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1 Contemporary Labor Economics Eleventh Edition Campbell R. McConnell University of Nebraska Stanley L. Brue Pacific Lutheran University David A. Macpherson Trinity University Mc Graw Hill Education
2 Contents Preface v Chapter 1 Labor Economics: Introduction and Overview 1 Labor Economics as a Discipline 2 The "Old" and the "New" 3 Economic Perspective 4 World of Work 1.1: Gary Becker: Nobel Laureate 6 Overview 7 World of Work 1.2: Lotto Winners: Who Quit? 10 Payoffs 11 Chapter 2 The Theory of Individual Labor Supply 14 The Work-Leisure Decision: Basic Model 14 World of Work 2.1: Work Hours Linked to Pollution 30 Applying and Extending the Model 32 World of Work 2.2: The Carnegie Conjecture 35 World of Work 2.3: Labor Supply of Florida Lobster Fishermen 36 World of Work 2.4: The Labor Supply Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit 46 Chapter 3 Population, Participation Rates, and Hours of Work 52 The Population Base 53 Becker's Model: The Allocation of Time 54 World of Work 3.1: The Changing Face of America 55 Participation Rates: Defined and Measured 59 Secular Trend of Participation Rates 60 World of Work 3.2: More College Students Are Employed 61 World of Work 3.3: Why Has the Labor Force Participation Rate Fallen? 62 World of Work 3.4: The Power of the Pill 70 World of Work 3.5: Why Do So Few Women Work in New York and So Many in Minneapolis? 73 Cyclic Changes in Participation Rates 76 Hours of Work: Two Trends 79 World of Work 3.6: Time Stress 80 Chapter 4 Labor Quality: Investing in Human Capital 86 Investment in Human Capital: Concept and Data 87 The Human Capital Model 89 World of Work 4.1: Recessions and the College Enrollment Rate 96 World of Work 4.2: What Is a GED Worth? 98 World of Work 4.3: Higher Education: Making the Right Choices 102 Human Capital Investment and the Distribution of Earnings 105 World of Work 4.4: What You Did in High School Matters 109 World of Work 4.5: Reversal of the College Gender Gap 111 On-the-Job Training 114 Criticisms of Human Capital Theory 121 World of Work 4.6: Is There More to College than Money? 125 xiii
3 xiv Contents Chapter 5 The Demand for Labor 130 Derived Demand for Labor 130 A Firm's Short-Run Production Function 132 Short-Run Demand for Labor: The Perfectly Competitive Seiler 136 Short-Run Demand for Labor: The Imperfectly Competitive Seiler 138 The Long-Run Demand for Labor 141 World of Work 5.1: Has Health Care Reform Increased Involuntary Part-Time Work? 143 The Market Demand for Labor 145 World of Work 5.2: Why Has Manufacturing Employment Fallen? 146 World of Work 5.3: Comparative Advantage and the Demand for Labor 148 Elasticity of Labor Demand 149 Determinants of Demand for Labor 155 World of Work 5.4: The Rapid Disappearance of U.S. Postal Service Workers 158 Real-World Applications 159 World of Work 5.5: Occupational Employment Trends 160 Appendix: Isoquant IsocosL Analysis of the Long-Run Demand for Labor 166 Isoquant Curves 166 Isocost Curves 168 Least-Cost Combination of Capital and Labor 169 Deriving the Long-Run Labor Demand Curve 170 Chapter 6 Wage Determination and the Allocation of Labor 173 Theory of a Perfectly Competitive Labor Market 174 World of Work 6.1: Hurricanes and Local Labor Markets 179 World of Work 6.2: China Syndrome 180 Wage and Employment Determination: Monopoly in the Product Market 184 Monopsony 186 World of Work 6.3: Pay and Performance in Professional Baseball 190 Wage Determination: Delayed Supply Responses 190 World of Work 6.4: Do Medical Students Know How Much Doctors Earn? 194 World of Work 6.5: NAFTA and American Labor 195 Chapter 7 Alternative Pay Scheines and Labor Efficiency 200 Economics of Fringe Benefits 201 Theory of Optimal Fringe Benefits 203 World of Work 7.1: Health Care Reform and "Job Lock" 209 The Principal-Agent Problem 210 Pay for Performance 211 World of Work 7.2: End of Teacher Tenure? 213 World of Work 7.3: Economics of Tipping 216 Efficiency Wage Payments 222 World of Work 7.4: The Ford Motor Company's $5 per Day Wage 225 Labor Market Efficiency Revisited 227 Chapter 8 The Wage Structure 232 Perfect Competition: Homogeneous Workers and Jobs 233 The Wage Structure: Observed Differentials 234 Wage Differentials: Heterogeneous Jobs 236
4 Contents XV World of Work 8.1: Who Cares and Does It Matter? 239 World of Work 8.2: Is Bigger Still Better? 244 Wage Differentials: Heterogeneous Workers 245 World of Work 8.3: Is Exercise Good for Your Wallet as Well as Your Heart? 248 The Hedonic Theory of Wages 248 World of Work 8.4: Compensating Pay for ShiftWork 252 World of Work 8.5: Placing a Value on Human Life 254 Wage Differentials: Labor Market Imperfections 255 Chapter 9 Mobility, Migration, and Efficiency 263 Types of Labor Mobility 264 Migration as an Investment in Human Capital 265 World of Work 9.1: The Decline in Geographie Mobility 266 The Determinants of Migration: A Closer Look 267 The Consequences of Migration 272 Capital and Product Flows 282 U.S. Immigration Policy and Issues 284 World of Work 9.2: Human Trafficking 286 World of Work 9.3: What Jobs Do Undocumented Persons Hold? 290 Chapter 10 Labor Unions and Collective Bargaining 294 Why Unions? 295 Labor Unionism: Facts and Figures 295 World of Work 10.1: Will College Athletes Join Unions? 298 World of Work 10.2: Challenges to Public Sector Unions 299 Unionism's Decline 305 World of Work 10.3: Should the Right to Hire Permanent Strikebreakers Be Rescinded? 309 What Do Unions Want? 313 Unions and Wage Determination 138 World of Work 10.4: The WTO, Trade Liberalization, and Labor Standards 320 Strikes and the Bargaining Process 326 World of Work 10.5: Has Deunionization Increased Earnings Inequality? 327 Chapter11 The Economic Impact of Unions 334 The Union Wage Advantage 334 World of Work 11.1: A Tale of Two Industries 342 World of Work 11.2: The Cost of a Union Member 344 Efficiency and Productivity 345 World of Work 11.3: Labor Strife and Product Quality 351 Firm Profitability 356 World of Work 11.4: Unions and Investment 357 Distribution of Earnings 358 Other Issues: Inflation, Unemployment, and Income Shares 362 Chapter12 Government and the Labor Market: Employment, Expenditures, and Taxation 367 Public Sector Employment and Wages 368 World of Work 12.1: What Do Government Workers Do? 370 World of Work 12.2: Beaches, Sunshine, and Public Sector Pay 373 The Military Sector: The Draft versus the Voluntary Army 374
5 xvi Contents Nonpayroll Spending by Government: Impact on Labor 377 Labor Market Effects of Publicly Provided Goods and Services 380 Income Taxation and the Labor Market 382 World of Work 12.3: Who Pays the Social Security Payroll Tax? 390 Chapter 13 Government and the Labor Market: Legislation and Regulation 393 Labor Law 394 Minimum Wage Law 398 World of Work 13.1: Does the Minimum Wage Increase Drunk Driving? 405 Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 406 World of Work 13.2: The Effect of Workers' Compensation on Job Safety 414 Government as a Rent Provider 415 World of Work 13.3: Who Can Whiten Teeth? 419 Chapter 14 Labor Market Discrimination 424 Gender and Racial Differences 425 World of Work 14.1: The Gender Wage Gap among Millenniais 426 Discrimination and Its Dimensions 432 World of Work 14.2: It Pays to Be Good-Looking 433 Taste for Discrimination Model 434 World of Work 14.3: September 11 and Discrimination against Muslims and Arabs 438 World of Work 14.4: Competition and Discrimination 439 Theory of Statistical Discrimination 440 The Crowding Model: Occupational Segregation 442 World of Work 14.5: Women's Entry into Selected Professions 448 Cause and Effect: Nondiscriminatory Factors 449 Antidiscrimination Policies and Issues 454 World of Work 14.6: Orchestrating Impartiality 456 Chapter15 Job Search: Externa! and Internal 463 External Job Search 464 World of Work 15.1: Thinking of Quitting? The Boss Knows 466 Internal Labor Markets 471 Chapter16 The Distribution of Personal Earnings 482 Describing the Distribution of Earnings 483 Explaining the Distribution of Earnings 487 Mobility within the Earnings Distribution 496 World of Work 16.1: Cross-Country Differences in Earnings Mobility across Generations 498 World of Work 16.2: Government Employment and the Earnings Distribution 499 Rising Earnings Inequality 500 World of Work 16.3: Rising Leisure Time Inequality 505 Chapter 17 Labor Productivity: Wages, Prices, and Employment 509 The Productivity Concept 510 Importance of Productivity Increases 513 World of Work 17.1: Growing Gap Between Productivity and Compensation 515
6 Contents xvii Long-Run Trend of Labor Productivity 518 World of Work 17.2: Is Public Capital Productive? 520 Cyclic Changes in Productivity 523 Productivity and Employment 526 A "New Economy" or Not? 532 Chapter 18 Employment and Unemployment 538 Employment and Unemployment Statistics 539 World of Work 18.1: Effects of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy 545 Macroeconomic Output and Employment Determination 547 Frictional Unemployment 549 Structural Unemployment 552 Demand-Deficient Unemployment 554 World of Work 18.2: Why Bad Unemployment News Is Usually Good for Stocks 557 The Distribution of Unemployment 558 Reducing Unemployment: Public Policies 560 Appendix Information Sources in Labor Economics 567 Sources of Labor Statistics 567 Applications, New Theories, Emerging Evidence 574 Textbooks and Research Surveys 580 Glossary 583 Answers to "Your Turn" Questions 598 Name Index 602 Subject Index 608 Data Tables 618
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