PHD. THESIS -ABSTRACT-

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1 Investeşte în oameni! Proiect cofinantat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operaţional Sectorial pentru Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane Eng. Lavinia-Gabriela SOCACIU PHD. THESIS -ABSTRACT- STUDIES AND RESEARCH REGARDING THE USE OF FUZZY LOGIC IN THE PROCESS OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT BASED ON CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS PHD. SUPERVISOR, Prof. Dr. Eng. Ioan BLEBEA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CLUJ-NAPOCA THE FACULTY OF MACHINE BUILDING 2011

2 Contents Introduction 1 1. The current stage of concepts and models applied in industrial product development Defining concepts Product New product Competitive product Product quality Product life cycle Technical cycle Economical cycle Life Cycle Modeling Product design in concurrent engineering Models of the design process Conceptual design process models Product Development Engineering vision Management vision Strategic vision Models of new product development process Basic modules of the design and development process Conclusions Theoretical considerations regarding the role of requirements in product development 2.1.Interested parties (stakeholders, actors) Needs and desires Constraints (restrictions) Requirements Classification of requirements Characteristics of a requirement Evolution and life cycle of requirements Specifications Consumer behavior Satisfying the requirements Kano`s model Conclusions Theoretical considerations and contributions on transposing requirements engineering in the field of industrial product 3.1. Defining requirements engineering Product development through the requirements engineering Requirements engineering processes and activities 54 i 33 51

3 Contents Feasability study Requirements elicitations Requirements analysis Requirements documentation Requirements specification Requirements verification Requirements validation Requirements management Requirements engineering models Methods used in requirements engineering Methods for requirements elicitation Methods for requirements analysis Methods for requirements specification Methods for requirements validation Requirements document Conclusions Theoretical basis of fuzzy logic with application in requirements hierarchy and planning 4.1. Member functions (membership functions) Triangular membership function Ramp member function Zadeh`s membership function Gaussian membership function Bell membership function General properties of fuzzy sets Core and fuzzy support Types of fuzzy sets Midpoint and point of connection The height of fuzzy sets Operations with fuzzy sets Fuzzy operators Fuzzy numbers Classes of fuzzy numbers Operations with fuzzy numbers Setting fuzzy processes Fuzzy inference Ways to express inference methods of inference Defuzzying methods Conclusions Research and contribution regarding the implementation of fuzzy logic in requirements hierarchy based on AHP method 5.1. AHP method Mathematical basis Preparing and organizing data 115 ii 77

4 Contents Methodological scheme Case study Fuzzy AHP method (FAHP) Methodology Case study Proposal of a new combined approach of type fuzzy AHP (PFAHP) Theoretical background and proposed methodology Case study Analysis results Conclusions Research and contributions on the QFD and FQFD method in the process of product development 6.1. QFD method The concept of method The process of QFD method The house of quality Application methodology Case study A combined aaproach of fuzzy QFD (FQFD) Theoretical and methodological aspects Case study QFD method as a special case of FQFD Analysis results Conclusions Research and contributions regarding the use of optimal control in the construction of FAHP and FQFD 7.1. Optimal control problem Construction of Hamiltonian and transversality conditions Minimum time t and optimal trajectory Γ Fuzzy approach Case study Conclusions Final conclusions and contributions of the author General conclusions on the content of the thesis Author`s own contributions to knowledge development in the field 215 Bibliography 217 iii

5 Abstract Introduction Currently, the rate of products and technologies changes is very alert, and we must adapt continually to this situation because otherwise the risk is to be soon removed from the market. The challenge is to discover what works today from practical and not theoretical point of view. In order to be profitable and successful a company needs to develop products that truly meet customer need. It is a challenge to identify the real needs of consumers and turning them into requirements. Lately statistics shows that the main causes of failure of a product are: the insufficient involvement of consumers in product development and the fact that the product requirements were incomplete defined. For better understanding of client`s issues, the development team and the consumer must have a common vision of the product to be developed. Without it the development team may not know exactly if the final product is what the customer wants, or not. Strongly involvement of customer in product development project and a common understanding of problems are essential for realization of the desired product. If the development team did not understood customer requirements, it would be as if they would move in an uncertain direction not knowing where they want or need to reach. In product development customer requirements have an important role; therefore it is needed to be taken into account in order to develop competitive products that meet consumer needs and default market needs. Customer requirements are always ambiguous and have multiple meanings, their description is often linguistic and vague. Moreover, it is recognized that human judgment is always subjective and imprecise. The usage of the fuzzy logic it is recommended to model the uncertainties of human preferences. The thesis is structured into eight chapters. Structure of the thesis The first chapter is devoted defining concepts about the types of products (existing, new, competitive types) and their quality; definitions and life cycle modeling, both technical and economical; presenting and analyzing models of design process; presenting different views (engineering, management and strategic views); models of process development; and presenting the basic modules of the design and development process, in terms of competitiveness, functionality, etc. Chapter two is a review of the specialized literature, defining who the interested parties (actors, stakeholders) are in specified product development, defining notions of: needs, desires, constraints, requirements and product specifications (regardless of its nature). Also in this section is briefly treated the consumer`s behavior and a customer requirements satisfaction model; beginning with hearing the customer`s voice in order to understand how the requirements knowledge affects his satisfaction level. Chapter three summarizes requirements engineering definition, as the headstone of development software product, providing processes, activities, models, methods and tools to define and systematically organize requirements, as well as approaching product development from the requirements engineering point of view. In this chapter are also presented some models of requirements document, which actually represent the link between the customer needs, but also of other interested parties in product development; and interpreting these needs through attributes of product to be done

6 Abstract Chapter four presents some areas and applications of fuzzy logic, as well as membership functions, properties and operations with fuzzy sets, operators on fuzzy sets, numbers and operations with fuzzy numbers most often encountered in practice. Also in this section are presented process fuzzy adjustments, fuzzy inference and defuzzyfication method. Fuzzy logic enables us to represent and reason common knowledge. Chapter five summarizes the traditional AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method and FAHP (Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process). I have proposed a new approach of FAHP (PFAHP) that has as main objective an easier practice from the decision maker point of view; the new approach reveals a double hierarchy for selection criteria, that shows human subjectivity accordingly. In this chapter a case study has been made in order to determine customers preferences weight regarding the design and development of a bar chair. Finally, the results for traditional AHP method, FAHP method and PFAHP, are analyzed based on the case study. The sixth chapter presents the method, the concept and the process of QFD, as well as the appliance methodology and building of quality house; theoretical and methodological aspects on FQFD method, underlining the fact that QFD represents a particular case of FQFD method. A case study, on an armchair, applying QFD and FQFD methods has been made in this chapter, and finally an interpretation on the results. In chapter seven a theoretical and practical study about the time minimization needed to effectuate a product accordingly the consumers requirements has been made. Also the study refers to the determination of an optimum correlation between the production costs and requirements approximate function. The study is relied on defining the optimal control issue with mobile ends, which are adapted to the requirements engineering and costumer s requirements; building up the Hamiltonian and the transversality conditions, minimum time determination and optimum trajectory, as well as a fuzzy approach of the studied issue. Finally, a case study and an interpretation of results are made. Chapter eight reveals general conclusions about this thesis, author s personal approaches, as well as propositions for future research. Original contributions Processing, synthesizing and systematization of theoretical knowledge given by the specialized literature in matters of: product projection and development (new, competitive); management and engineering requirements; fuzzy theory and optimal control, advanced methods for analysis and plan (AHP, FAHP, QFD and FQFD methods), giving a coherent scientific character and unitary to the paper; numerous personal interpretations and developments. The elaborated paper is a practical guide for requirements analysis and planning (for customers, as well as technical requirements) that can be used to develop competitive products. Systematize a series of terms to determine the actual status of concepts and applied methods in product development, requirements and their role in product development as well as engineering requirements in industrial products field. Originally, the differences that appear in practice when requirements are used were illustrated so the description of clients needs is not always the same as whatever the designer understood, or whatever was implemented on the product. PFAHP is new approach of FAHP evolved, that has as main objective a better understanding of the applied method in decision making and an easier usage of the method from the decision maker s point of view

7 Abstract An original contribution is also the implementation of the FAHP and PFAHP methods in Qualica QFD software. The bottom line is that using Qualica QFD software (including the chosen changes: defining fuzzy numbers and defining the sink value in R) spares the user from a great amount of calculations, has a friendly interface and allows for default settings to be changed. It was mathematically proved that QFD method is a particular case of FQFD method. The evidenced link between the two methods it is considered a personal contribution. Following the product development time minimization, as well as determining the optimum correspondence between the production costs and the requirements approximation function, a unique mathematical model based on an optimal control procedure with transversality conditions was made; the model meets the engineering requirements issues. The usage of the considered methods was underlined in the tree case studies presented in the paper. Providing an adequate degree ending to the thesis, that materializes in the proposed fuzzy approach PFAHP and the optimal control type of mathematical model that justify the non randomness in choosing a fuzzy number, but when working with requirements they have to correspond the revealed issues as well as possible. General conclusions Due to the fact that customer s requirements are essential both for competitive product development and the production companies success, we conclude that fuzzy methods fused with traditional methods, shown in this thesis, instruct us with less risky decisions caching more precisely the human thinking subjectivism. The objective of the FAHP algorithm new approach, nominated in this paper, is a better understanding of the decision making applied method as well as an easer usage of the method from the decision maker point of view. Considering this a double hierarchy of costumer requirements was made: first of all assessing fuzzy numbers to requirements, and secondly using the nominated mathematical model. Staring the early days of the project QFD method back up product development by maintaining the balance between development time and costs without affecting the quality of the product. The fuzzy number logic insertion in QFD makes the customer requirements set replacement possible, as well as the linguistic technical requirements (features) with fuzzy numbers in order to eliminate some disadvantages like: decision maker subjectivity reduction, imprecision and data randomness. In order to remove human thinking subjectivism when choosing the used fuzzy numbers, in applications, time minimization in product development according to consumers requirements, also defining an optimal link between production costs and requirements approximation function, are essential. This supports finding those versions of fuzzy numbers accordingly studied issues and leads us to develop the product in minimum period of time. Developing this idea, to impose a certain type of fuzzy number it is in its early days and is the subject of future research. This approach is assured by the fact that the usable optimum control model has several types

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