Gender impact assessment and hydropower. Assessment understanding - empowerment
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1 Gender impact assessment and hydropower Assessment understanding - empowerment Michael Simon 13 September 2013
2 Overview 1. Why gender impact assessment? Basic principles and approach 1. Dam project: Simple Steps to gender impact assessment Oxfam s project Balancing the scales gender and hydropower is supported by the Challenge Program on Water and Food, and AusAID
3
4 Gender what do we mean? Given the gender-blindness of the planning process, large dam projects typically build on the imbalance in existing gender relations. For affected communities dams have widened gender disparities either by imposing a disproportionate share of social costs on women or through an inequitable allocation of the benefits generated. (WCD 2000, p. 114) Where dams achieve an improvement in living standards in impact areas, this can have a positive spill over effect on gender equity [WCD 2000, p.116] Page 4
5 Gender what do we mean? Gender: Roles and responsibilities that are assumed and imposed by society and in the home. Power relations between men and women. Differs from: the biological sex which we are born into - Male or female. Page 5
6 Gender impact assessment in hydropower how can it help? Gender Assessment and analysis can help: Avoid, minimize, mitigate and compensate negative impacts Ensure hydropower respects the rights of men and women (Understanding) Promotes women s empowerment and participation (Empowerment) Increases equitable access to and control over benefits (Sustainable outcomes) Page 6
7 Project development: Steps in gender impact assessment
8 A gender impact assessment framework for hydropower Six Basic Steps Step 2. Understand context Step 3. Identify issues introduced by dam Step 4. Understand Women s needs Step1. Data collection baseline - project Step 5. Gender strategy and action plan Step 1. Data collection river baseline Pre-project Gender Impact Assessment Step 6. Review, audit and respond Page 8
9 Basic steps (1) Step 1. Data collection Gather data - develop a baseline Sex disaggregated data Socio-economic status poverty assessment/ human rights assessment Step 2. Understand the context Dam affected communities context analysis: how do the communities function? Ask Who is doing what, when? how are communities structured? what are the roles and responsibilities of men and women? Who has access to and control over resources? Analyse the factors that influence the gender differences, divisions of labour, etc Women s, men s and the community s resources, assets and strengths Page 9
10 Gender analysis frameworks There are many frameworks that can be used: these utilize matrices and tools to capture and help analyze data. The Harvard Analytical Framework: Includes an activity profile to understand productive activities, reproductive activities and community work (GIA Manual p33) Activity profile Village name: Date: Activities Women/girls Men/boys Where/when Productive activities Fishing Selling fish Cash cropping Reproductive activities Care of children Cooking for family Collecting water Subsistence / food production Community work Community management activities Community politics Community labor Page 10
11 Gender analysis frameworks There are many frameworks that can be applied: these utilize matrices and tools to capture and help analyze data The Harvard Analytical Framework: Includes an access and control profile to track women s and men s: Access Control Benefits derived from use of resources (GIA Manual p36) Access and control profile Resources in community and/or household Land for subsistence farming Land for cash crops Labour Benefits derived from the use of resources Income from sale of cash crops Asset ownership Education opportunities Access Control Women Men Women Men Page 11
12 Basic steps (2) Step 3. Identify risks and issues introduced by the project Risks: Loss of land, loss of houses, resettlement, loss of fisheries, loss of access to forests, influx of (male) workers etc Examine how these issues could impact gender relations and roles Women s access and control over resources, Gender and power relations Women s participation in household and community decision making ASK women Examine how the project affects and responds to women s needs What do women need to help their current activities? What do women need to achieve greater equality in the community? How does the hydropower project respond to, or impact, on women s needs and interests? Step 4. Understand women s needs Page 12
13 Basic steps (3) Step 5. Make recommendations and develop a gender strategy Step 6. Regularly review and audit Make recommendations to avoid negative gender impacts Ensure recommendations promote gender equality and women s empowerment Develop a gender implementation plan and risk awareness strategy to ensure ongoing decisions, investments, payments and activities incorporate gender perspective Regular reporting and monitoring is basic good practice Independent and community controlled and community based audits Monitor commitments Check for unintended negative outcomes, consult and adjust plans Page 13
14 Make a Gender Action Plan
15 Gender Action Plan basic good practice Using your Gender Impact Assessment: gives a clear roadmap to project staff for how to avoid gender impacts and achieve positive gender outcomes. It should include: specific, measurable and targeted interventions which include indicators. They can be incorporated into other management and implementation plans Page 15
16 Gender Action Plan checklist 1. Were women involved in developing a Quality Social and Gender Analysis 2. Gender Action Plans have been agreed with men, women and communities. 3. Gender action plans include Implementation plans, staffing, resources and budgets 4. Establish regular monitoring to check progress and outcomes 5. Ensure on-going gender capacity in project teams and government agencies Page 16
17 Gender Impact Assessment timing in the project cycle
18 Page 18
19 When should a GIA be undertaken? Incorporate into existing processes: Strategic environmental impact assessments Cumulative impact assessments Initial E/SIA Social baseline studies Community mapping Social and Environmental impact assessments Some hints: Adopt and adapt existing tools Consider standalone gender impact assessments Does the river cross borders? - transboundary impact assessments Consider which tools are appropriate for your particular project stage Page 19
20 GIA in summary
21 Gender Impact Assessment in summary basic good practice Gender Impact Assessment: Gives a voice to women s perspectives, needs and interests Ensures gender is considered in planning, risk management and implementation of a hydro project Enables projects to be more responsive to women s needs and interests If used, dam companies can contribute to promotion of gender equality and women s empowerment Will help companies (and government sponsors) to meet their responsibility to protect human rights. Page 21
22 Page 22
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