvement in Japan Establishment of Environmental Quality Standard Environment Basic Law Establishment of Effluent Standard Water Pollution Control Law Uniform Effluent Standard National government National government Measures for Industrial Wastewater More Stringent Effluent Standards Water Pollution Control Law Regulations for the Private Companies Water Pollution Control Law Notification,Measure and log pollution status Local government of effluent, On site inspections (Prefecture) Penalty, Order remedy, other administrative directions Investment to pollution control Development of human capacities etc. Private company Measures for Domestic Wastewater Construction of sewerage Sewerage Law Installation of Johkasou Johkasou Law etc. Subsidy system System of maintenance National governmen Local government Individual 7 Legal and Administrative Frameworks for Installation and Management of Johkasou (Johkasou: on site domestic wastewater treatment in Japan) 8

5 Night Soil (Black water) Treatment and Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems in Japan Centralized treatment wastewater treatment facility (New type) (Old type) (Traditional) Decentralized treatment night soil treatment facility 9 Population Coverage by Type of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Night soil collection Sewerage treatment system (Centralized treatment) Johkasou Tandoku-Johkasou 10

6 Gappei shori Johkasou and Tandoku shori Johkasou On-site treatment for only black water (Old type) This system has issues on water quality and sanitation because grey water is not treated It should be maintained by each individual house owner New installation is currently prohibited On-site treatment for both black water and grey water Gappei-shori (New type) It can treat both black water and grey water Good quality if it can be maintained appropriately It should be maintained by each individual house owner 11 Replaceing Tandoku shori Johkasou (only black water) By Gappei Johkasou (both black water and grey water) Johkasou Gappei Johkasou There is less pollution Tandoku Johkasou (Septic Tank) Tandoku Johkasou Public waters Pollution load is 8 times that of Gappei Johkasou untreated Pollution load of Tandoku johkasou is 8 times that of Gappei Johkasou. There is no duty to replace Tandoku Johkasou with Gappei Johkasou. 12

7 Number and trends of installed Johkasou 10,000,000 Bannning Tandoku Johkasou Number of Johkasou 7,818,058 (Total) 9,000,000 単独処理浄化槽 Tandoku-shori Johkasou (night soil only) Number of Johkasou 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 合併処理浄化槽 Gappei Johkasou (night soil and gray soil) Johkasou law (effect in 1985) Natinal subsidy program (Johkasou installation promotion) Natinal subsidy program (Municipal Johkasou installation ) Revision of Johkasou Law Revision of Johkasou Law Tandoku shori Johkasou 4,674,779 60% Gappei Johkasou 3,143,279 40% 元 Fiscal year Tandoku johkasou bannning installation is remained about 5 million (60%) 13 Legal Framework for Johkasou Technological Aspect Building Standards Act (1950) Structural Criteria (1969) Japanese Industrial Standards (JISA ) Management Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (1970) Johkasou Act (1982) 14

8 Uniqueness of Johkasou Management Framework Governmental Support for Technological Standardization $ Subsidy System for Installation Outsourcing System for Installation and Operation Monitoring System 15 Governmental Support for Technological Standardization Structural standard Manual for project development Guideline for operation and maintenance Textbook on Maintenance of Johkasou Johkasou systems for domestic wastewater treatment Textbook on Structure and maintenance 16

9 Subsidy System for Johkasou Installation Percentage of Subsidy 40 % (Johkasou Installation Promotion Program) 90 % (Municipal Johkasou Installation Program) 17 Outsourcing System for Installation and Management Installation Installation Worker 33,593 Companies 83,205 Persons Performance Inspection Inspector 65 Institutions 1,210 Persons Operation/Maintenance Operator 12,871 Companies 72,521 Persons Desludging Annual Inspection Desludging Expert Inspector 5,375 Companies 15,117 Persons 65 Institutions 1,210 Persons 18

10 Percentage of Inspected Facilities Percentage of Inspected facilities 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% % % Performance Inspection Annual Inspection 0% Year Historical Change of Inspected Johkasou in Japan 19 Conclusion about Johkasousystem Johkasou system is an effective approach for on site domestic wastewater treatment In order to encourage proper installation and operation, regulations alone are not sufficient. Governmental support in the respect of technological standardization, financing and outsourcing is needed. Periodical Monitoring is required for sustainable management of Johkasou system. 20

11 Japan s International Cooperation on Water Environment 21 Current Situation of Water Environment in Asian region Water consumption is now increasing in Asian countries due to population increase and economical development Asian countries face serious water pollution because of insufficient wastewater treatment Japanese wastewater treatment technologies developed for environmental pollution control can contribute to the improvement of water environment in Asian countries. Wastewater Treatment Ratio in different regions 85 % of wastewater is discharged without treatment in East Asia Seriously polluted river (China) 22

12 Concept of the International Cooperation for Water Environment Improvement by MOEJ Support for basic framework development (Improvement of Water Environment Governance, etc.) Implementation of the model project and replication to other regions Improvement of the water environment in developing countries Promotion of Japanese technology overseas Implementation of the project Water Environment Improvement projects in Asia Replication Improvement of the water environment in developing countries Promotion of Japanese technology overseas Feedback Co benefits Type Wastewater Treatment Overseas Development Based on Japanese Model of Environmental Technologies Accumulation of more information Project for International Onsite Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems Promotion Water Environment Partnership in Asia(WEPA) Utilization of the information and human resources Support for basic framework development Legal system and its operation Wastewater management Establishment of O&M system etc. 23 Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) WEPA was proposed by the Ministry of Environment in Japan at the 3 rd World Water Forum in WEPA aims to improve water environmental governance including the reformation and operation of legal system as well as the improvement of wastewater management in the Asian region through cooperation and knowledge sharing among policy makers under the partnership of 13 Asian countries. The Ministry of Environment, Indonesia is proactively involved in this partnership to contribute to the improvement of water environment in the Asian region by cooperating with other WEPA countries including Japan. Partnership of 13 Asian countries Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Viet Nam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Japan Nepal Sri Lanka Bilateral Meeting International forum 24

13 Water Environment Improvement Projects in Asia Purpose To support the dissemination of excellent water treatment technologies made by Japanese private companies to foreign countries. To support the improvement of water environment in Asian countries by disseminating Japanese water treatment technology. Method Ministry of Environment seeks publicly appropriate technology from Japanese private companies. Selected companies will be supported financially by MOEJ. Selected companies shall conduct a Feasibility Study in the first year and a Pilot Project after the second year as well as develop business models through advertisement of the applied technology. Projects can disseminate the applied technology to other areas as well as contribute to water environment improvement in the country. Outcome To have selected 10 projects for 3 years. 4 projects in Viet Nam, 2 projects in China, 1 project each in Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and the Solomon Islands. Domestic wastewater treatment, Industrial wastewater treatment, Phosphorus resource recovery system, control of Non point source pollution. 25 The examples of selected projects in Water Environment Improvement Projects in Asia Water Quality Improvement Project by Introducing Johkasou System in Jakarta (Indonesia) To conduct monitoring of treated water and sludge after the installation of Japanese distributed type wastewater treatment system (Johkasou) in residential housing. Project for Introducing Zero emission Wastewater Treatment System at Pig Farms(Malaysia) To treat wastewater from pig farms by using continuous circulation culture system using chlorella. To realize zero emissions by utilizing treated wastewater at pig farms for washing, compost moistening, and farming as well as to contribute water quality improvement and enhancement of water safety. Water Quality Improvement and Resource Recovery Project in Shenyang City (China) To apply phosphorus recovery technology in sludge treatment plant and reducing phosphorus concentration of treated water. To conduct feasibility study on effective utilization of recovered phosphorus. Water Environment Improvement by Energy Saving Treatment of Organic Industrial Wastewater in Viet Nam (Viet Nam) To conduct feasibility study on low cost and easy maintenance type of wastewater treatment technology using biofilm process in milk factories near Hanoi. 26

14 Japan s international cooperation Disseminate Japan s experience for night soil treatment and onsite waste water treatment system Suggest Johkasou systems/technologies which is applicable for various countries Aims to make a relationship between China and Southeast Asia 27 Thank you for your listening attentively 28