Sulphur fractions and their relationships with soil properties in Banaskantha district, Gujarat

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1 Agropedology 20 n, 21 (2) Sulphur fractions and their relationships with soil properties in Banaskantha district, Gujarat J. M. PATEL, M. V. PATEL, N. J. JADAV AND V. R. PAEL Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science. C P. College of Agriculture, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar , india Al,>stract : Four hundred eighty soil samples from Banaskantha district were collected and analyzed to study different forms of and their relationship with soil properties. The total ranged from to mg kg'l in surface soil (0-15 em depth) and to mg kg'l in sub-surface layer (I5-30 em). The organic ranged from to mg kg'l in surface and to mg kg" in sub-surface layer. The non-sulphate, sulphate, water soluble and heat so!uble ranged from to , 1.64 to 48.68, 4.09 to and 5.24 to mg kg'\ respectively in surface soil and to , 3.27 to 32.31, 3.27 to and 3.93 to rug kg'l, respectively in sub-surface soil. Different forms of decreased with depth. All the forms of had significant positive relationship with organic carbon. Correlation between silt, clay and forms of SUlphur indicated that appreciable quantity of was adsorbed on finer fraction of soils. The electrical conductivity of soil was positively correlated with sulphate, water soluble and heat soluble while it was negatively correlated with total, organic and non-sulphate. The ph of soil was negatively correlated with all the forms of except non-sulphate. The CaC0 3 content of soil had significant positive relationship with total SUlphur, organic and non-sulphate.. Additional key words: Sulphur fraction, soil properties, organic carbon r',. Introduction Sulphur is recognized, as fourth important plant. nutrient after N, P and K and is gaining considerable importance in quality crop production. Sulphur deficiency in crops is gradually becoming widespread in different soils of the country due to high analysis -free fertilizers coupled with intensive cropping, higher crop yields and higher removals. Because of its involvement in vital function in the plant metabolism, deficiency would lead to adverse effect on growth and yield of many crops. Availability of is influenced by various soil factors and hence the status of different forms of in soil varies widely with the soil type (Balanagoudar and Satyanarayana 1990b). Different forms of and their relationship with some. important soil characteristics decide the supplying power of soil by influencing its release and dynamics in soil. Since no work has been done regarding different fractions in Banaskantha district, the present study was undertaken to investigate the status and distribution of different forms of and their relationship with soil properties.

2 1 36 J. M. Patel et af. Materials and Methods Four hundred eighty soil samples were collected from surface (0-15 cm) and sub-surface (15-30 cm) from 240 villages covering 12 talukas (20 villages in each taluka) of Bannaskantha district during The soil samples were air dried, sieved through 2 mm sieve and analysed for important physico-chemical properties viz., particle-size distribution, EC, ph, organic carbon, CaC0 3 and available N, P and K using standard procedures (Jackson 1973). The soil samples were analysed for total (Chaudhary and Cornfield 1966), organic (Bardsley and Lancaster 1965), sulphate, water soluble sulphr and heat soluble (Williams and Steinbergs 1959). The non-sulphate was obtained by subtracting the organic and sulphate from the total sulphur. Simple correlations were worked out between fractions and physicochemical properties of the soil by standard statistical method (Panse and Sukhatme 1967) Results and Discussion The characteristics of the soils and different forms of in soil are given in the table 1 and 2, respectively. Total The total content in soil ranged from to with mean value of mg kg- I in surface layer (0-15 cm), while it ranged from to with mean value of mg kg"1 in the subsurface layer (15-30 em). The highest overall mean value of total ( mg kg-i) was recorded in Danta taluka (eastern part) and the lowest (64.83 mg kg"l) in Yav taluka (western part) in upper layer of soil (0-15 cm). The considerable variation in the total content in soils might be due to varying cropping systems and parent materials (Aggarwal and Nayyar 1998). These observations corroborate the findings of Bhan and Tripathi (1973) and Jat and Yadav (2006). Total was found to decrease with depth in all talukas. The total exhibited significant and positive correlation with organic carbon (0.668**), clay (0.568**) silt (0.427**) and CaCO] (0.289**). Similar observations were also reported by Aggarwal and Nayyar (1998) and Trivedi et af. (1998). The totals was negatively correlated with sand (-0.553**), EC (-0.207**) and ph (-0.094*) of soil. Similar relationship were also reported by Jat and Yadav (2006) and Singh et af. (2006). Organic The organic content in surface soil varied between to (mean mg kg"l) while in sub-surface soil, it ranged from to (mean mg kg"i). The highest mean values of organic ( mg kg"l) in surface and mg kg- I in sub-surface soil were recorded in Danta taluka (eastern part), while the lowest mean mg kg"l in surface and mg kg- l in sub-surface were recorded in Yav taluka (western part) (Table 2). Similar range and mean values for organic were also observed by Patel and Patel (2008) in South Gujarat and Jat and Yadav (2006) in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. The organic content was higher in surface soils as compared to sub-surface soil. Balanagoudar and Satyanarayana (1990a) also observed a decrease in organic content with depth due to low content of organic carbon content at lower depths. The organic-s was correlated significantly and positively with all the forms of (Table 3). Correlation studies (Table 4) indicated significant and positive correlation of organic-s with organic carbon (0.886**), clay (0.599**), silt (0.499**) and CaC0 3 (0.128**). These' findings corroborate the findings of Bhatnagar et al. (2003) and Jat and Yadav (2006). The positive relationship of organic-s with organic carbon suggested a simultaneous increase in the status of organic-s in soil (Sharma and Gangwar 1997). The organic was negatively related with sand (-0.604**), EC (-0.087**) and ph (-0.323**)..'

3 Table 1. Taluka-wise range, mean value of important chemical properties of soils of Banaskantha districts Name of Ta1uka Pa1anpur Danta Yadgam Amirgadh Deesa Dhanera Dantiwada Kankarej Tharad Bhabhar Deodar Yav Mean depth Overall Mean. ND - Not detected. Depth (cm) Sand Silt Clay CaC0 3 EC (dsm- l ) ' ph ND ND ND ND S ND ND ND ND Organic carbon ' Q \ \.92 Available nutrients (kg ha- l ) N P105K ' ' ; : :: ' 'i i40.33S5) ()J : \ ' [f) c -a ::r... o ::J V> po ::J 0. -::r t1l ::;.... t1l a o ;:l ::r '" -a' en. S- en -0.g (D' V> _w --l

4 ....,., Table 2. Taluka-wise range mean value (mg kg l ) of different forms of in soils of Banaskantha district w 00 Name of Taluka Palanpur Danta Yadgam Amirgadh Deesa Dhanera Dantiwada KankarcJ Tharad Bhabhar Deodar Yav Mean depth Overall Mean Depth Total Organic Sulphate Non-sulphate (em) Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean ' I , ! D D l Water soluble Range too Mean Dl Heat soluble Range Mean 7, ' , H :s: '"C <1l I:l :--

5 Sulphur fractions and their relationships with soil properties 39 ' Table 3. Coefficient of correlation (r) amongst various fractions Sulphur forms Total Organic Sulphate Non-sulphate Water soluble * Significant at 5 % level Organic Sulphate 0.766** 0,577** 0.663** **Significant at I % level Non-sulphate Water soluble Heat soluble 0.802** 0.585** 0.587** 0.241** 0.672** 0.679** 0.157** 0.928** 0.910** 0.175** 0.176** 0.959** Table 4. Coefficient of correlation (r) between different forms of and physico- chemical properties of soils of Banaskantha district Sulphur forms Soil properties A vailable nutrients Sand Silt EC OC N Total ** 0.427** 0.568** 0.289** 0.094* ** 0.668** 0.665** 0.286** 0.321** Organic 0.604** 0.499** 0.599** 0.128** ** ** 0.816** 0.344** 0.567** Sulphate ** 0.300** 0.408** ** 0.099* 0,648** ** 0.290** 0.404** Nonsulphate - 0,285** 0.196** 0.308** 0.323** 0.165** ** 0.] 86** 0.239** 0.105* Water ** {).344** 0.441** ** 0.113** 0.644** 0.643** 0.278** 0.397** soluble Heat soluble ** 0.345** 0.451** ** 0.132** 0.657** 0.652** 0.291** 0.413** * Significant at 5 % level' ** Significant at I % level Sulphate Sulphate ranged from 1.64 to (mean mg kg-i) in surface soils while 3.27 to (mean mg kg'l) in sub-surface soil. Sulphate showed wide variation in soils of different talukas. The highest overall mean value of sulphate (21.30 mg kg"l) was recorded in Danta taluka (eastern part) and the lowest (10.88 mg kg-i) was recorded in Vav taluka (western part) in upper layer of soil. The values of sulphate are in agreement with those reported by Bhan and Tripathi (1973) and Kumar and Singh (1999). The su Iphate content decreased with depth in all the talukas. Patel and Patel (2008) also reported similar findings. The sulphate-s was correlated positively and significantly with all other forms of (Table 3). Sulphate-S showed positive correlation with organic carbon (0.648**), clay (00408**) and silt (0.300**), EC (0.099*) except ph (-0.26J **). Similar relationship was also reported by Chaudhary and Shukla (2002). The negative correlation of sand content (-0.395**) with sulphate-s indicated that soil dominant in sand fraction are devoid of S which is in accordance with

6 40 ]_ M. Patel et al observations of Sharma and Gangwar (1997) and Trive,di et al. (1998). Non-sulphate The data Cfable 2) indicated that the nonsulphate content ranged trom 15,59 to (mean mg kg-i) in surface layer, while it was ranged trom to (mean 5229 mg kg-i) in sub-surface layer. The increase or decrease in nonsulphate depends on the organic and sulphate in soils. The maximum range (62.92 to mg kg-i) was noticed in Palanpur taluka, while lower range (15.59 to mg kg l ) was noticed in surface soil in Vav taluka. The values of non-sulphate are comparable as reported by Kumar and Singh (1999) and Jat and Yadav (2006) in different soils. The non-sulphate content decreased with depth. The non-sulphates was correlated positively and significantly with all other forms of (Table 3). Non-sulphate-S showed a significant and positive relationship with organic carbon (0.186* *), clay (0.308**) and silt (0.196**), The ph (0.165**) of soil showed positive relationship while EC ( **) had significant negative relationship with non-sulphate-s. Similar type of relationship was also reported by Sharma and Gangwar (1997). Water soluble The water soluble ranged trom 4.09 to (mean mg kg-i) in surface layer and 3.27 to mg kg-' (mean mg in sub-surface layer. The soils of Danta taluka contained highest amount of water soluble and Tharad taluka the lowest one. The water soluble was higher in surface soil as compared to sub-surface soil. The mean values of water soluble are in conformity with the findings of Kumar and Singh (1999) and Patel and Patel (2008). The water soluble-s was correlated positively and significantly with all other forms of (Table 3), Water soluble-s showed a significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.664**), clay (0.441**) and silt (0.344**) but negative with ph (-0.278**) and sand (-0.434**). Sharma and Gangwar (1997) and Singh et at. (2006) also reported similar relationship. The sulphate-s was positively correlated with EC (0.113**) ofsoi!. Similar relationship was also reported by Chaudhary and Shukla (2002). Heat soluble Heat soluble content varied trom 5.24 to mg kg-i (mean mg kg-i) in surface soil, while it ranged trom 3.93 to (mean mg kg-i) in sub-surface soil. Relatively higher amounts of heat soluble were recorded in Danra, Deodar and Kankarej talukas. The values of heat soluble in Vav and Tharad taluka were lower than the other talukas of the district. The value of heat soluble S are in conformity with the findings of Singh et al. (2006). The higher value of heat soluble was recorded in upper layer as compared to lower layer. This might be due to higher organic matter content in upper layer (Patel and Patel 2008). The heat soluble-s was correlated positively and significantly with all other forms of (Table 3). Heat soluble-s showed a significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.657**), clay (0.451 **) and silt (0.345**) but ph (-0.282**) and sand (-0.441**) showed negative relationship_ The sulphate-s was positively correlated with EC (0.132"). Similar relationship was also reported by Chaudhary and Shukta (2002). References Aggarwal, V. and Nayyar, V.K. (l998). Available soil status and nutrient of wheat crop. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 46, Balanagoudar, S.R. and Satyanarayana, T. (1990a). Depth distribution of different forms of in Vertisols and Alfisols. Journal of the indian Society of Soil Science 38, _

7 Sulphur fractions and their relationships with soil properties 41 Balanagoudar, S.R. and Satyanarayana, T. (I 990b). Correlation of different forms of with soil properties with organic carbon and nitrogen in Vertisols and Alfisols. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 38, Bardsley, R.C. and Lancaster, J. D. (1965). Sulphur: Method of soil analysis. Vol. -II, 1 st ed. pp (Black c.a. Ed.) Academic Press, Inc. New York. B.han, C. and Tripathi, B.R. (1973). The forms and contents of in some soils ofu.p. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 21, Bhatnagar, R.K, Bansal, K.N. and Trivedi, S.K. (2003). Distribution of in some profiles of Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 51, Chaudhary, C.F. and Cornfield, AH. (1966). The determination for total in soils and plant materials. Analyst 91, Chaudhary, D.R. and Shukla, L.M. (2002). Sulphur status of arid soils of Western Rajasthan. Annals of Agricultural Research 23, Evan, C.A \ and Rost, C.O. (1945). Total, organic and humus in Minnesota soils. Soil Science 59, l Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall ofindia Pvt Ltd. New Delhi. Jat, J.R. and Yadav, B.L. (2006). Different forms of and their relationship with properties ofentisols of Jaipur District (Rajasthan) under mustard cultivation. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 54, Kumar, S. and Singh, V. (1999). Forms of in soils of younger alluvial plajns of Rajasthan. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture 17, Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. (1967). Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR, New Delhi. Patel, J.c. and Patel, K.C. (2008). Profile distribution of different forms of in prominent soil series of South Gujarat. An Asian Journal of Soil Science 3, Sharma, Y.K. and Gangwar, M.S. (1997). Distribution of different forms of and their relationship with some properties in Alfisols, lnceptisols and Molisols of Moradabad district, U.P. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 45, Singh, A.H., Singh, R.K.K., Singh, L.N., Singh, N.G, Chongtham, N. and Singh, AK.K. (2006). Status and forms of in acidic soils of Manipur. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 54, Trivedi, S.K., Bansal, K.N. and Singh, V.B. (1998). Important forms of in profiles of some soil series of northern M.P. Journal o/the Indian Society of Soil Science 46, Williams, C.H. and Steinbergs, A. (1959). Soil fractions as chemical indices of available in some Australian Soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 10, Ue<:ember 2010 Accepled' November