Life Cycle Assessment of air conditioning and heat pumps, manufacturers experience. IIR WP Delft 28 June2012 Martin Dieryckx Daikin Europe NV

Transcription

1 Life Cycle Assessment of air conditioning and heat pumps, manufacturers experience IIR WP Delft 28 June2012 Martin Dieryckx Daikin Europe NV

2 General business drivers in the EU EU policies Non Energy 20% Energy 61% 80% 80% of CO2 emissions in EU is caused by energy consumption 20% less primary energy use compared to 2020 projections Economy Global Warming ENERGY CO 2 eq. emissions : 20% (~30%) reduction by 2020 Copyright 2011 Daikin Security of supply 20% share of Renewable Energy sources by 2020

3 2050 Roadmap for EU Figure 2: EU GHG emissions towards an 80% domestic reduction (100% =1990) CO2 emission of Power Sector will be nearly 0kg/kw/h 20% HFC: stays at the same level = 2% of % Copyright 2011 Daikin

4 Global greenhouse gas emission tendency To avoid global temperature rise, CO2 concentration in the atmosphere must be stabilized at 550 ppm, 450 ppm or even lower (depending on various policy targets) The sooner we introduce better alternatives for today s HFCs, the lower the global warming impact will be SRES = Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, prepared by the IPCC (intergovernmental panel on climate change) Source: The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing by Guus J.M.Velders et.al. 4

5 Climate change : developing countries are key è(2050 estimation: 76% of all HFC emissions is coming from developing countries Impact of AC and other Refrigeration Note: includes stationary and mobile AC Impact of Commercial Refrigeration Source: Projections of global emissions of fluorinated green house gases in 2050 by Öko Recherche Impact of Developing Countries

6 Factors to Consider When Making a Refrigerant Choice 6 Energy resources Peak Load Affordability Climate Change Compact/Light Safety Lower GWP High efficiency High COP Economy of scale : global solutions Low Toxic Ozone Protection Reduced charge CFC Phase-out Low Emissions HCFC Phase-out Reliable Easy Install/ Maintenance No/Low Flammable Natural resources efficient use (do more with less) Next Generation refrigerants

7 Refrigerant options : Daikin s Experience Subjects Research & Evaluation of Alternatives CFC12 to R134a Montreal Protocol Absorption, Stirling, HFC, Water, Air cycle Technology development Kyoto Protocol HFC as optimal solution Post Kyoto & HCFC Phase out (Dvlp=2020, Dvlping=2030) Release R134a for container & chiller R22 to R410A Japan-U.S. joint project Development for ozone protection Developed technology for commercialization R410A for room A/C and R407C for commercial A/C (converted to R410A from 2003) Hydro Carbon (R290) Evaluation of safety modification equipment Installed about 500 HC A/C units for Jpn factory CO2 (R744) Development of CO2 heat pump CO2 water heater (Eco-Cute) CO2 VRV (in 2008) start sales R32 HFO1234yf/ze development Development of R32 A/C Development for mitigation of global warming Reconsider On hold R32 Because R410A adopted to all equipment as global solution Evaluation of HFO and mixtures 7

8 Not only GWP but GWP x quantity matters GWP (CO2eq) Quantity (% kg) GWP x quantity (CO2eq kg) >75% reduction R22 R410A R32 Copyright Daikin 0 R22 R22R410A R410AR32R32 The direct global warming effect of R32 is only 26% of R22, and 23% of R410A GWP values are based on IPCC 4th report. (Note : for the EU F gas regulation, the GWP values of the IPCC3 apply where R410A is 1975) R22 R410A R32 Capacity (kj/kg) Circulate Vol. Ratio R % R410A % R % 8

9 Example : total global warming impact from energy use : Indirect emissions from refrigerant : Direct emissions (= emissions during refrigerant production, leakage during the lifetime of the product + non recovery at end of life) (1) Indirect emissions (2) Direct emissions (3) Emissions during refrigerant production Example : 3.5kW Room A/C in Europe Ecodesign SEER calculation (EU Average emissions from electricity = 0.43Kg/kWh) R22 (GWP 1810) HFO1234yf (GWP 4) R32 (GWP 675) R290 (GWP < 3) R744 (GWP = 1) R410A (GWP 2090) (*) In this case, a refrigerant with a medium GWP has a lower global warming impact than a refrigerant with a low GWP (Kg CO2) (*) Note : adding more R290 could achieve same impact as R32, but Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11 would be considered unsafe by IEC standards 9

10 Total Emissions during lifetime: TEWI Figure 3: TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) Comparison for 3.5kW Air-Air heat pumps Best Available technology based on Eco-design study Lot R32_BEST REV CO2_BEST REV TEWI of split reversible 3,5kW Important: in general the impact of efficiency reduction due to refrigerant leakage is not covered. CO2_baseline REV R410A_BEST REV Basecase REV R410A 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 Leakage Recovery loss EOL Electricity Copyright 2011 Daikin

11 EU Seasonal Energy-efficiencies and peak power conditions SEER Comparison (cooling mode) HPs (Reversible) 3.5kW Room AC in Europe Peak power comparison (R410A ratio) under cooling condition Outside 35 C, room 27 CDB/19 CWB R22 (1.14kg) HFO1234yf (1.32 kg) *2 22 2) R32 (0.84kg) *1 *1) Propane (0.37kg) *3 CO2 (0.84Kg) *4 R410A (1.2kg) 3) If disregard IEC, the charge volume is 0.58kg, and SEER *4) could be same as R22 0A Efficiency ratio (R410A = 100%) Power consumption ratio (R410A=100%) Consideration: In terms of SEER, CO2 is the worst, and the rest of candidates are equivalent to R410A. Consideration: A big difference exists in the peak power under cooling condition. HFO and CO2 will cause the peak power problem in large cities. (Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger *1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, used narrower heat exchanger to reduce charge volume. *2 To improve efficiency, changed sizes: Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe => 5/8 *3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, and used narrower piping. *4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX x

12 Energy Efficiency: seasonal COP SCOP Comparison for 3.5kW Air-Air heatpump (R410A Ratio) EuP Average Temp EuP Cold Area EuP Warm Area R22 HFO1234yf *2 R32 *1 Propane *3 CO2 *4 R410A R32 has highest SCOP in all climates (Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger *1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume. *2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe increased from 3/8=> 5/8 *3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, narrower piping was used. *4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x

13 13 Comprehensive Comparison Ozone Ozone 5 R32 is 4 3 HFO1234yf the Most Economy Economy 2 1 LCCP Balanced R32 0 R410A Propane Characteristics of R32 Safety Safety Zero ODP Superior Energy Efficiency (10% better than R22) Small Global Warming Impact (LCCP) Small Conversion Cost (almost same as conversion to R410A) Acceptably Flammable (Class A2L) Supply capability is sufficient (Suppliers exist now) Energy Efficiency Efficiency