Chapter 1 What Is Economics?

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 What Is Economics?

2 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 Scarcity and the Science Scarcity and the Science of Economics SECTION 2 Concepts Basic Economic SECTION 3 Economic Choices and Economic Choices and Decision Making CHAPTER SUMMARY CHAPTER ASSESSMENT 2 Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

3 Economics and You The study of economics will help you become a better decision maker it helps you develop a way of thinking about how to make the best choices for you. Click the Speaker button to listen to Economics and You. 3

4 Introduction Do you think the study of economics is worth your time and effort? According to a Harris poll, a huge percentage of Americans think it is. They must know what economists know that a basic understanding of economics can help make sense of the world around us. 4

5 The Fundamental Economic Problem Scarcity is the condition where unlimited human wants face limited resources. Economics is the study of how people satisfy wants with scarce resources. Needs are required for survival; wants are desired for satisfaction. Someone has to pay for production costs, so There Is No Such Thing As A Free Lunch (TINSTAAFL). 5

6 Three Basic Questions What must we produce? Society must choose based on its need. How should we produce it? Society must choose based on its resources. Figure 1.1 For whom should we produce? Society must choose based on its population and other available markets. 6

7 The Factors of Production Factors of production are resources necessary to produce what people want or need. Land is the society s limited natural resources landforms, minerals, vegetation, animal life, and climate. Capital is the means by which something is produced such as money, tools, equipment, machinery, and factories. 7

8 The Factors of Production (cont.) Labor is the workers who apply their efforts, abilities, and skills to production. Entrepreneurs are risk-takers who combine the land, labor, and capital into new products. Production is creating goods and services the result of land, capital, labor, and entrepreneurs. 8

9 The Factors of Production (cont.) 9

10 The Scope of Economics Economics deals with the description of economic activity Gross Domestic Product, unemployment rate, government spending, tax rates, etc. Analysis looks at the why and how of economic activity why prices go up and down, for example, or how taxes affect savings. 10

11 The Scope of Economics (cont.) Explanation refers to how economists communicate knowledge of the economy and its activities to the society s population. Prediction refers to how yesterday s and today s economic activities advise us of potential future activity. 11

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13 Introduction Economics, like any other social science, has its own vocabulary. To understand economics, a review of some key terms is necessary. Fortunately, most economic terms are widely used, and many will already be familiar to you. 13

14 Goods, Services, and Consumers Goods are items that are economically useful or satisfy an economic want. They are tangible and can be classified as consumer/capital and durable/ nondurable. Services are work performed for someone and are intangible. Consumers use goods and services to satisfy wants and needs. 14

15 Value, Utility, and Wealth Value is worth expressed in dollars and cents. Scarcity by itself is not enough to create value. For something to have value, it must also have utility. Utility is a good s or service s capacity to provide satisfaction, which varies with the needs and wants of each person. Wealth is the accumulation of goods that are tangible, scarce, useful, and transferable to another person. Wealth does not include services. 15

16 The Circular Flow of Economic Activity Markets are locations/mechanisms for buyers and sellers to trade. They are classified as local, regional, national, global, and cyberspace. A factor market is where people earn their incomes. Factor markets center on the four factors of production: land, capital, labor, and entrepreneurs. A product market is where people use their income to buy from producers. Product markets center on goods and services. 16

17 The Circular Flow of Economic Activity (cont.) Figure

18 Productivity and Economic Growth Productivity is a measure of the amount of output produced by the amount of inputs within a certain time. Productivity increases with efficient use of scarce resources. Specialization and division of labor may improve productivity because they lead to more proficiency (and greater economic interdependence). 18

19 Productivity and Economic Growth Investing in human capital improves productivity because when people s skills, abilities, health, and motivation advance, productivity increases. Economic growth depends on high productivity. Yet, an economy s productivity may be affected by its interdependence reliance on others and their reliance on us to provide goods and services. 19

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21 Introduction The process of making a choice is not always easy. Because resources are scarce, consumers need to make wise choices. To become a good decision maker, you need to know how to identify the problem and then analyze your alternatives. Finally, you have to make your choice in a way that carefully considers the costs and benefits of each possibility. 21

22 Did You Know? Economists reward their greatest for breakthrough discoveries. The 1999 Nobel Prize for Economics went to Robert A. Mundell, a Canadian economist at New York s Columbia University, for his career-long work in international currency exchange rates, vital in today s global marketplace. The prize is worth a million dollars in U.S. currency. 22

23 Trade-Offs and Opportunity Cost Trade-offs are the alternative choices people face in making an economic decision. A decision-making grid lists the advantages and disadvantages of each choice. Opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative among a person s choices. The opportunity cost is the money, time, or resources a person gives up, or sacrifices, to make his final choice. 23

24 Trade-Offs and Opportunity Cost (cont.) Figure

25 Production Possibilities The production possibilities frontier diagram illustrates the concept of opportunity cost. It shows the combinations of goods and/or services that can be produced when all productive resources are used. The line on the graph represents the full potential the frontier when the economy employs all of these productive resources. Identifying possible alternatives allows an economy to examine how it can best put its limited resources into production. 25

26 Production Possibilities (cont.) Considering different ways to fully employ its resources allows an economy to analyze the combination of goods and services that leads to maximum output. An economy pays a high cost if any of it resources are idle. It cannot produce on its frontier and it will fail to reach its full production potential. Economic growth made possible by more resources, a larger labor force, or increased productivity causes a new frontier for the economy. 26

27 Production Possibilities (cont.) Figure 1.6 The Production Possibilities Frontier 27

28 Production Possibilities (cont.) Figure 1.6 The Production Possibilities Frontier 28

29 Production Possibilities (cont.) Figure 1.6 The Production Possibilities Frontier 29

30 Thinking Like an Economist Building simple models helps economists analyze or describe actual economic situations. Cost-benefit analysis helps economists evaluate alternatives by looking at each choice s cost and benefit. Taking small, incremental steps in implementing an economic decision helps economists test whether the estimated cost of the decision was correct. 30

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