Joint OECD / Eurostat questionnaire on national accounts employment and hours worked SLOVAKIA

Transcription

1 Joint OECD / Eurostat questionnaire on national accounts employment and hours worked SLOVAKIA I. Employment Question 1.0: Describe succinctly the architecture of your estimation method for employment in persons. Methodology and algorithm To compile national account employment data in SR the combination of many data sources are used. The method is based on the comparing and harmonising data provided from the demand side with data coming from supply side. In the process of reconciliation of labour data from different data sources we distinguish the following steps: - collection of data - adjustments of employment data sources on common definitions and concepts - comparison of employment data from demand and supply side - reconciliation of employment data. The comparison and reconciliation of data from demand side and supply side is made only on the aggregate level. 1. collection of data and adjustments on common definition and concepts Data from demand side Data from demand side come mainly from enterprise surveys as well as from administrative sources. They are classified by industries and by institutional sectors. The data from enterprise survey correspond with domestic concept therefore further adjustments are not needed considering the concept. Data from enterprise survey do not include employed persons women on regular maternity leave nor persons who are in military service (conscripts). Then the data from enterprise survey need to be adjusted for employees in security and armed forces. The data from enterprise questionnaires are completed by estimates and adjustment for exhaustiveness (such as data for non-response, for unregistered work, for informal sector etc..). The enterprise survey data concerning employment provides indicator average registered number of employees split up to number of employees with the main job and number of employees with the additional jobs. Also indicator full-time equivalent job is available. Non-financial sector The data for non-financial sector are obtained from establishment/enterprises surveys: for big enterprises (over 20 employees) as well as for small enterprise (up to 20 employees).

2 Financial institutions and general government sector Data for these institutional units are taken from the enterprise survey on employment and earnings. Data for general government sector are completed by the data of employees in security and armed forces. Non-profit institutions serving households sector The data from survey on employment and earnings are corrected according to the data from sample survey on non-profit institutions that offers exhaustive results mainly for small institutions. Household sector employees of self-employed and self-employed First estimate of employees of self-employed is made on the base of data about wages costs coming from the tax returns and on the base of calculated average wages provided by the sample survey on self-employed. Grossing up of employees of self-employed is made on the assumption of the number of self-employed who are simultaneously employers and assumed average employment. First estimate of the number of self-employed is made on the basis of tax returns in combination with sample survey on self-employed. Further information on number of selfemployed gives Statistical register as well as LFS. Data from supply side LFS data represent data from supply side. They are split on employees and self-employed. Because the industry structure of the indicator employees does not correspond with the industry structure according to enterprise survey, only aggregate level of indicator employees from LFS is used. LFS is based on national concept and it is oriented towards private households only, i.e. the adjustments of LFS data to ESA95 principles are made (only on aggregate level): - employed students living in halls of residence, members of religious institutions are added, - number of people commuting from/to abroad was added/subtracted, data for staff of embassies and consulates were added/subtracted. 2. comparison and harmonisation of data from demand and supply side Data comparison and harmonisation are made only on aggregate level, separately for the group of employees and self-employed as well as for main jobs and second jobs. The analysis shows that LFS underestimate second jobs. Difference between the sums of employed persons coming from supply and demand side is considered as unregistered workers, mainly in temporary, seasonal jobs. This sum of persons is added to the number of employed persons coming from demand side (i.e. from enterprise surveys) first of all in the sector of households and in the small enterprises. Second jobs are taken from demand side. This approach was applied for all employment data in time series from 1995 to Since 2003 the method described above was applied also on quarter level. The provisional annual data are calculated as average of quarterly data. When the data from annual surveys as well as from administrative sources are available the final version of annual employment data are compiled. Consequently the harmonisation of annual and quarterly employment data follows. 1

3 Question 1.1: What is the main original source for employment in the national accounts (e.g. administrative source, Labour Force Survey, business survey, other)? Briefly describe this source, its coverage, its availability and whether it is in terms of jobs or persons. The main data sources are enterprise surveys, combined with LFS and administrative data: the annual statistical survey on employment and earnings covers all enterprises over 20 employees and all institutions of general government sector, NPISH sector as well as financial corporations. The basic unit of this exhaustive survey is the local KAU.. Data on the number of jobs split on main and secondary jobs are collected. the quarterly statistical survey on employment and wages and salaries covers all institutions of general government sector and NPISH sector. The same module is included also in the survey for financial corporations and non-financial enterprises over 20 employees. There are exhaustive surveys. Data on jobs, full-time equivalent jobs, hours worked are collected. the structural business survey on self-employed, the sample survey. the LFS, continuously sample survey on households. Data on the number of employed and self-employed as well as the number of hours worked are collected. the administrative data of Tax office. There are the tax returns with accounting statements of self-employed. Data on the number of jobs as well as wages paid are collected. - the administrative data from the Statistical register. The number of active units is considered. Question 1.2: Which calculations are made to pass from persons employed at a specific point-in-time (or several points) to annual averages? The enterprise survey data concerning employment provides indicator average registered number of employees. Data from LFS are calculated as average of quarters. Question 1.3: Which adjustments are made to pass from jobs to the concept of persons (if the original source is in terms of jobs), or vice versa? Data concerning average registered number of employees are split on number of employees with the main job and number of employees with the additional jobs. The information from the annual statistical survey on employment and earnings is used. Number of self-employed with main job is taken from LFS. To harmonise different data sources we used these main identity relations: number of employed persons (with one or main job) = number of main jobs number of main jobs + number of secondary jobs = total number of jobs. Question 1.4: Which adjustments are made in terms of coverage (See ESA to for details)? This means specifically the exclusion of residents working for non resident producer units and the inclusion of non-residents working with resident producer units. If necessary, also specify adjustments for military (including specifically conscripted forces) and other collective households not covered by the main source. 2

4 As we described in the first part, data coming from demand side are completed by the number of women on regular maternity leave (information from LFS), number of employees in security and armed forces (information from LFS), unregistered work (result from the balancing). The conscripts are not included in the number of employed persons for the Slovak Republic. Data coming from supply side (LFS) are adjusted according to ESA95: for employed persons living in institutional households as well as on domestic concept: - employed students living in halls of residence, members of religious institutions are added, - number of people commuting from abroad is added - number of people commuting to abroad is subtracted, - staff of national embassies and consulates abroad is added - staff of external embassies and consulates in the SR is subtracted. Question 1.5: Which exhaustiveness adjustments are made (i.e. adjustments to take into account the unobserved economy)? During the stage reconciliation an adjustments is introduced for employment of unregistered workers, mainly in temporary, seasonal jobs. The additional calculation of unregistered persons employed by self-employed as well as by small enterprises are made. Question 1.6: Which, if any, other adjustments are made (e.g. inclusion of resident workers below the age threshold considered in source statistics, prisoners at work See ESA to and to for details)? Any other calculations are made. Question 1.7: In cases where for some part of employment, Labour Force Survey data has neither been used as the main source nor for major adjustments, please explain why? Are LFS data used for cross-checking? Are differences monitored? Not applicable. 3

5 II. Actual hours worked Question 2.0: Describe succinctly the architecture of your estimation method for hours worked. Hours worked Definition and meaning of hours worked used in enterprise surveys are in accordance with ESA definition. The total hours worked by all employed are stated for regular work time and overtimes. Breaks are also included and also time spent on work travel for which the wage is paid. Also short periods of rest are included. Paid but not worked time is not included in time worked, e.g. recovery holiday, public holidays, sick-leave, care of family member. Source used The number of hours worked of employees is based on the data from business (enterprise) surveys. These statistical surveys use the same definition of the total hours worked. They provide data about total hours worked according to definition of ESA1995. They do not include hours worked in addition to normal working hours, which are not paid. The estimation of the number of hours worked by self-employed is based on data from LFS (the usual weekly working hours of self-employed after corrections for holidays and free days). Now recalculation according to actual hours worked are made. The annual indicators hours worked are compiled separately for institutional sectors as follows: Non-financial enterprises over 20 employees The indicator of hours worked directly interconnected with average number of employees, i.e. jobs in enterprise survey were observed. The number of hours worked spent in the work on agreement is added. Non-financial enterprises up to 20 employees The indicator of hours worked directly interconnected with average number of employees i.e. jobs was applied from enterprise survey. The number of hours worked spent in the work on agreement is added. The average number of hours worked per one employee was used to estimate number of hours worked for unregistered employees. Financial institutions and general government sector units The indicator of hours worked directly interconnected with registered jobs was took account from the enterprise survey. The estimate of hours worked of the employees in security and armed forces is made. The number of hours worked spent in the work on agreement is added. Non-profit institutions serving households The indicator of hours worked directly interconnected with registered jobs was took account from the enterprise survey. The number of hours worked spent in the work on agreement is added. 4

6 Employees of self-employed The indicator average number of hours worked per one job provided by sample survey was applied on the estimated number of jobs. Employees identified in the process of balancing Jobs indicated in terms of balance between LFS and enterprise data are considered for short-term and seasonal jobs (duration about two months a year). Average number of hours worked surveyed in industries of economy in the work on agreement was applied. Self-employed In estimation of number of hours worked for self-employed the LFS data were applied, average number of usual hours worked weekly. Number of working days off and leave were taken into account. Now average number of actual hours worked weekly is used. Question 2.1: What is the main original source for hours worked in the national accounts (e.g. administrative source such as official working hours, Labour Force Survey, other)? Briefly describe this source, its coverage and its ability to reflect the ILO definition of hours worked (see paragraphs of the SNA). There are statistical surveys on employment and earnings, structural business surveys, as were described above. Question 2.2: Which adjustments are made to transform the original source to adapt it to the concept of working hours as defined in the national accounts? Please specify adjustments: to take into account holidays and annual leaves, for sickness leaves, for strikes and temporary lay-offs, for paid but unreported overtime, for unpaid overtime. Data about total hours worked provided by enterprise surveys are not adjusted. The total hours worked by all employed are stated for regular work time and overtimes. Breaks are also included and also time spent on work travel for which the wage is paid. Also short periods of rest are included. Paid but not worked time is not included in time worked, e.g. recovery holiday, public holidays, sick-leave, care of family member. These data do not include unpaid overtime. Question 2.3: Is a specific adjustment made for unreported overtime of selfemployed? On the contrary, if LFS data is used, do you introduce a downward adjustment to reported actual hours by self-employed? For the estimates of hours worked by self-employed the LFS data are use. Data about usually hours worked were downward adjusted (the estimates for days off and leaves were used.). Now the data concerning average actual hours worked weekly of self-employed are used. 5

7 Question 2.4: What assumption is made regarding the hours worked by persons included in the context of exhaustiveness adjustments? For persons who were estimated in the context of exhaustiveness adjustments the assumption about number of hours worked in seasonal jobs or in jobs on agreement are applied. The information about average hours worked in the work on agreement surveyed in enterprise statistics were used. Question 2.5: Which, if any, other adjustments are made Any other adjustments are made. Question 2.6: If necessary, describe any additional calculations needed to derive total hours worked and average hours worked from the sources and adjustments specified above. To be detailed by the country, if applicable. 6

8 Annex: bridge table between LFS and national accounts This is a standard annex that may or may not fit with the sources and methods used in your country. The annex aims to reconcile the results of LFS with national accounts, both for estimates of persons (annual and quarterly) and annual hours worked. This information is most valuable to quantify the adjustments explained in sections I and II of the questionnaire. If you use LFS for the national accounts employment estimates, please quantify the adjustments in place for the periods indicated below (the figures included here are the latest estimates available at Eurostat). Complete at least one column for one of the periods; the information for several columns is welcome. If you do not use LFS for these employment estimates, but you use it for control or verification, please give your interpretation of the figures. Persons employed (annual data) LFS 1 2,121 2,123 2,162 2,168 (Insert here rows for your adjustments) persons worked -0,109-0,123-0,126-0,139 abroad other adjustments 0,025 0,026 0,027 0,027 together National accounts (domestic concept) 2,037 2,026 2,063 2,056 Persons employed (quarterly data) 2004Q1 2004Q2 2004Q3 2004Q4 LFS 2,126 2,149 2,199 2,198 persons worked -0,124-0,130-0,149-0,155 abroad other adjustments 0,026 0,029 0,026 0,027 National accounts (domestic concept) 2,028 2,048 2,076 2,070 1 The annual LFS results indicated here are actually the average of the quarters in the year. 7

9 Annual hours worked Estimates for annual hours worked for employees are based on the data provided by enterprise surveys. They are completed by estimates for employees of self-employed and for undeclared work. LFS data are used only for the estimate of hours worked of selfemployed. LFS (national concept) (Insert here rows for your adjustments) National accounts (domestic concept) ,312,939 4,235,817 4,286,448 4,343,459 3,664,766 3,538,968 3,450,901 3,572,300 8