Promoting efficiency, innovation and governance through research on education

Transcription

1 Promoting efficiency, innovation and governance through research on education Lorenz Lassnigg Presentation at Meeting of Senior Officials from the Istanbul MoU Region: Overcoming the economic crisis: The role of human capital development 18 November 2009, Zagreb Efficiency Institute for Advanced and education Studies Stumpergasse research A Wien Istanbul Tel: +43 MoU Region Meeting, Zagreb 1 Agenda AnbieterInnen Views on efficiency and results of research: external and internal efficiency Strukturen Nachfragende Governance: suggestions from economics of education and Hypothesen views from zu pedagogy den Relationen Themen, Schwerpunkte Innovation: differing views about education/training and innovation Educational R&D: evidence based policy and practice both are important, and sometimes not easy to have

2 Agenda AnbieterInnen Views on efficiency and results of research: external and internal efficiency Strukturen Nachfragende Governance: suggestions from economics of education and Hypothesen views from zu pedagogy den Relationen Themen, Schwerpunkte Innovation: differing views about education/training and innovation Educational R&D: evidence based policy and practice both are important, and sometimes not easy to have... 3 External Efficiency related to outcomes High average estimates of human capital on economic growth and individual and social rates of return Robust results since decades: investment in human capital has positive effects on economic growth On average the interest rates are similar to other forms of capital investment New results: Achievement measured by the large scale assessments (PISA etc.) do even better predict growth than finance or enrolment measures... HOWEVER......there are differing effects by countries, and...there are differences between individual and social rates of return... THEREFORE......structures of education and training systems matter 4 2

3 Effects on growth average Education years Trade liberalisation Inflation Investment Demography Effects on change of growth rate 1980s average, Source OECD Size of public sector 5 Effects on growth average and Austria Education years Trade liberalisation Inflation Investment Demography Effects on change of growth rate 1980s average, Source OECD Size of public sector 6 3

4 Soziale Rendite UK Portugal Österreich Deutschland Irland Griechenland Finnland Frankreich Spanien Dänemark Italien Belgien Niederlande Schweden DN EU14 Portugal Spanien Irland Griechenland UK Italien Niederlande Belgien Frankreich Dänemark Schweden Deutschland Österreich Finnland DN Private and social returns ( interest rates ) 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 13,9% 12,3% Private Rentabilität Private Returns 10,5% 10,4% 10,4% 9,8% 9,6% 9,6% 9,4% 8,9% 8,6% 8,6% 8,0% 6,1% 9,8% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Social Soziale Returns Rentabilität 11,5% 11,3% 11,3% 10,6% 10,5% 10,2% 9,9% 9,7% 9,1% 8,8% 8,6% 8,6% 8,5% 8,5% 8,3% Quelle: De la Fuente 2003; eigene Darstellung. Quelle: De la Fuente 2003; Source eigene Darstellung. EU-Study: De la Fuente Relation of social and private returns Private returns related to differing social returns (relatively) low social returns might imply (too) high public expenditure 15% 14% 13% 12% 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% R 2 = 0,1672 5% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% Private Rendite 8 4

5 OUTPUT related to outputs, processes Growth effects and returns might be influenced by internal efficiency: How the production factors (teachers, resources, students) are combined to achieve learning results New models ( efficiency frontier ) compare the outputs that are reached by certain inputs in different systems 9 related to outputs, processes Growth effects and returns might be influenced by internal efficiency: How the production factors (teachers, resources, students) are combined to achieve learning results New models ( efficiency frontier ) compare the outputs that are reached by certain inputs in different systems System A INPUT 10 5

6 OUTPUT OUTPUT related to outputs, processes Growth effects and returns might be influenced by internal efficiency: How the production factors (teachers, resources, students) are combined to achieve learning results New models ( efficiency frontier ) compare the outputs that are reached by certain inputs in different systems System C System B System A INPUT 11 related to outputs, processes Growth effects and returns might be influenced by internal efficiency: How the production factors (teachers, resources, students) are combined to achieve learning results New models ( efficiency frontier ) compare the outputs that are reached by certain inputs in different systems Efficiency-Frontier should be reached System C System B System A INPUT 12 6

7 OUTPUT Assumptions about efficiency frontier CRS: Constant returns to scale VRS: Variable returns to scale NIRS: Nonincreasing returns to scale 13 related to outputs, processes Growth effects and returns might be influenced by internal efficiency: How the production factors (teachers, resources, students) are combined to achieve learning results New models ( efficiency frontier ) compare the outputs that are reached by certain inputs in different systems Efficiency-Frontier should be reached System C System B System A INPUT 14 7

8 OUTPUT OUTPUT related to outputs, processes Growth effects and returns might be influenced by internal efficiency: How the production factors (teachers, resources, students) are combined to achieve learning results New models ( efficiency frontier ) compare the outputs that are reached by certain inputs in different systems Efficiency-Frontier should be reached System C System B System A Improvement by reduced input INPUT 15 related to outputs, processes Growth effects and returns might be influenced by internal efficiency: How the production factors (teachers, resources, students) are combined to achieve learning results New models ( efficiency frontier ) compare the outputs that are reached by certain inputs in different systems Efficiency-Frontier should be reached System C Improvement by increased output System B System A Improvement by reduced input INPUT 16 8

9 OUTPUT related to outputs, processes Growth effects and returns might be influenced by internal efficiency: How the production factors (teachers, resources, students) are combined to achieve learning results New models ( efficiency frontier ) compare the outputs that are reached by certain inputs in different systems Efficiency-Frontier should be reached System C Improvement by increased output System B System A Improvement by reduced input INPUT What is normally asked for improvement : INCREASED INPUT 17 Comparative estimation of models 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Countries ranked by constant returns to scale-indicator SK PL HU CZ PT NL FI DE IE FR IT SE AT DK 30% 20% 10% 0% Countries ranked by non-increasing returns to scale-indicator SK PL FI CZ HU NL IE SE PT DE FR AT IT DK M1: HOM FDH M1: HOM DEA VRS M2: SCO DEA CRS M2: SCO DEA NIRS Pisa reading score: level, variance, by expenditure Different assumptions of shape of efficiency frontier M1: HOM FDH M1: HOM DEA VRS M2: SCO DEA CRS M2: SCO DEA NIRS 18 9

10 Combined Achievement PISA 20 Combined achievement PISA 20 Combined achievement PISA 20 PISA 2006 score and inputs KOR FIN SWE AUS DEU IRL POL NLD AUT HUN CZE OECD FRA DNK SVK NOR PRT ITA USA 440 R 2 = 0, R 2 = 0,0508 MEX Expenditure/student in low er sec Student/teacher in low er sec FIN NZL BEL CHE POL DEU AUT NLD OECD 500 GBR 500 ISL CZE FRA HUN DNK 480 SVK PRT ESP 480 USA ITA 460 GRC CHE ISL DNK 485 AUS POL GBR DEU OECD AUT CZE HUN SVK FRA PRT USA ESP ITA GRC R 2 = 0, Student/class-group in low er sec Expenditure/student student/teacher class-size Big variance according to input variables, R 2 decreasing... Expenditure: big difference in score with similar expenditure 19 Agenda AnbieterInnen Views on efficiency and results of research: external and internal efficiency Strukturen Nachfragende Governance: suggestions from economics of education and Hypothesen views from zu pedagogy den Relationen Themen, Schwerpunkte Innovation: differing views about education/training and innovation Educational R&D: evidence based policy and practice both are important, and sometimes not easy to have

11 Governance matters stylised results Institutional factors add up to effects around 200 pts. (TIMSS), 100 pts. being an international S.D. and 40 pts. av. gained/year Institutional reforms more efficient than increase of resources within a system Empirically consolidated factors Competition public-private schools Public finance secures choice School autonomy concerning process and personnel decisions Incentives and discretion of teachers for choice of apropriate methods Parents involvement in schools Measuring pupils progress by examinations External examinations for school accountability Combination of external examinations with school autonomy (Performance pay for teachers Early support vs. Tracking) Source: Wößmann Governance: stylised results from institutional model Factors increasing quality/efficiency Factors decreasing quality/efficiency - centralised examinations - central standards and control - attention of teachers for pupils achievement - school autnonomy for process and personnel issues - teachers decisions about teaching methods - parents influence - private schools with public support/financing - (medium level administration) - school autonomy about budget amount - teachers decisions about workload - teachers unions influence Source: Bishop & Wößmann 2001, table

12 Agenda AnbieterInnen Views on efficiency and results of research: external and internal efficiency Strukturen Nachfragende Governance: suggestions from economics of education and Hypothesen views from zu pedagogy den Relationen Themen, Schwerpunkte Innovation: differing views about education/training and innovation Educational R&D: evidence based policy and practice both are important, and sometimes not easy to have Innovation: How does ET translate into growth? Hypothesis of technology frontier : countries economic structure differs according to the distance of the frontier ( leading vs. catching-up ) Some evidence that the position is related to different structures of education and training: the nearer to frontier the more important gets higher education Medium level qualifications from vocational education and training (VET) important for diffusion of technology, higher education for creation Debates and questions about where a country/system is situated, and which choices should be taken 24 12

13 Agenda AnbieterInnen Views on efficiency and results of research: external and internal efficiency Strukturen Nachfragende Governance: suggestions from economics of education and Hypothesen views from zu pedagogy den Relationen Themen, Schwerpunkte Innovation: differing views about education/training and innovation Educational R&D: evidence based policy and practice both are important, and sometimes not easy to have What does Evidence mean? descriptive und causal analysis (OECD 07) Research cycle 26 13

14 What does Evidence mean? Research cycle: 2 sub-cycles 7 mainstreaming - dissemination, impact, monitoring 4-6 causal - Prototyping/Trialling - Field research - Definitive testing 1-3 descriptive - Evidence synthesis - Ideas/Artefacts - Feasibility 27 Transfer of R&D into P&P 2 Divisions Divison 1 R&D : P&P - Many signs/forms of struggle - independence/linkages R&D - teachers and evidence Policy Practice Divison 2 Policy : Practice Old story of reforms & reformresistance Organisation theory: Micropolitics Systems theory: horizontal thesis Economic theory: Public choice 28 14

15 Transfer of R&D into P&P 3 channels Governance: Utilisation of R&D Policy R&D Practice 29 Transfer of R&D into P&P 3 channels Governance: Utilisation of R&D Policy R&D Governance: Transformation of? Policy into Practice Bureaucracy Market Autonomy school Autonomy local Practice 30 15

16 Relations EBPP and governance types Bureaucracy Market Policy Policy R&D R&D Practice Practice Local Autonomy School Autonomy Policy Policy R&D R&D (Local) Practice (School) Practice 31 Main messages Education economics brings us important stylised insights and tools for analysis, however, implementation at national/systems level needs additional analysis Governance structures matter for efficiency Results of economic research are often against intuitive reasoning (little influence of extension of resources), and different views economics-pedagogy Educational R&D needs attention for policy and practice Governance matters for use of educational research Relation of innovation and growth important for education and training policy (VET & HE) 32 16

17 The End Thank you for your attention!aa 33 Material