Training Within Industry (TWI) The Missing Link To Continuous Improvement

Transcription

1 Training Within Industry (TWI) The Missing Link To Continuous Improvement

2 The Realities of Continuous Improvement Implementing improvements is the easy part sustaining those changes is what s hard. A crisis may be the best way to get people to understand the need for change, but it is a very poor way to run daily operations. Continuous improvement methodologies reveal problems and outlines policies for corrective action, but it does not ensure that everyone continuously works on these problems. Continuous improvement strategies that rely on the involvement of everyone and improvement events alone will simply take too long to involve everyone. 4

3 The Realities of Lean Continuous Improvement never seems to be continuous People resist change and this mindset will cause people to backslide and abandon improvement. Supervisors and managers often leave improvement until after making the numbers. People typically rely on others for improvements. Even when people want to improve they don t have improvement skills. Companies tend to rely on Kaizen Events to make even small changes. 5

4 The Reality of Improvement Events Output Event #3 What Standard should be Event #2 Maintenance What Standard should be Event #1 Work Standard Maintenance Time What actually becomes the Standard when people do not sustain the changes. 6

5 Lessons About Waste Strategies do not eliminate waste, People Do! We want to get full value out of labour so that we may be able to pay it full value. It is use not conservation that interests us. Henry Ford, 1926 Lean and Kaizen provide countermeasures to eliminate the waste of time and material but neither provides a countermeasure for companies to eliminate the waste of Underutilized People. 7

6 TWI The Countermeasure TWI provides a systematic approach to sustain changes and continuously improve by Indoctrinating people into an improvement frame of mind. Teaching people how to identify opportunities for improving their jobs. Training people how to generate ideas to take advantage of these opportunities. Showing people how to get these ideas into practice right away. Creating ownership for people to maintain standard work. 8

7 The Missing Link to Sustainable Improvement Output What the Standard becomes Next Innovation New Standard Innovation Gradually Improve the Standard, TWI JM & JR Maintain the Standard TWI JI & JR Productive Potential of Underutilized People Current Work Standard Time 9

8 The Training Within Industry Program Job Instruction Training (JI) teaches leaders how to quickly train employees to do a job correctly, safely, and conscientiously. Job Relations Training (JR) teaches leaders how to develop and maintain positive employee relations to prevent problems from happening and how to effectively resolve conflicts that arise. Job Methods Training (JM) teaches leaders how to continuously improve the way jobs are done. 10

9 Created with a Purpose TWI was developed by a U.S. Government Service after the fall of France on June 22, 1940 that signaled a U.S. involvement in the war in Europe was inevitable. The purpose for TWI was to help industry to help itself to get out more materials than have ever been thought possible, and at constantly accelerating speed to win the war. 11

10 Impact on TWI on the War Effort Actual data reported by over 600 client companies monitored throughout the war attributed the following results to TWI: 86% increased production by at least 25% 100% reduced training time by 25% or more 88% reduced labor-hours by over 25% 55% reduced scrap by at least 25% 100% reduced grievances by more than 25% 12

11 TWI After the War Discontinued in 1945 as US manufacturers focused on getting product out of the door to fill a world wide demand for consumer products. The U.S. Occupation Government brought TWI to Japan to quickly rebuild their industrial base to avoid mass starvation that the U.S. feared would further the cause in worker communism. 13

12 Impact of TWI at Toyota THEN 1951 to 1960 Toyota utilizes TWI to train their employees in the Toyota Production System. NOW Toyota KY received over 100,000 improvement suggestions from employees, 98% of which were used resulting in a savings of $18,000,000, and returned $3,000,000 for individual awards of $25 to $25,000. FUTURE The Toyota Way of going to the source, observing in detail, and learning by doing were all very much influenced by TWI (Dietz and Bevens, 1970) and became the backbone of Toyota s standardization philosophy. The Toyota Way (P141), 2004, Jeffrey Liker 14

13 TWI - A Timeless Training Approach 1. The program is one of utter simplicity 2. It uses a blueprinted procedure that requires a minimum of time 3. Adheres to the learn by doing principle 4. Built in multipliers to spread the training 15

14 1. Utter Simplicity The Four-Step Learning Process* Step 1. Preparation make the learner think to aid comprehension of the new idea. Step 2. Presentation add the new idea to those already in the learner s mind. Step 3. Application train the learner to apply what was presented and check results. Step 4. Testing test the ability of the learner to apply the new idea alone. * Developed by Charles R. Allen in WWI 16

15 2. Blueprinted Procedure A common thread runs through all TWI programs as the result of much trial and error learning during introduction: Each program has a similar 4-Step Method. The method is stated in shop terms, not in academic language. Each participant must use the method to solve a current problem in class to get immediate use and acceptance. 17

16 2. A Blueprinted Procedure Small groups of 10 to practice the method under guided assistance to learn by doing. An outline of what and how and time sets a universal standard. Ten hours of class are best delivered in five 2-hour meetings without a break. Compact scheduling of the 5 meetings to keep the subject fresh and not keep people away from their jobs over long periods of time. 18

17 3. Learn by doing The TWI approach is not a matter of schools or classes or lessons It is individual and/or group work on current day problems of output, quality, lost-time, scrap, rework, maintenance, and working relations. 19

18 4. Multipliers Spread the Training The TWI Program utilizes a standard method to Train people from industry to become TWI Trainers TWI Trainers train the people who direct the work of others (supervisors, team leaders, managers, etc.) Supervisors spread the training to other people in the workplace by involving them as required in the process. 20

19 The Five Basic Needs of Leaders Knowledge unique to the Company and/or the Industry that supervisors must know to do their job: 1. Knowledge of the Work 2. Knowledge of Responsibilities 21

20 The Five Basic Needs of Supervisors The Five Basic Needs of Leaders Skills that are required for supervisors to perform within their role, regardless of the industry: 3. Instruction 4. Methods Improvement 5. Leading 22

21 Job Instruction (JI) - Objective Develop a well-trained workforce resulting in less scrap and rework, fewer accidents, and less tool and equipment damage. 23

22 Results from JI Training Reduced training time Increased production Fewer accidents Less scrap Less rework Less tool and equipment damage Increased job satisfaction Improved quality Increased profits 24

23 The 4-Step Method for JI 1. Prepare the worker to learn 2. Present the operation 3. Try-out performance 4. Follow-up 27

24 JOB INSTRUCTION CARD 28

25 Job Relations (JR) - Objective Build positive employee relations by effectively resolving conflicts that arise. Maintain positive employee relations by preventing problems from happening. 31

26 Results from JR Training Better employee relations Improved morale Fewer grievances Improved attendance Less equipment damage Improved quality Increased production Reduced cost 32

27 JR Results - Then Problem: Because of poor morale, our labor turnover was terrific; complaints and grievances were multitudinous; production schedules lagged. Solution: The Production Manager and Director of Training became JR trainers. They came back and presented the program to all our supervisors. Within a fortnight (2 weeks), complaints and grievances ceased; labor turnover stopped, and production went ahead of schedule. H. L. Austin, VP Food Machinery Corp. Sept

28 JR Results - Now This would have been a perfect course when I started as a leader, 20 years ago! It is simple and based on a foundation of values. This will help build trust and understanding in the workforce. Team Leader, July

29 How to Handle a Problem DEFINE YOUR OBJECTIVE Step 1 - Get The Facts Get the whole story Step 2 - Weigh And Decide Don t jump to conclusions Step 3 - Take Action Don t pass the buck Step 4 - Check Results Did your action help production? DID YOU ACCOMPLISH YOUR OBJECTIVE? 35

30 How to Prevent Problems Let each person know how he/she is doing Give credit when credit is due Tell people in advance about changes that will affect them Make the best use of each person s ability 36

31 Job Relations Card 37

32 Job Methods - Objective Make the best use of the people, machines, and materials now available. 38

33 Concrete Results from JM Training Improvement is not a matter of impression, results are obtainable and apparent Reduced cost Reduced WIP Reduced inventory Increased throughput Increased sales Increased profits Continuous improvement 39

34 JM = Immediate ROI ROI for a manufacturing company as the result of Job Methods Training, December 2002 Investment: Training: $5,000 Employee time (est. 120 hrs.): 6,000 Total Cost (est.) $11,000 Savings realized within 30 days $34,300 Immediate Return on Investment 312% Projected Annualized Savings $124,690 Potential Return on Investment 1134% 40

35 The 4-Step Method for JM 1. Breakdown the Job 2. Question Every Detail 3. Develop the New Method 4. Apply the New Method 41

36 Distance WHY WHERE WHEN WHO HOW Eliminate Combine Rearrange Simplify Step 1- Breakdown the Job Job Breakdown Sheet PRODUCT: MADE BY: DATE: OPERATIONS: DEPARTMENT: REMARKS IDEAS PRESENT/PROPOSED METHOD DETAILS TIME/TOLERANCE/ REJECTS/SAFETY Write them down, don t try to remember.. 42

37 Step 2 - Question Every Detail. Why is it necessary? What is its purpose? Where should it be done? When should it be done? Who is best qualified to do it? How is the best way to do it? 43

38 Step 3 - Develop the New Method Why? What? Where? When? Who? Eliminate Combine Rearrange How? Simplify 44

39 JM Improvement Proposal Improvement Proposal Sheet Submitted to: Made by: Product/Part: Operations: Department: Date: The following are proposed improvements on the above operations. 1. Summary 2. Results Production (one worker per day) Machine Use (one machine per day) Reject Rate Number of Operators Other 3. Content Before Improvement After Improvement 45

40 Step 4 - Apply the New Method 1. Sell the change to others 2. Obtain necessary approvals 3. Put the new method to use right away 4. Credit those involved 5. Continue to improve the new method 46

41 JM Improvement Card 47

42 Job Safety (JS) - Objective Engage employees in identifying and eliminating potential safety hazards. Break the chain of events that lead to incidents. 48

43 Safety Incident A Definition An Incident is An abnormal occurrence which has the potential to lead to an injury or loss 49

44 The Incident Chain Accidents Don t Happen by Accident! 50

45 Break the Incident Chain To Prevent Incidents, You Must Break the Chain! 51

46 The 4-Step Method for JS 1. Spot the Causes of Danger 2. Decide on Countermeasures 3. Enforce Countermeasures 4. Check Results 52

47 JM Improvement Card 53

48 Training Within Industry An Integrated Continuous Improvement System Safety Is At the Heart of TWI! 54

49 Achieving Basic Stability with TWI Basic Stability is being able to deliver what you promised in the right quantity and quality at the right cost. Manpower Methods Machines Materials Environment Stability in the Four M s 55

50 TWI and Stability Manpower JI JS JR Methods JI JM JR JS Machines JM JI JR Materials JM JI Environment JS, JI, JR, JM, 56

51 Let s Focus On Job Instruction 4-step method of instructioin Designed for supervisors or anyone who directs the work of others Enables the leader to develop the knowledge and skill in his or her people to successfully complete the job The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

52 How Do You Develop Your People? Hire them Go stand by Joe or Jane Let them learn on their own Tell them Show them The Bilas Group, LLC (440)

53 Telling Alone Reasons Telling Alone Doesn t Work Most People just don t get it through telling Things seem complicated when listening to words We cannot use the exact words necessary Many operations are difficult to describe in words It s hard to tell the right amount and to know whether it is understood or not Telling Alone Is Not Good Instruction The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

54 Showing Alone Reasons Showing Alone Isn t Good Instruction Even if it looks completed, in most cases it is just a copy of the motions and doesn t mean we understand the job Many motions are hard to copy Tricky points are missed We don t know what comes next We cannot translate what we see into what we do Showing Alone Is Not Good Instruction The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

55 The 4-Step Job Instruction Method Practical Demonstration of the 4-Step JI Method Step 1 Prepare the Worker Step 2 Demonstrate the Job Step 3 Try-out Performance Step 4 Follow-Up The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

56 The Philosophy of Job Instruction If the worker hasn t learned, the instructor hasn t taught. Do you believe it? The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

57 Job Instruction Card The Bilas Group, LLC (440)

58 Step 1- Prepare the Worker Put the person at ease State the job Find out what the person already knows Get the person interested in learning the job Place the person in the correct position The Bilas Group, LLC (440)

59 Step 2 Present the Operation Tell, show and illustrate one Important Step at a Time Do it again stressing Key Points and Reasons Instruct clearly, completely and patiently, but don t give them more information than they can master at one time The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

60 Step 3 Try-Out Performance Have the person do the job stating Important Steps correct errors Have the person do the job again explaining Key Points and Reasons Make sure the person understands. Continue until you know they know. The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

61 Step 4 Follow-Up Put the person on their own Designate who the person goes to for help Check on the person frequently Encourage questions Taper off extra coaching and close follow-up If the person hasn t learned, the instructor hasn t taught. The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

62 How to Get Ready to Instruct Make a Time Table for Training Break Down the Job Get Everything Ready Arrange the Worksite The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

63 Job Breakdowns List Important Steps A logical segment of the operation when something happens to advance the work List Key Points and their Reasons Make or break the job Might injure the worker Makes the work easier to do The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

64 The Bilas Group, LLC (440)

65 Training Timetable The Bilas Group, LLC (440)

66 Results Reduction in Training Resources New Employee Most difficult operation Average time to train on job 2 weeks Time to train 3 days with zero rework Experienced Team Members - Transfer of an Entire Assembly Line Training done immediately on transfer No learning curve Qualifications done during 4-step training Process improvements made during breakdowns The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

67 Results Performance Improvement JI used to improve quality defects Current state 2 units per week 7 day per week operation 15 out of 15 failures Rework costs - $2,400 per unit After JI units per week 40 hour per week operation 15 out of 15 pass Rework costs - $400 per unit The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

68 The Purpose of Standardized Work and Job Instruction Standardized work highlights abnormal conditions Auditing tool for the leader Same outputs JI is to train people on standardized work Standardized work is the foundation of continuous improvement JI trains your people on this foundation Both are essential if you want to drive continuous improvement in your operation The Bilas Group, LLC (440)

69 Human Development Implications Builds self-esteem Provides structured process for leaders, formal and informal, to express themselves Brings out the institutional knowledge that is often withheld by experts The Bilas Group, LLC (440)

70 Getting Started Pilot Area Pick area or process that is having difficulty due to turnover, training, vague work standards or following of standards Conduct a 10-Hour JI training session Course first two hours of the day Rest of the day: Focus on developing breakdowns that will address the business issues in the area Will require follow up with JR to address issues The Bilas Group, LLC (440) Info@thebilasgroup.com

71 Questions?