IT S ALL ABOUT THE DIODE

Transcription

1 LINEAR LED REPLACEMENT LAMPS IT S ALL ABOUT THE DIODE Howard G. Weinberg Managing Member

2 Largest single provider of linear LED replacement lamps to the US healthcare sector 40,000 lamps installed to date zero failures Not resellers or distributors of often inferior products from Asia Control all subcomponent selection and acquisition from semiconductor and phosphor materials to final assembly and power supply.

3 They are the real unsung heroes in the electronics world since 1968! Automobile head lights and tail lights Traffic signals Street Lights Decorator Lights Signs and Displays Computers & Cell Phones Televisions

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5 Innovation today has developed: a slim circuit board filled with row after row of LEDs facing in the same direction placed on a heat sink with a corresponding lens affixed bi-pins on its ends that are manufactured to the same lengths as traditional fluorescent lamp sizes. In its simplest form this allows far brighter directional light to be employed at documentable lower wattages than current fluorescent lamp technology.

6 Effective strategy for improving the visual quality of light while reducing a facility s electricity bill for general illumination by a documented 50% or more. No other single technology can provide such dramatic and immediate reductions in energy and greenhouse effects. Cost effective today - simple pay-back to end-user can be less than 2.5 years - in 24/7 environments

7 40,000 linear four-foot T8 LED replacement lamps = (Results from transitioning a 32W fluorescent to 16.4W linear LED) Saving 14,976 kwh electricity per day = 10.3 tons of CO₂ 5,466,240 kwh saved per year = 3,769 metric tons of CO₂ $1,233,408 in electricity cost s reduced to $632,122. (@.011 kwh)

8 low power consumption long life expectancy reduced replacement costs robustness due to the absence of a filament or gases that can burn out improve color quality directional for task and display lighting environmentally friendly - contain no mercury or harmful vapors alleviate problems long associated with fluorescent lights such as headaches, eye fatigue and disruptive circadian rhythm. California Department of Toxic Substances Control calls fluorescent light bulbs a toxic time bomb

9 The Question

10 The DOE is a federal agency working in the public interest. Conducts and supports research, development, and demonstration activities. Forms alliances and partnerships with companies, architects, engineers, builders, equipment manufacturers, community planners, etc. Supports the deployment and demonstration of energyefficient lighting technologies through block grants.

11 Building Technologies Program Mission to develop technologies, techniques, and tools for making buildings more energy efficient, productive, and affordable. With their unique design and performance characteristics such as directional light emission, compact profile, superior optical control, energy efficiency, breakage resistance, reduced maintenance, and long life LEDs are well suited to a variety of lighting applications. LED products are most competitive in applications where these performance characteristics outweigh their first-cost disadvantages. ( )

12 the authoritative source for the acceptance or use of any LED products in the United States. empowered as an accreditation agency or authority for SSL technologies or the SSL industry. determines the technical qualifications for LED lighting products for anyone.

13 National Electrical Contractors Association (NEMA) - the trade association of choice for the electrical manufacturing industry since 1926 with 450+ member companies who manufacture products used in the generation, transmission and distribution, control, and end-use of electricity. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - As the voice of the U.S. standards and conformity assessment system oversees the creation and use of thousands of norms and guidelines, and accrediting programs including globally-recognized cross-sector programs such as the ISO 9000 (quality) and ISO (environmental) management systems. Underwriters Laboratory (UL) - a global independent safety science company offering product safety expertise. The Lighting Research Center - the world's leading university-based research and education organization devoted to lighting technologies and applications and energy use, from design to health and vision ASSIST: Alliance for Solid-State Illumination Systems and Technologies - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is the nation s oldest technological university.

14 The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) is the nationally recognized organization. IES testing protocols are the approved method for electrical and photometric measurements of solid-state lighting products. One publication: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products (LM-79).

15 The IES publishes recommendations for light levels for specific tasks in the IES Lighting Handbook, the industry s internationally recognized guide. By establishing lumen efficacy at the work plane based on IES recommendations many linear LED replacement lamps would be found to be more effective that their fluorescent counterparts.

16 A primary objective of any lighting project is to satisfy the end-users lighting needs. In the end, it is the consumer s choice. FACT: In spaces where lighting levels are higher than recommended or needed, energy savings can almost always be achieved by reducing these levels using new or incumbent technology. FACT: In spaces where the existing lighting levels are appropriate and should be maintained - any energy savings must be achieved by improving the technology or its application. Put another way, maintaining the end-users acceptable level of illumination while using half the electricity is the only way to achieve true energy savings.

17 Many fixtures use reflectors to direct the 360 dispersion from a fluorescent light bulb. light This design affects the percentage of light that emits out of the fixture to the work space. Lumens are a measure of total light output from a source. If a traditional T8 fluorescent light bulb is rated at 2,800 lumens - what is the true light output and where does that light go? 30-40% is loss in the fixture! 2800 lm =1680 lm. CU = Coefficient of Utilization

18 An apples-to-apples comparison of fluorescent vs. linear LED performance must include light distribution data, such as foot candles on the work plane. Foot-candles are a measurement of light intensity - how "bright" is the illumination striking a particular object or surface. It is a measurement that is taken at a single point and is common to find foot-candle recommendations where people need to be provided with adequate light to perform certain tasks. Foot-candle measurements obey the inverse-square law: if you double the distance from the light source, you will find the intensity is now 1/4 as bright.

19 Operation in Existing Recessed Troffer Fixtures Characteristics of Various Environments Useful Lifetimes of Comparable Products Energy savings Illumination quality Cost-effectiveness ALL OF THESE CHALLENGES DERIVE FROM THE DIODE AND HOW IT IS BOTH MANUFACTURED AND POWERED.

20 There are two basic types of LEDs available today utilized in these lamps - commonly referred to as through-pin and surface mounted. EACH ELEMENT IN ITS CONSTRUCTION IS CRITICAL TO ITS PERFORMANCE AND LONG-TERM USE

21 A linear LED replacement lamp s manufacturer or representative should be able to explain and document basic information on the LED itself: Manufacturer of the chip or die Type of materials used in its construction Type of phosphors used to generate color temperature Characteristics of its power supply THIS IS THE BASELINE THAT LEVELS THE PLAYING FIELD

22 Ask about : The purchasing of the die - the best LEDs are manufactured using semiconductors procured directly from Cree, Samsung or Epistar Corporation, all premier manufacturers of component and system technologies for various consumer electronic equipment and light sources for general illumination. Manufacturing of diodes must be performed in a highly controlled environment which has passed certificate of ISO 9001: 2000 International Quality Standard System.

23 Thermal design considerations are the most important aspect of designing any LED-based lighting system. Heat is first dissipated down through the interconnect layer to the substrate (heat sink). If the temperature at this junction point runs hot, the light output will increase but also degrade much more rapidly. OBJECTIVE: Low temperature at the chip s junction (Tj) = Lumen Maintenance

24 During manufacturing the phosphor mixture absorbs a portion of the blue light emitted by the semiconductor material into a broader spectrum of white light. Most, if not all, LED manufacturers in Asia buy a single yellow phosphor called a YAG material (yttrium aluminum garnet). With this YAG, they only build white LEDs to very basic color temperatures. Better manufacturers acquire dozens of different types of phosphors to mix and match to yield various color temperatures as well as unique CIE (x,y) white points that you could not with a YAG.

25 Also called a power adapter" it converts AC current to a single DC voltage. Just as with any power supply, this process is not 100% efficient. The percentage of electrical loss should be documented. Electrical loss in the adapter will decrease the overall lamp s efficacy by wasting input power on heat instead of light. KEY: The power supply should have a 90-90% efficiency

26 There are two categories of replacement lamps - commonly referred to as self-ballasted and external-ballasted lamps. Self-ballasted lamps are designed with an internal power adapter built into a space in the back of the tube. Self-ballasted lamps require the redirection of the building s power into the fixture s tombstones and the lamp s bi-pins to power its internal components. What is not advertised or stated by these manufacturers is that this required installation procedure evokes serious safety issues. In fact, any alteration to a current fixture suggests serious potential liability issues and older fixture tombstones may not be compliant with local fire and electrical codes. Note: DOE Application Series PNNL May 2010

27 External-ballasted lamps utilize a power adapter mounted outside of the tube and connected by plug-in wires. Ask about who manufactures its transformers, rectifiers, and related components for superior performance and long-life spans. The critical failure point in ANY linear LED replacement lamps remains the power adapter.

28 Nearly all LED fluorescent replacement lamps are currently manufactured in Asia with the predominant producer being the Peoples Republic of China followed by Korea, Taiwan and Japan. In China, there are hundreds of sources of LED products, however, it should be noted that the vast majority of these companies are in reality only final assembly shops, acquiring various subcomponents and utilizing inexpensive materials and labor. Many are found to be of inferior quality utilizing low quality diodes and subcomponents not UL approved not properly matched towards the diode s specifications for performance.

29 LED manufacturers typically measure LEDs in pulse mode operation with no heat sink. The pulse is very short typically 10 or 20 milliseconds which does not heat up the LED. This is useful for doing high yield LED measurements quickly. This also explains why LED manufacturer data sheets typically show LED performance for TJ = 25 C. Others measure LED lifetime performance in situ, which means while it is in their fixture. Under these conditions, the LED is operated in constant DC mode and there are typically numerous LEDs configured together often in close proximity to one another, elevating TJ above 25 C. This elevated TJ affects the photometric and colorimetric performance of the LEDs.

30 TO REVIEW: The die is a small cube of semiconductor. The composition of the die determines the color of the light given off which is subsequently corrected with the use of phosphors. (Note: color does not equate to brightness) The die is bonded to a interconnection layer that sits on top of a substrate which acts as a heat sink. The silicon encapsulate is shaped to act to effect the focus and appearance of the light beam. (The beam angle is determined by the shape of this reflector).

31 Our mission is to educate. Help avoid failures of the past. Provide a good working knowledge of the basics of an LED. Identify its failure points and reliable analytical testing methods. Produce the highest quality linear LED replacement lamp possible.

32 Closing The future is here today. All major manufacturers are now producing linear LED lighting systems in various sizes and configurations. The science is identical for all. Because of initial costs many are simply not yet cost effective in retrofit environments. Hundreds of millions of traditional fluorescent light fixtures currently in use. T8 LED replacement lamps are an extremely viable and cost-effective solution in 24/7 lighting situations.- today!

33 FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE TO CONTACT US: EMERGENCE TECHNOLOGY CONSULTANTS, LLC. TELEPHONE: URL: