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1 of Time and Identity are interconditioned. Time and Identity exclude each other, because if it is Time, it is not the Identity and vice versa. Firstly, to identify the objects through the possible worlds, we need to find out if they are the identity in the all the possible worlds. For this we should comparethe main characteristics of these objects. Secondly, for identical objects we should find out why they are identical and whether the identity is absolute or partial. Finally, we shouldfind out the difference between their characteristics. It exists as the possible worlds as exist the people, connected with this world and having their imagination. Every person has their representation of the possible worlds. Moreover, the identity can be based on pragmatics and estimation, that is why it as important as the physical Time and Space and as the imagination of the speakers. This imagination is not identical to reality. Works Cited 1. Gibson, J. Locke's theory of knowledge and its historical relation. Camb.; N. Y., P vaninwagen, P. Temporal parts and identity across time // Monist. Jul Vol. 83. Issue 3. P Quine, O. Identity, Ostension, and Hypostasis. Camb.; N. Y., P Oaklander, L. N. A defence of the new tenseless theory of time // Philosophical Quarterly Jan. Vol. 41. Issue 162. P Tooley, M. Critical Notice of Alvin Plantinga s The Nature of Necessity // Australian Journal of Philosophy P УДК 378 ББК П. В. Леманова ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ, ДЕМОГРАФИЯ И СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА КАК ФАКТОРЫ СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ РЫНКА ТРУДА Аннотация. В статье рассмотрены основные направления регулирования рынка труда. В число таких инструментов включены: образование, демография и социальная политика. Ключевые слова: рынок труда, образование, демография, социальная политика. 20 P. V. Lemanova HOW DO WE IMPROVE THE MAIN TRENDS OF LABOR MARKET? SOME POSSIBLE WAYS Abstract. In this article we considered some aspects of a labor market activity regulation. We analyzed education, demography and social policy as main ways of labor market intensification. Key words: labour market, education, demography, social policy. Introduction The time when Russian Federation is crossing to market economy is connected with need for changes. Their aim is improvement and development of the main directions of the labor market functioning. The problem is that technologies of social work in contemporary Russia are only focused on passive social protection of challenges. This doesn t promote the increase of economical activity of population and constrains the development of market relations. So in this paper I reveal the real mechanisms and instruments of real impact of modern social policy in the main directions of labor market performance. First investigations [1] of social policy at XIX century did not consider an individual as a subject of the economic relations. Later, in the 1960th years American economists [2, 3, 4] proved new economic category "the human capital", which provided for the personal competitiveness on a labor market. Numerous recent investigations attracted much attention to conceptual aspects of social policy in social-labor relations. Nevertheless, despite deep study of theoretical aspects of social policy and the human capital, there still are insufficiently investigated questions of effective interaction of social policy and labor market development. Overview of literature The first theories of social policy in system of the economic relations of society began to appear in the XIX century. They regarded the ways of human capital formation. The fundamental contribution to researches of the social relations was made by K. Marx. He focused on a big importance of public relations and the economic relations developing on their basis. However, the individual as the subject of these relations was not considered by him.

2 Scientific justification of socially oriented economics was developed in the 1930th years by the German scientists W. Eucken, L. Erhard, F. Bem, V. Repke, A. Ryustov, A. Myuller-Armand and other founders of the liberal theory. It promoted the development of methodology of modern social policy. They stated that only the strong constitutional state can become the basis of effective market economy. Thus the distribution of numerous privileges to the population was not the main condition. The effective use of the political power played a key role in ensuring fair competition. But, problems of social policy, in relation to certain individuals, were not also introduced by these scientists. Russian modern scientists such as: M. Kargalova, V. Yarovaya and E.Kholostov [5], T.Sidorin and Yu.Latov [6], etc. implemented a complex research of social policy problems. E. Murphy and M. Murphy [7], J. Kreyms, J. Martin, Ch. Meyer, etc. are modern foreign researchers of social policy and the human capital development. They deal with incorporation of labor market effective work and social policy. However, despite numerous investigation of theoretical field of social policy and the human capital, the current problem of effective interaction of instruments of social policy has not been extensively studied. So we would like to analyze education, demographic policy and the social and labor relations as the real instruments of labor market development. Methodology As it was mentioned earlier in the analysis of classical approaches education is one of the most important factors of individual adaptation in work activity. Education is a component of the nation culture, including both educational process, and the educational institutions providing assimilation by people of knowledge, experience and system of the competences which have been saved up in society. The economy and policy have directly impact on an education system in society. Social functions of education are: organization of a vocational education; providing information on workplaces; creation of conditions for social stability of the person and social group in whole. In recent years there were cardinal changes in the economic relations of the Russian society that demanded serious updating of an education system. Receiving economic knowledge at the initial stages promotes outlook expansion, the solution of problems of social and moral preparation of younger generation to real life. Economic knowledge helps to understand connections of a studied program material with practical activities. It seems that the leading role of educational system thus consists not only in training of the expert of a certain profession (in system of secondary vocational and higher education), but also education of community citizen qualities. They are necessary for future activity, relations to work, abilities to interact in collective labor processes, aspiration to improve quality and productivity of work. The modern economic thinking play a key role in the conditions of the market relations. In other words the economic thinking is a process, intellectual property, ability of the person to reflect, comprehend economic events, to learn their essence, to acquire and correlate economic concepts, categories, requirements of economic laws to reality and as appropriate to build the economic activity. Wrongly created ideas of an economic aspect of life, can much complicate future human life. It appears that the new generation has to have the convertible education which major element are economic knowledge and abilities to think economically. Today the high importance of economic knowledge in human life is obvious. The economy became one of subjects which answers a problem of socialization of modern society. The economic thinking is formed at the same time in two planes. Firstly in empirical way, by practical consideration in the course of work and secondly in theoretical way when the economic knowledge accumulated by society is acquired on the basis of mental processing. Primary market thinking can appear and develop only through personal individual labor, through understanding of a work role in life support of a household (family). Therefore since early years in a household it is necessary to develop respect for work and interest in its results. At the same time it is important to promote formation at children s general ideas of goods prices and service, about universal ability of money at payment for goods and services. It follows, therefore, that it is in a family (in a household) children are need to explain that only work creates wealth of certain people and society as a whole. Thus it is necessary to emphasize especially that the wealth is not only material values, but moral satisfaction of work that is the highest benefit for the person. Nowadays, when Russia is actively integrated into the world community, the role of a personal labor increases repeatedly. In order that Russia took a worth place in world economic system it is necessary to intensify a personal labor of each human, to build such social policy which would promote labor market development. Central problem of social policy is creation of such conditions that there were as much as possible of workers in society. In other words the more people are involved in the economic relations, the higher then the salary, the more worthy life of the certain individual and society as a whole. In the developed 21

3 country the maximum number of people is involved in the economic relations, thereby there is an intensification and regulation of system of a labor market. This is big achievement of the government of these countries. Economic approach considers education as a source of economic growth of the nation, gives its evaluation from positions of economic efficiency through improvement of labor quality and labor market activity. This supports my argument that, accumulation of knowledge happens as in the course of the school training putting basic knowledge and skills, and during the after-school training aimed at receiving a certain profession, and also within professional activity. The higher educational institution gives a certain professional knowledge and skills, possibility of their practical application and receiving initial idea of a professional labor market in the form of work practice. The higher educational institution also provides the educational credits quoted on a labor market and confirmed with reputation and a name of higher education institution: bachelor's degrees, expert, master and certificate on receiving scientific degrees. Distribution of number jobless and busy in economy on an education level is presented in the following table. Distribution of number jobless and busy in economy on an education level (in %) Table Total employed 63,1 62,1 62,7 includinghaveeducation: highestvocational 82,9 81,0 81,2 partioneprofessional 37,0 - - secondary 74,8 73,6 73,5 primary 73,6 71,6 72,4 completegeneral education 52,1 49,5 48,8 Incomplete general 25,2 26,0 25,3 have no general education 11,6 11,4 11,1 Total unemployed 7 8,4 7,5 includinghaveeducation: highestvocational 3,2 4,6 4,0 partioneprofessional 13,3 - - secondary 5,2 6,4 5,8 primary 7,4 9,1 7,9 completegeneral education 10,7 12,6 11,6 Incomplete general 16,6 17,7 16,8 have no general education 18,2 21,5 19,8 The table is made by the author according to Federal State Statistics Service [8]. The analysis of table s data represents that percent of employment of the population with higher education, greater than percent of employment of the persons having only secondary professional education. Therefore it is extremely likely that education is leading branch of improvement of a labor market functioning, the base of future wellbeing of the person and all society. But unfortunately, it is felt that an obstacle for a labor market development is crisis of science proceeding already one and a half decade. Crisis of Russian science is in its socially significant functions, institutions and the valuable bases. The leading cause of it is that Russian science lost socially significant functions in society and, as a result, dropped out of system of an exchange activity with other spheres of society. The structure of the Russian science, its organizational forms remained almost invariable, well developed for a former Soviet management system, but insufficiently correlate with modern conditions. It is evident that the science structure have to be constructed according to the market competitive environment and as a whole be adequate to modern realities and requirements of a modern labor market. Another instrument that to our mind is attracts much attention is demography. Purposeful activity of government bodies and other social institutes in the sphere of regulation of reproduction processes of the population represents demographic policy. It is at the same time a component of the general social and economic policy and a component of the population policy. The social and economic policy is directed on regulation of internal conditions system and processes which influence society activity. Policy of the population is one of the most important directions of social and economic policy of any country. Its purpose consists of population development management as a process of creation, formation and development of the subject of social activity. The main of them have an effect on: reproduction of the population which is called demographic policy; process of socialization of younger generations, including preparation for work, preschool education, general education and special preparation, professional guidance, etc.; regulation of a labor market and working conditions. 22

4 Traditionally the purposes of demographic policy in long-term prospect are focused on a model formation of reproduction of the population. The demographic policy of the state correlate with: economic measures, administrative and legal, educational and propaganda measures. Some of the main directions of demographic policy of Russia are: creating favorable conditions for parents; improvement of qualitative characteristics of the population; regulation of migratory processes, urbanization and country moving, etc. These directions have to be adequately coordinated with such important spheres of social policy, as employment, regulation of the income, education, professional training, social security. Social and economic crisis and lack of the chosen model of society transformation and transition to market economy increased instability of the situation on the labor market. It led the Russian state to decrease in level and quality of life of the majority of families, uncertainty in tomorrow of all sectors of society and social disadaptation of considerable part of families, to rise in crime, violence, antisocial behavior. A considerable part of the Russian families because of instability of a labor market can't provide socially acceptable welfare on a labor basis: the monthly state help is capable to compensate only 5 7 % of necessary expenses for the minor Russians living in families with the income below the poverty line. It is obvious that social stratification interferes with overcoming of demographic crisis in the country to what also Federal State Statistics Service data testify. Table 2 demonstrates population distribution in size of the average per capita monetary income. Population distribution in size of the average per capita monetary income (as a percentage) Table ) All population 2) Including with the average per capita monetary income per month, rub: to 3500,0 10,9 7,3 5,3 3,8 2,8 2,2 3500,1-5000,0 10,9 8,6 6,9 5,6 4,5 3,7 5000,1-7000,0 14,4 12,5 10,8 9,4 8,1 7,0 7000, ,0 17,8 16,9 15,8 14,6 13,4 12, , ,0 19,1 20,2 20,4 20,2 19,8 18, , ,0 3) 16,6 19,8 21,9 23,5 24,8 25, , ,0 4) 10,3 7,7 9,4 10,8 12,1 13,3 Over 35000,0... 7,0 9,5 12,1 14,5 17,6 1) Preliminarydata. 2) For indicators are calculated with use of the population counted taking into account results of VPN For gg. the specified data. 3) 2005 over rub. 4) over rub. The analysis of distribution of the average per capita monetary income shows, that not each family will be ready to give birth to one, and furthermore two or three children. Therefore, overcoming of demographic crisis in Russia demands carrying out socially oriented economic and active demographic policy. Such tendencies indicate a decrease in the demography of the country, depreciation (обесценивание) of its human capital and andisbalance on the labor market. One of the main reasons for that gap between the rich and the poor is that modern Russian society is stratified in several directions. In the field of the theory of stratification are known such works of T. Parsons, E. Shilz, B. Barber, K. Davies, U. Moore etc. They consider that the social status and the power play a major part in multidimensional system of society along with classes and the property relations. Stratification (from lat. Stratum a layer + Facio I do) is an arrangement of individuals and groups from top to bottom in horizontal layers (striations) on the basis of an inequality in the income, education level, power volume, professional prestige [9]. One of the most necessary professions for a worthy education level is the profession of the teacher. However, it strongly depends on educational policy of the state. The size of salaries of the teacher fluctuates: in Belgium 30-52,5 thousand euros a year, in Germany 35,7-47 thousand euros a year, France thousand euros a year, in Britain about 33,6 thousand euros a year, in Luxembourg more than 88,5 thousand euros. In Russia of 2,2-7,4 thousand euros a year [10] and obviously it isn't prestigious. It means Source: 23

5 that social status of members and social groups is connected with concept of stratification. Social inequality presented in table 3, in our opinion, negatively influences a demographic situation in the country. Distribution of the main sources of the income in various groups of the intellectuals (%) Table 3 Groups of the intellectuals Types of sources of the income on welfare Intellectuals as a whole Rich Poor Salary on a primary place of employment 72,2 60,9 74,4 Pensions, grants, alimony, the received help, etc. 26,4 6,0 39,0 Own business 19,0 54,0 1,8 Combining jobs (including single extra earnings) 24,0 13,5 29,7 Income from property, property leasing, percent on deposits 7,0 16,3 1,8 Other 3,3 1,4 3,7 It follows, therefore, that modern Russia is characterized by a peculiar stratification of society. That is to say, there is a huge social and property stratification which defines all country and negatively influences a demographic situation. The first step for development and carrying out active demographic policy was made in September, So, the Government of the Russian Federation approved "The concept of demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period till 2015". In "The Concept" the analysis of a modern demographic situation in Russia is given, the purposes and problems of demographic development are formulated, priorities are defined, key steps concerning information support and mechanisms of implementation of "The Concept" are formulated. Complexity of a modern demographic situation in the country consists in need of the account and coordination of different levels of interests: individual and family; group and public; local, regional and nation-wide; economic, socio-political, ecological and ethnocultural; the operational, medium-term and long-term. And its efficiency is defined by the speed of goal achievement with minimum possible expenses of society. Estimation of social norms operating in it is also important. Thus, realization of "The Concept" assumes: uniting of efforts of the state and society; coordination of actions of authorities at federal, regional and municipal levels; development and realization of the actions directed to the main objectives solution. And finally one more instrument that illustrate the tendency on a labor market activity is the social policy. The social policy is aimed at the development of the human capital and an intensification of a labor market. It can be effective only through creation of the corresponding social and labor relations. Therefore it is natural that the level of the social and labor relations in society influences directly the quality of the labor market and workers. The incorporation of social policy and economy is carried out through such direction of economic science as "work economics" which is the dynamic socially organized system. In this system conditions and process of reproduction of labor its production and formation (preparation, training, professional development of workers, etc.), distribution, an exchange and consumption are realized, and also process of interaction of the worker, means and objects of the labor are provided. For the majority of the countries of the world development of the social and labor relations happens under the influence of such major principles of activity, as a personal responsibility, one s own powers. Each of these principles is a necessary condition of a labor market functioning, aiming at educational and professional self-preparation (acquisition of system of professional competences), employment, active business, achievement of the maximum success, wellbeing. Full labor employment has to provide the worker with the income exceeding an official poverty line. In modern Russia labor employment doesn't provide the income above a living wage at all to one of four subjects of work. According to Federal State Statistics Service, in 2012 of 10,9% of the population with the income below the poverty line, were the workers whose salary was below the living wage determined by the state. Salary in Russia, in fact, turned into a factor of a labor demotivating and became, thus, the actual brake of economic growth of the country, a brake of development of the human capital and labor market development. The table is made up by the author according to 24

6 Investigating of foreign experience of the labor relations regulation by the state, we note that the most important factor of motivation of the subject of work is social security of workers and employers. The policy of the states works to strengthen their social stability. Salary, thus, is the most important factor of an education level and professional competence. Our problem is that when determining salary to the worker the level of the human capital plays a supporting role. For example, in the developed countries of the world, on the average, the bigger human capital is, the bigger salary is received by the owner of this capital. The human capital, its level defines the importance of a person in the society. Therefore the developed society has to stimulate in the individual his/her desire to accumulate the human capital. Observing problems of state regulation of the labor relations, it is necessary to pay attention to the following aspects: state interaction with employers; labor immigration and regulation of the minimum salary, its standards, conditions and duration; help in youth employment (graduates of schools, colleges, higher educational institutions); protection of the rights of women and persons of a retirement age, and also representatives of ethnic minority; obligatory state insurance on a case of loss of work, etc. Especially we have to note that in achievement of worthy work the important positive role belongs to social dialogue between employers and administration, on the one hand, and hired workers on the other. Social dialogue is a stability source, means of settlement of labor disputes, assistance to protection of the rights of workers, ensuring social justice, employment of subjects of work. But there is a conflict of interests: each employer separately wishes to pay to the worker less and forces his/her to work more. But it appears that for all the set of employers it is favorable to pay to workers more as it will provide necessary demand for goods and services. Therefore, authorities have to model social policy on labor market regulation: increase of a salary and creation of convenient workplaces, providing of various ways of an effective circulation of the economic benefits. Actually between the worker and the employer there are no pure labor relations, without social component. The employer according to the labor legislation is obliged to create to the worker necessary social working conditions: organizational, sanitary and hygienic, safe (labor protection), welfare, social and insurance. Besides, social protection, preparation, retraining and professional development of the worker, pension system, etc., are also included in social and labor relations. Thus, the worker stays constantly in the social and labor relations all the life. Components of the social and labor sphere are reflected in figure 1. Organizationalworki ngconditions Sanitaryandhygieni cworkingconditions Safetyon a workplace Welfarerelations Thesocial partnership The social and labor sphere Pensionsystem Socialprotection Preparation, retrainingand professionaldevelopment Fig. 1. Components of the social and labor sphere (made by the author) These relations became tools at accumulation of workers professionalism and are constantly present at his/her life and depending on a person s desire have impact on the human capital. So, work, or to be more exact the social and labor relations, we can consider as the constant tool having impact on formation of knowledge, skills, its professional competences and functioning of a person on a labor market. For example, the unsatisfactory social and labor relations can lead to profession change and to a new place of work. Results Thus, work is the tool, method, way which is applied consciously or unconsciously to professionalism increase. A person, using social and labor relations as the tool, looks for that profession which satisfies him/her most. 25

7 Important factor of successful functioning of society is qualitative labor market development, it is obvious that special social policy of the state is necessary for realization of this direction. Certainly, search of necessary tools is necessary. Its various directions can be specific instruments of social policy of a labor market development, but social and labor relations are dominating. The expert analysis of available literary data, materials of various researches, official sources shows that at present in state and administrative system there are such directions which mean active participation of the state in economic life of society. That certainly, constrains development of the corresponding liberal social policy and complicates use of its effective tools for creation of the human capital. Due to the changes happening on a labor market and a tendency of growth of a personal responsibility of workers in the society, the family, a state policy in the social sphere become more valuable. Realization of functions of social protection of the population is, undoubtedly, the basic element of the state activity which is characterized by: economic opportunities of society; maturity of social development of subjects of work; political priorities. Thus, the mechanism of realization of the social and labor relations at the present stage of development of society are: introduction of modern methods of the social policy based on a combination of social investment and a targeted support of the population; assistance to active attraction of non-state sector to rendering social and educational services, improvement of quality of social service of the population, development of market mechanisms in the social sphere; increase of management efficiency and introduction of modern administrative technologies on social sphere; association of potential of the state government, local government, business community and the public for the solution of social problems. Conclusion. Regulation of the specified social and economic, social and labor relations of society is one of the priority directions of social policy of the state. The essence of social policy of the state consists: in maintenance of the relations between various social groups of society; in providing necessary conditions for increase of welfare, a standard of living of members of society. These provisions are a paramount problem of social policy of the state. They are directed on creation of positive social guarantees, formation of economic incentives of subjects of work and development of an effective labor market. Works Cited 1. Маркс, К. Сочинения / К. Маркс, Ф. Энгельс. М., Schultz, Theodore, W. Investment in Human Capital: The Role of Education and of Research. N. Y., Thurow, L. Dangerous Cuzzents: The State of Economics. N. Y., Becker, Gary S. Human Capital: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. Third edition. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, Холостова, Е. И. Социальная политика и социальная работа: учеб. пособие / Е. И. Холостова. 3-е изд. М.: Изд. дом «Дашков и К», Латов, Ю. В. В поисках социального рыночного хозяйства (предисловие к Ордо-манифесту) // Экономический вестник Ростовского государственного университета Т Emmett, C. Murphy and Mark. A. Murphy Leading at the Edge of Chaos, P Federal State Statistics Service [Electronic resource]. Access mode: 9. Электронный словарь. Глоссарий.ru [Электронный ресурс]. Электрон. дан. Режим доступа: Информационный портал [Электронный ресурс]. Электрон. дан. Режим доступа: УДК ББК М. А. Пуйлова РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТИ ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ БУДУЩИХ УЧИТЕЛЕЙ Аннотация. Реализация практической направленности психолого-педагогического образования будущих учителей, связи психологического образования студентов с педагогической практикой в качестве одного из ведущих условий подразумевает ориентацию получаемой информации на решение теоретических и практических психологических задач.