GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN THE FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA PLAIN

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1 Trieste, 30 November 4 December 2015 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN THE FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA PLAIN Bruno DELLA VEDOVA* and Aurélie CIMOLINO Dept. of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste UGI Unione Geotermica Italiana FIT - Trieste International Foundation for the Progress and Freedom of Sciences * dellavedova@units.it

2 A LONG WAY TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT! PROBLEM: climate change, groundwater overexploitation and increasing anthropic pressure are threatening quantity + quality of water resources worldwide Europe. Italy.. FVG.. ü Water Framework European Directive 2000/60/EU ü Priority Substances Directive 2013/39/EU (micropollutants) ü Italy s Environment Act 152 (2006) ü FVG Regional Groundwater Protection Plan (2015) OBJECTIVES: - Groundwater prevention, protection and remediation (Quality standards) - Sustainable groundwater withdrawals (Quantity standards) METHOD and TOOLS: By monitoring resources, demand, impacts and management and by implementing measures for sustainable use and protection 2/36

3 SUMMARY 1) Groundwater resources in FVG Region 2) Groundwater quantity and quality 3) Critical issues and examples 4) Guidelines for suistanable management 3/36

4 GEODYNAMIC SETTING Mountain belts: 1. Dinaric 2. Austroalpine 3. Suthern-Alps Della Vedova, et al., /36

5 INPUT into FVG HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM RAIN FALL [mm/year] Tagliamento River basin as main recharge area for FVGR groundwater Runoff + Infiltration [mm/year] Regione FVG et al., Groundwater sustainability in the Friuli Plain. AQUA mundi 5/36

6 WATERSHEDS and SURFACE WATERS Tagliamento River Basin Basins of Livenza and Lemene Rivers Basin of Soča-Isonzo River Alto Adriatico River Basin Authority, Management Plan of the Hydrographic District of the Eastern Alps 6/36

7 GROUNDWATER and HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROVINCES Total surface FVG = 7,850 km² Ø Montain area Ø Hills area Ø High Plain Ø Low Plain = 3,350 km² = 1,500 km² = 1,800 km² = 1,200 km² Regione FVG et al., Groundwater sustainability in the Friuli Plain. AQUA mundi 7/36

8 WATER WELLS with lithostratigraphy Cimolino, 2010 [PhD Thesis] - Caratterizzazione delle risorse geotermiche della bassa pianura friulana (REGION FVG) 8/36

9 FRIULI PLAIN AQUIFER CONCEPTUAL MODEL HIGH PLAIN UNCONFINED AQUIFER LOW PLAIN Unconfined aquifer CONFINED AQUIFER SYSTEMS A2 A0 A1 Unconfined aquifer B A3 Confined aquifers C 200 Alto Adriatico River Basin Authority and OGS (Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics) 9/36

10 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE CONCEPTUAL MODEL HIGH PLAIN LOW PLAIN UNCONFINED AQUIFER CONFINED AQUIFER SYSTEMS GROUNDWATER TRANSFER GROUNDWATER STORAGE Upper Plain Lower Plain Phreatic surface Mountain Basins Nicolich, Della Vedova et al., Le acque calde della pianura friulana. LOW PLAIN aquifers are directly recharged from HIGH PLAIN 10/36

11 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITIES Unconfined aquifer à 50 m/day Confined aquifers à 0.5 m/day Confined aquifer systems are a huge natural reservoir of high quality groundwater OUR COMMITMENT Alto Adriatico River Basin Authority Groundwater flow net of the High Plain aquifer (recharge regime) MAP, MONITOR, PROTECT and USE these WATER RESOURCES in a SUSTAINABLE WAY 11/36

12 SUMMARY 1) Groundwater resources in FVG Region 2) Groundwater quantity and quality 3) Critical issues and examples 4) Guidelines for suistanable management 12/36

13 WATER WELLS on the whole FVG Plain More than water wells abstract from aquifers HUGE VOLUMES of resource This process significantly increase the replacement velocity of the low plain confined aquifer systems Zini et al, Risorse idriche sotterranee del Friuli Venezia Giulia. 13/36

14 AQUIFER CHARACTERIZATION BY INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, HYDROGEOLOGY, NUMERICAL MODELLING Regional, National and EU funded PROJECTS Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC 14/36

15 AQUIFER and GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Top Base Grazioli, Environmental Engineering Thesis 15/36

16 AQUIFER and GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Cross-Section A-A Cross-Section C-C 16/36

17 NUMERICAL SIMULATION Regione FVG et al - AQUA mundi (2013) DRAUGTH REGIME RECHARGE REGIME CONFINED SYSTEMS NET BALANCE +2,6 Case study of groundwater flow 3-D modeling of the lower Isonzo River Basin Grazioli, Environmental Engineering Thesis Total Annual Withdrawals (average) 1,3 km 3 Daily Per Person abuse (average) 2-3 m 3 Groundwater Reserve (approx.) 90 km 3 Complete replacement of the original resource in about 70 years! 30 years are gone already! 17/36

18 GROUNDWATER CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION ü BICARBONATIC waters: shallow circuits, residence times generally < 50 years ü ALKALINE to SULPHATED waters: deeper circuits, long residence times (depth m) Nicolich et al., 2007 Le acque calde della Pianura Friulana. ü SODIUM - CHLORIDE waters: very deep circuits ( fossil waters), mineralized & geothermal waters 18/36

19 SUMMARY 1) Groundwater resources in FVG Region 2) Groundwater quantity and quality 3) Critical issues and examples 4) Guidelines for suistanable management 19/36

20 HIGHLY VULNERABLE AREAS QUANTITY (INPUT) QUANTITY QUALITY (IMPACTS) WATER BODIES VULNERABILITY Large Recharge Good Transfer (infiltration in unsatured zone) Good Storage Localized and Limited Scattered and High Widespread and Medium-Low Medium High Low 20/36

21 HIGH ANTHROPIC PRESSURE and IMPACTS Several other SCATTERED and HIGH INTENSITY pollution sources come from transport infrastructures, urban, industrial and agricultural areas FVG Region GIS for buried fuel tanks BURIED FUEL TANKS in service stations (number of plants/km 2 ) 21/36

22 HIGH PLAIN: HIGH VERTICAL ACCESSIBILITY to the UNSATURED ZONE Heterogeneity Soil Retention Zone VERTICAL PERMEABILITY favours recharge and pollutants migration from agriculture, transport infrastructures, industrial and urban sources Capillary Franges Water Table 22/36

23 Unconfined Aquifers NITRATES CONCENTRATION in the FVG Plain Confined Aquifers (A, B; down to -100 m a.s.l.) Brandolin & Toffolutti, 2012 Qualità delle acque sotterranee. ARPA FVG 23/36

24 UNCONFINED AQUIFER DEPLETION 0060 water well (Felettis) 28,7 m a.s.l. Because of increased irrigation use and reduced infiltration [m] a.s.l. Primiero, Environmental Engineering Thesis Year 24/36

25 WASTAGE of GOOD QUALITY GROUNDWATER (low Plain) Large number of artesian water wells continuously flowing; this produces a faster recharge from the high plain and quality degradation Zini et al, Risorse idriche sotterranee del Friuli Venezia Giulia. 25/36

26 DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION PLANTS In FVG Region the PROTECTION AREAS (200 m) around production plants, though legally correct, are INSUFFICIENT Della Vedova et al., 2012 GAP-Udine Klagenfurt Project Main Drinking Water Production Plants Water wells 26/36

27 FVG POLLUTION EPISODES Fontanafredda (PN), 1987 (Chlorinated solvents) SP4 TIME: 10 years SP3 Fauglis (UD) 1990 Heavy Metals: CMA = 1-50 ppb Fontana, Environmental Engineering Thesis 2 km Primiero, Environmental Engineering Thesis Clorines: CMA = 200 ppm 27/36

28 FVG POLLUTION EPISODES Romans d Isonzo(UD), 2003 (Gasoline) 2 km Mazzoccoli, Environmental Engineering Thesis VALIDATED and CALIBRATED NUMERICAL MODELING 28/36

29 SEAWATER ENCROACHMENT Tosi et al., Atlante geologico della provincia di Venezia Low salinization zone Transition zone High salinization Dazzi, Distribution of salinized soils in Italy Pearson Prentice Hall, /36

30 GROUNDWATER CRITICAL ISSUES and VULNERABILITY QUALITY QUANTITY SEVERAL OTHER PAST and PRESENT EVENTS INTEREST THE REGION... 30/36

31 SUMMARY 1) Groundwater resources in FVG Region 2) Groundwater quantity and quality 3) Critical issues and examples 4) Guidelines for suistanable management 31/36

32 PRESENT OVEREXPLOITATION OF AQUIFERS in FVG Present withdrawals in the FVG Region largely exceed needs and threten quality FVGR Groundwater Protection Plan is working to set up a STRATEGY for groundwater MANAGEMENT, PREVENTION, PROTECTION and REMEDIATION Regione FVG et al - AQUA mundi (2013) CONFINED SYSTEMS NET BALANCE +2,6 32/36

33 and PLANNED SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES Ø AGRICULTURAL Ø INDUSTRIAL Ø HEAT EXCHANGE CIVIL USES STRATEGIC DRINKING WATER RESERVE 33/36

34 ACTIONS IN PROGRESS in FVG Region for a suistanable and efficient management RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION & DATABASE IMPACTS ASSESSMENT SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT RESOURCE USE PLANNING INTERREGIONAL AGREEMENTS WELLS CONSTRUCTION, CONTROL & MANAGEMENT GROUNDWATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY MONITORING 34/36

35 ACTIONS IN PROGRESS for a suistanable and efficient management SUISTANABLE USE requires MONITORING and CONTROL of: REGIONAL WATER PROTECTION PLAN 1) RECHARGE AND PUMPING 2) QUALITY AND CONTAMINATION 3) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 35/36

36 Trieste, 30 November 4 December 2015 THANK YOU for your attention! Bruno DELLA VEDOVA dellavedova@units.it

37 EXAMPLES of GEOTHERMAL ARTESIAN AQUIFERS in the Low FVG Plain AQUIFER «G» depth [m] from surface plain isotherm [ C] AQUIFER «H upper» depth [m] from surface plain isotherm [ C]

38 EU PROJECTS ü 3D geometry reconstruction ü aquifer characterization (quality & quantity) ü flow models and vulnerability REGIONAL HYDROGEOLOGICAL BUDGET

39 GROUNDWATER CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION POTABLE and weakly mineralized MINERALIZED WATERS GEOTHERMAL Grado geothermal waters Buried Carbonate reservoir in Low FP Groundawaters resurgences Sulfate resurgences Bagni Lusnizza (gypsum, mountain area)