Production Scheduling. Edited by Pierre Lopez François Roubellat

Transcription

1 Production Scheduling Edited by Pierre Lopez François Roubellat

2 This page intentionally left blank

3 Production Scheduling

4 This page intentionally left blank

5 Production Scheduling Edited by Pierre Lopez François Roubellat

6 First published in France in 2001 by Hermes Science entitled Ordonnancement de la production First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2008 by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6 Fitzroy Square 111 River Street London W1T 5DX Hoboken, NJ UK USA ISTE Ltd, 2008 Hermes Science Ltd, 2001 The rights of Pierre Lopez and François Roubellat to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data [Ordonnancement de la production. English] Production scheduling / edited by Pierre Lopez, Francois Roubellat. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN Production scheduling. 2. Inventory control. I. Lopez, Pierre. II. Roubellat, Francois. III. Title. TS '3--dc British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.

7 Table of Contents Preface... xiii Chapter 1. Statement of Production Scheduling... 1 François ROUBELLAT and Pierre LOPEZ Chapter 2. Basic Concepts and Methods in Production Scheduling Patrick ESQUIROL and Pierre LOPEZ 2.1. Introduction Basic scheduling concepts Tasks Resources Modeling Resolution methods Representation of solutions Project scheduling Modeling Resolution Shop scheduling Introduction Basic model One-machine problem Parallel machine problems Flow shop Job shop Conclusion Bibliography... 29

8 vi Production Scheduling Chapter 3. Metaheuristics and Scheduling Marino WIDMER, Alain HERTZ and Daniel COSTA 3.1. Introduction What is a combinatorial optimization problem? Solution methods for combinatorial optimization problems The different metaheuristic types The constructive approach Local search approach The evolutionary approach The hybrid approach An application example: job shop scheduling with tooling constraints Traditional job shop modeling Comparing both types of problems Tool switching TOMATO algorithm Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 4. Genetic Algorithms and Scheduling Marie-Claude PORTMANN and Antony VIGNIER 4.1. Introduction Origin of genetic algorithms General principles of genetic algorithms Schema theorem Chapter presentation One-machine problems Example 1: total time and setup times Example 2: sum of weighted tardiness Example 3: sum of weighted tardiness and setup times Job shop problems Hybrid flow shop Specific case: one-stage total duration problem General case: k stages total duration problem Hybrid genetic algorithms Hybridization with other metaheuristics Hybridization with combinatorial optimization methods Conclusion Bibliography...101

9 Table of Contents vii Chapter 5. Constraint Propagation and Scheduling Patrick ESQUIROL, Pierre LOPEZ and Marie-José HUGUET 5.1. Introduction Problem and chapter organization Constraint propagation Scheduling problem statement Notations Time constraint propagation Introduction Definition Simple temporal problems General temporal problems Resource constraint propagation Characterization of conflicts Deductions based on critical sets and MDSs Deductions based on the energetic balance Integration of propagation techniques in search methods General improvement techniques of chronological backtracking Heuristics for variable and value ordering Strategies for applying propagation rules Use of a backtracking algorithm Extensions Preemptive problems Consideration of allocation constraints Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 6. Simulation Approach Gérard BEL and Jean-Bernard CAVAILLÉ 6.1. Introduction Heuristic resolution (greedy) procedures Limits of the basic method Manual development procedures of projected scheduling Job placement procedure Example Operation placement procedure Simulation approach Discrete event models Discrete event simulation Using the simulation approach for the resolution of a scheduling problem...151

10 viii Production Scheduling Determination of projected schedule Dynamic scheduling Using simulation for decision support Priority rules Introduction Description of priority rules Experimentation conditions Main results Information technology tools Scheduling software Simulation languages Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 7. Cyclic Production Scheduling Jean-Claude GENTINA, Ouajdi KORBAA and Hervé CAMUS 7.1. Introduction Cyclic scheduling problem classifications Electroplating robot problem (HSP) FMS cyclic scheduling problem Problem positioning Presentation of tools used Modeling using Petri nets Dual Gantt chart Resource availability interval Operation placement policies in cyclic scheduling Algorithm principle Extension of cyclic strategies Conclusion and prospects Bibliography Chapter 8. Hoist Scheduling Problem Christelle BLOCH, Marie-Ange MANIER, Pierre BAPTISTE, and Christophe VARNIER 8.1. Introduction Physical system and production constraints Tanks Hoists Carriers Hoist scheduling problems...198

11 Table of Contents ix General presentation Static scheduling problems Dynamic scheduling problems Classification and brief state of the art Modeling and resolution Notations CHSP resolution: basic problem Extensions Multi-product case Resolution of other problems presented Optimization of temporary phases Job scheduling at line arrival DHSP resolution RHSP resolution Conclusion Bibliography Appendix: Notation Chapter 9. Shop Scheduling with Multiple Resources Jean-Charles BILLAUT, Jacques CARLIER, Emmanuel NÉRON and Antoine OLIVER 9.1. Introduction Hybrid flow shop scheduling problem A few manufacturing cases State of the art survey Notation and mathematical model Heuristic canonical methods An exact method Extensions of the traditional hybrid flow shop problem RCPSP: presentation and state of the art A simple model including shop problems Main exact methods for the RCPSP Results and fields of application of methods Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 10. Open Shop Scheduling Christian PRINS General overview The open shop problem...272

12 x Production Scheduling Open shop in relation to other shop problems An example A few real open shop examples Complexity of open shop problems Overview Polynomial geometric methods The polynomial m = 2 case The boundary m = 3 case Special open shops The preemptive case (operations executable multiple times) Gonzalez and Sahni algorithm An example Simple heuristics (excluding metaheuristics) Introduction Performance guarantees List heuristics Matching heuristics The disjunctive model and shop problems Disjunctive model review Disjunctive model and shop problems Example of open shop disjunctive model Disjunctive model properties Metaheuristics for the open shop Known traditional neighborhoods for job shop Tabu search and simulated annealing methods for open shop Population-based algorithms and neural networks Exact methods for open shop Brucker et al. branch-and-bound method More recent improvements Algorithm comparison Uniform processing times Taillard examples Difficult Brucker and Guéret and Prins tests Open shop problems in satellite telecommunications TDMA systems principle Pure open shop cases Preemptive case complications Generalization of the basic open shop Conclusion Bibliography...297

13 Table of Contents xi Chapter 11. Scheduling Under Flexible Constraints and Uncertain Data: The Fuzzy Approach Didier DUBOIS, Hélène FARGIER and Philippe FORTEMPS Introduction Basic notions on the fuzzy approach to uncertainty and constraints Possibility theory Fuzzy arithmetic Fuzzy interval comparison Possibilistic utility Scheduling under flexible constraints The fuzzy PERT problem: flexible constraints Limited resources: flexible constraints and fuzzy rules Scheduling with ill-known execution times Critical paths under ill-known execution times: difficulties Critical paths with interval execution times Critical paths with fuzzy execution times Limited resources: approach by fuzzy interval comparison Flexible constraint scheduling and ill-known task execution times Conclusion: the potential contribution of possibility theory in scheduling Bibliography Chapter 12. Real-Time Workshop Scheduling Christian ARTIGUES and François ROUBELLAT Introduction Interest and problem positioning The context of on demand production workshops The different approaches to real-time workshop scheduling An original approach Modeling and dynamic of scheduling problem considered Resources Production operations Setup operations Decisions, events and constraints Models for off-line and on-line scheduling Groups of interchangeable operations Operation-on-node graphs Generic graph methods Off-line scheduling method Gradual construction of a feasible initial sequence of groups Search for eligibility by iterative improvement of the sequence Real-time scheduling method, interactive decision support system

14 xii Production Scheduling Decision support system organization Eligibility control Decision support in an eligible sequence context Decision support for retrieving eligibility Decision and negotiation support between decision centers outside the planned context Conclusion Bibliography List of Authors Index...371

15 Preface This book is mainly a translation of an earlier text published in French in For this edition, all the authors have been requested to update their chapter by considering the latest advances and references in the field. Research studies on job scheduling are mobilizing a large number of researchers attempting to bring solutions to theoretical as well as practical problems. New resolution methods are being developed in relation to classical scheduling problems or practical situations encountered in the context of goods or service production. Exchanges between researchers in this community are extensive and contribute to a real dynamic in this field. Numerous research studies are developed in cooperation with companies to identify real problems including problem statements not considered in much basic research for scheduling problem solving. In this book, we have attempted to bring together a number of contributions liable to help in resolving or considering a solution to problems actually encountered in the real world. We wish to thank all the authors who have graciously accepted to participate and who have presented a summary of available results or current studies in different fields related to production scheduling. Pierre LOPEZ François ROUBELLAT