Ecology Greek "oikos" = house study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their environment

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1 2.1 and 2.2 Organisms and Their Relationships Section 2.1 Ecology Greek "oikos" = house study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their environment Research Methods observation surveys (direct and indirect) radio telemetry (tracking organisms) gather data about population size experimentation lab work - controlled setting and variable, but does not reflect organisms in the wild field work - performed in the wild, more accurate picture of interactions but includes many variables modeling computer and mathematical (manipulate and control hypothetical situations) makes predictions based on current data iosphere "ball of life" portion of Earth that supports life includes atmosphere, land, and ocean depths 1 Which of the following statements is FLSE? Scientists study ecology using experiments, observations, and computer models. The biosphere includes the atmosphere and land, but NOT water environments. iotic vs. biotic biotic - living things (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria) biodiversity - a variety of living things abiotic - nonliving things (nutrients, temperature, rainfall, wind, sunlight, soil) determines which living things can survive in a particular environment determines amount of biodiversity Ecology is the study of interactions between organism, and organisms and their environment. The biosphere is the portion of earth where life exists.

2 2.1 and 2.2 Work together to list as many biotic and abiotic factors as What are the biotic and abiotic factors in this picture? you can. Levels of Organization organism population community ecosystem biome organism - simplest level (1 individual) population - all the members of a species that live in one place at one time competition for resources availability of resources determines how big a population can be *includes abiotic factors community - different populations that live together in a given area at the same time forest: rabbits, bears, insects, ferns, foxes, etc. ecosystem - community and all the abiotic factors that affect it ocean: fish, plankton, algae, sun's energy, salinity, sediment, sharks biome - large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities 2 Which level of organization is the first to include abiotic factors? population ecosystem community biome

3 2.1 and 2.2 Ecosystem Interactions habitat - area where an organism lives habitats can change or be destroyed changes in habitat disrupt species equilibrium niche - role/job of an organism in its habitat how it meets its needs for food, shelter, reproduction and survival ommunity Interactions competition occurs when organisms need the same resource at the same time ex. water, space, mates, light survival of the fittest if resource is plentiful, competition may not exist predation - consuming another organism for food predator - one who eat prey - one who gets eaten predator prey 3 is where an organism lives, and refers to an oganism's job/role. niche, habitat habitat, niche niche, predation habitat, predation Symbiotic Relationships symbiosis - close relationships with other species increases chance of survival mutualism - both species benefit commensalism - one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed parasitism - one species benefits and the other is harmed parasitism Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Section 2.2 mutualism commensalism Producers can make their own food aka autotrophs foundation of all ecosystems sun - main energy sources for life on Earth photosynthesis turns O2 into carbohydrates ex. algae, plants, cyanobacteria inorganic substances chemosynthesis - form carbohydrates using chemicals as the energy source ex. deep sea vents, hydrothermal pools, salt marshes

4 2.1 and 2.2 onsumers rely on other organisms for energy (food) aka heterotrophs examples carnivore - meat eaters herbivore - plant eaters omnivore - plants and animals detritivore - plant/animal remains decomposers - breakdown organic matter (type of detritivore) specialists - picky eaters (1 or few organisms) subject to ecological changes generalists - eat anything (varying diet) 1 MT: utotrophs are also called producers can make their own food 2 MT: onsumers are the foundation of all ecosystems need chemicals Food hains energy flows through an ecosystem sun/inorganic substance need to eat to get their nutrients include plants are also called heterotrophs include herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores autotrophs heterotrophs food chain - sequence of energy flow based on feeding relationships producers herbivore carnivore arrow always points in direction of energy transfer triggerfish shark NOT shark triggerfish

5 2.1 and 2.2 Food Webs link all the food chains in an ecosystem together more complex Let's practice...can you identify the producers and consumers. What would happen to this food web if the arctic hare population decreased? Trophic Levels each step in a food chain or web energy flows up the food chain/web from lowest trophic level to highest 3 consumers - carnivores/omnivores 2 consumers - carnivores/omnivores 1 consumers - herbivores/omnivores producers (supplies energy for food chain/web) each trophic level contains less energy than the level below it iomass Pyramid biomass - total mass of living matter at each trophic level biomass pyramid - mass of living tissue in each trophic level Energy Pyramid only 10% of available energy in 1 trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level rest lost as heat

6 2.1 and 2.2 Pyramid of Numbers shows # of organisms at each trophic level 3 Only 10% of available energy is passed to the next trophic level, the rest is lost as heat. True False 4 Producers are always at the bottom of a pyramid, represent the greatest biomass and energy in a food chain, and are the most numerous. True False