I am offline Results from a RCT intervention to reduce smartphone utilization of adult employees regarding work and health related variables

Transcription

1 I am offline Results from a RCT intervention to reduce smartphone utilization of adult employees regarding work and health related variables Theda Radtke, David Schmocker, Corina Berli, & Urte Scholz University of Zurich Presented at the 4th CBC Conference 2018 Behaviour Change for Health: Digital & Beyond February 2018

2 Theoretical background 2 Workload of employees tends to increase (Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2012) is perceived as extremely stressful (Fritz et al., 2013) In addition, huge increase in the use of smartphones most employees use smartphones to do their jobs away from the office (Hill et al., 2003)

3 Theoretical background 3 Smartphone use leads to non-standard work schedules (evening, night, and weekend work) (Green, 2002; Härmä, 2006) inability to separate from work while away from the office (Jarvenpaa & Lang, 2005) higher work-home interference lower psychological detachment less daily relaxation higher exhaustion higher levels of burnout (Curtaz et al., 2015; Derks & Bakker, 2014; von Thiele Schwarz, 2011)

4 Theoretical background 4 First evidence that smartphone time outs can have positive effects e.g., on relaxation (Curtaz et al., 2015, Dunican et al., 2017) However, simple pre-post design without control group

5 Aim & Hypotheses of the study 5 Aim: Exploration of a time out from smartphone use on health- and work-related variables Hypotheses: Compared to a control group, a time out from smartphone use leads to less exhaustion less work-home interference positive recovery experiences from work better detachment from work higher positive affect

6 Method: Sample 6 Inclusion criteria for participants: employed at least 80% in possession of only one (android) smartphone for private and business use daily smartphone use

7 Method: Sample 7 N = 141 participants 63 women (45%), 77 men (55%) Mean age: 34.7 years (SD = 10.8, range years) Mean working time (including overtime): 47.0 hours per week (SD = 16.2)

8 Method: Study design 8 One week Two weeks Prescreening Baseline Daily diary Follow-up Intervention Time out from smartphone

9 Method: Intervention Timeout 9 Randomized control trial n = 69 control group (CG) n = 72 experimental group (EG) Daily diary for 21 days Daily diary for 21 days day 8-21: 2 timeouts of one hour each per day (daytime/ evening)

10 Method: Measures 10 Smartphone use Objective measure: App measures every smartphone activity during 24h (e.g., calls, app use)

11 Method: Measures* 11 Work-home interference (5 items) The demands of my work interfere with my home and family life. (Netemeyer et al., 1996) Recovery experiences from work (8 items) In the last 14 days Relaxation: I did relaxing things. Psychological detachment from work: I forgot about work. (Sonnentag & Fritz, 2007) *Likert-scale for all measures 1-5

12 Method: Measures* 12 Positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) (12 items) To what extent you have feel this way in general e.g., upset. (Krohne et al., 1996) Exhaustion (9 items) In the last 14 days I felt used up (adapted from Curtaz et al., 2015) *Likert-scale for all measures 1-5

13 Results Mean values Follow-up 13 Objective smartphone use Score:»A high score indicates high use of the phone» (0-100) ns CG EG

14 Results Mean values Follow-up 14 Exhaustion Work-Home Interference ns ns CG EG Relaxation ns Detachment from works ns

15 PANAS positive Results Change over time 15 PANAS positive: Significant interaction time * condition (F(1, 140) = 5.20, p =.02) 3,65 CG EG Repeated measure ANOVA 3,45 Baseline Follow-up

16 Mean positive affect Results Positive affect CG EG Day

17 Results App Evaluation in the EG 17 Worries about missed calls/ messages during time out negatively correlated with psychological detachment, and relaxation positively correlated with smartphone use despite time out Perception of the time out as additional stressor was positively correlated with working hours, and work-home interference

18 Discussion Limitations 18 Setting of the time outs might be questionable Variation of the time out length Interruptions during time outs Variability of the starting point of time out during the day and the evening

19 Take Home Message 19 Future research studies should examine effects of time outs from all electronical devices due to compensation examine effects of longer time outs or no smartphone use after working hours possible negative effects of time outs Practitioners should focus on norms/rules in companies regarding availability/ s

20 20 I am offline Results from a RCT intervention to reduce smartphone utilization of adult employees regarding work and health related variables University of Zurich Department of Psychology, Applied Social Psychology Theda.Radtke@psychologie.uzh.ch This study was financed by a Swiss telecommunication company

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