Is Informal Normal? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries
|
|
- Hester Reeves
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Is Informal Normal? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries Johannes Jütting and Juan R de Laiglesia IZA/World Bank Conference on Employment and Development Bonn, 4 May 2009
2 Overview Informal employment is: pervasive, persistent even in countries with adequate growth, and hardly a hidden phenomenon. Informal employment is linked to poverty on average but it encompasses very heterogeneous realities differentiated approaches The crisis makes policies to deal with informal employment all the more urgent and relevant 2
3 Is Informal Normal? Towards more and better jobs in developing countries 1 Overview 2 Informal Employment: Size and Trends 3 Welfare implications of job quality 4 Dealing with Informal Employment 3
4 Is Informal Normal? Towards more and better jobs in developing countries 1 Overview 2 Informal Employment: Size and Trends 3 Welfare implications of job quality 4 Dealing with Informal Employment 4
5 Is Informal Normal? Towards more and better jobs in developing countries 1 Overview 2 Informal Employment: Size and Trends 3 Welfare implications of job quality 4 Dealing with Informal Employment 5
6 Definition Informal employment refers to jobs or activities in the production and sales of legal goods and services which are not regulated or protected by the state Statistical implementation (ILO), based on social protection : Informal employment = employment in the informal sector + informal employment in the formal sector Informal sector: self employed (employers, own account workers, family helpers) + wage employees + employers in micro enterprises (less than five workers) Formal sector: Wage employees and paid domestic workers without social protection 6
7 Informal employment is pervasive in the developing world Share of informal employment in total non agricultural employment (%) Sub-Saharan Africa Southern and Eastern Asia Latin America Western Asia Northern Africa Transition countries Source: OECD, Share of informal employment in total non-agricultural employment 7
8 Cross country patterns suggest that the share of informal employment should decline with economic growth Share of informal employment in total non-agricultural employment TCD BFA BEN MLI MOZ KEN ZMB YEM HTI GIN IND PAK BOL HND SYR MDA IDN ECU PHL MARPER PRY GTM SLV LBNTHABRA DOM IRN VEN MEX PAN ZAF EGY KGZ CRI DZA COL TUN TUR ROM ARG CHL RUS PWT: Real GDP OECD per capita Development (Constant Centre Prices: 8Chain series, 2000)
9 yet in many countries, informal employment has persisted Share of informal employment Egypt Guinea India Morocco GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2005 international USD) 9
10 In others it has decreased slightly Share of informal employment GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2005 international USD) Brazil Mexico Thailand Tunisia 10
11 Informal employment and business cycles Self employment is counter cyclical, but less so in countries where it is larger (Loayza and Rigolini, 2006) Instances of pro cyclical behaviour of self employment can be attributed to shocks to non tradeables (Fiess, Fugazza and Maloney, 2006) Evidence from worker flows (Bosch and Maloney, 2007): countercyclical expansion of informality due to fall in job finding rates in the formal sector. We can expect an increase in informal employment in times of crisis (as a share and possibly also in absolute levels) What about composition? 11
12 Is Informal Normal? Towards more and better jobs in developing countries 1 Overview 2 Informal Employment: Size and Trends 3 Welfare implications of job quality 4 Dealing with Informal Employment 12
13 Why is persistent informality worrying? Informal work is very diverse but, on average: The share of informal workers is strongly correlated with poverty rates (700 million informal poor workers) Substantially lower earnings for informal employees: 1.1 of minimum wage in Morocco, India. Less than half of average wage in Mexico, Brazil. Multiple social costs of informality: Shortfall in pension, health and labour safety coverage, fiscal receipts High vulnerability to idiosyncratic and aggregate shocks the crisis! 13
14 Informal employment is strongly correlated with poverty Share of Informal Employment in Total Non Agricultural Employment MAR MEX ARG BRA IRN PAN CRI DOM DZA CHL COL TUN TUR ROM RUS ECU PHL PRY PER BOL GTM HND SLV THA ZAF VEN YEM EGY IDN KEN BEN HTI MLI BFA IND MOZ PAK NER ZMB Share of Population Living Below 2 USD (PPP) a Day Source: Is Informal Normal? and World Bank Group (2007). 14
15 Job mobility and informality High mobility (at least in middle income countries) including between formal and informal in both directions Somewhat surprising labour dynamics: moves from formal to informal not only queuing for the formal jobs. But: mobility depends on the same factors that make better jobs accessible (e.g. educational level and gender) 15
16 Transitions in Mexico (by gender) 2002 Informal salaried Men Formal salaried 2005 Self employed Not working Informal salaried Formal salaried Selfemployed Not working Total Source: Mexican Family Life Survey. First and second waves (2002, 2005) 2002 Informal salaried Women Formal salaried 2005 Self employed Not working Informal salaried Formal salaried Selfemployed Not working Total
17 Transitions in Mexico (by education) 2002 More than 6 years of education Informal salaried Formal salaried 2005 Self employed Not working Informal salaried Formal salaried Selfemployed Not working Total Source: Mexican Family Life Survey. First and second waves (2002, 2005) 2002 Less than 6 years of education Informal salaried Formal salaried 2005 Self employed Not working Informal salaried Formal salaried Selfemployed Not working Total
18 Mobility and welfare Multi tiered informal employment as a useful framework: Relative size? Barriers to mobility: Barriers to physical mobility (portability, entitlement, migration, e.g. Hukou) Access to capital, education, assets (Barret and Carter, 2007; Klasen and Woolard, 2005) Cost of search (Rama, 2003; Bernabè and Stampini, 2008) Social institutions and discrimination (gender, race, age) Also barriers to better informal jobs 18
19 Is Informal Normal? Towards more and better jobs in developing countries 1 Overview 2 Informal Employment: Size and Trends 3 Welfare implications of job quality 4 Dealing with Informal Employment 19
20 What can we do about it? A policy framework Beyond business as usual (growth concerns and poverty alleviation) Improving the quality also of informal jobs Addressing heterogeneity across and within countries (two tiered informal employment) Three common ingredients: More and better jobs Incentives for choosing formality Protecting and promoting informal workers 20
21 More and better jobs Macro economic policies: Crucial importance for employment outcomes Objective setting: Employment creation versus inflation targeting; is there a trade off and what to do about it? Structural and sector policy Employment elasticity of growth and driving sectors Recognise gender differences across and within sectors More policy coherence: social protection and business promotion agenda Labour market reform: better regulation and inclusive institutions Engaging informal workers and their representation 21
22 Providing incentives for the upper tier Business climate reforms to lower the cost of formality plus Reduce regulatory compliance costs, tax administration reform, public goods Enforcement of labour, tax and social security regulations, including strengthening labour inspections Improving the benefits of formality Better governance, public service, linking contributions and benefits 22
23 Promoting and protecting informal workers Inclusive education and training adapted to informal workers, including women, and recognising experience in informal work Social protection Cash transfers are useful poverty alleviation tools Social protection/assistance for workers (universal coverage programmes), including childcare provision mechanisms Public works, work guarantee programmes, unemployment insurance Seeing the shades of grey: Lack of portability of benefits harms the most vulnerable 23
24 Open questions Policy challenges: How do we protect informal workers while not providing disincentives for formalisation? How to promote employment intensive growth that leads to more and better jobs? Research questions How do these findings relate to structural change of an economy? What is the origin of the apparent decrease in the link between growth and formal work? Link to globalisation? New forms of employment? 24
25 Thank you
26 What s new on informal employment? From old presumptions to emerging evidence Informal employment to gradually disappear with development Being informal = Being poor Informal employment = immobility Policy agenda: Policies to formalise the informal Growth is not sufficient to eradicate informal employment Informal employment is heterogeneous People move between employment states Policy agenda: Multi tiered approach to policy 26
27 Share of Self Employment in Total Non Agricultural Employment 27
28 Earnings in informal work: low and heterogeneous Source: Is Informal Normal?, 2009 Notes: *Relative to average wages; definitions and years vary, see table 2.5 for details 28
29 The case of India 29
30 Informal employment and the crisis Recent crises suggest: Informal Employment Models of cyclical behaviour of Informal Employment: dualist, entrepreneurship for non tradable sectors: IE Return migrants: Informal Employment 20 million people in China return to rural areas, 95 % unskilled Reduced remittances encourages 30
31 GDP Growth and Informal Employment in Argentina (Argentine Economic Crisis) Source: ILO, World Bank, OECD 31
32 The gender dimension of informal employment Economic research and policy focused on Labour Force Participation (LFP) Neglect of quality of jobs Working women are not systematically more likely to be informal but they are overrepresented in worse forms of informal employment and earn substantially less The causes largely overlap with causes of low LFP: social institutions, limited entitlement to resources and assets, limited freedom to move. 32
33 Women in informal employment 33
34 Gender (earnings) gaps in informal employment Notes: (1) Years and coverage: Morocco (2002), Tunisia (1997 and 2002), Ethiopia (1996), Kenya (1999), Brazil (1997), Colombia (1996), Mexico (1994), Haiti (2004), Lebanon (2004), Turkey (2000). (2) Data for Ethiopia, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Turkey are for urban areas only. Source: Various sources, see (2009), Chapter 2 for details. 34
35 Composition of non agricultural employment Source:,
36 Transitions in and out of informal work (Mexico) Transitions (in % of individuals aged 20 to 60) in % Formal Informal Without job Total Formal Informal Without job Total Source: Mexican Family Life Survey. First and second waves (2002, 2005) 36
37 Selfemployed Who gains from mobility? (Mexico) Wage employment 19 % 13 % Formal 67% of the labour force Not Working 13 % 18 % 17% 18% Informal 37
38 Who gains from mobility? Education (Mexico) Wage employment Selfemployed 19 % 13 % Formal 67% of the labour force More than 6: 21% 6 and less: 7% More than 6: 15% 6 and less: 26% More than 6: 23% 6 and less: 14% Not Working More than 6: 17% 6 and less: 21% Informal 38
39 Who gains from mobility? Gender (Mexico) Wage employment Men: 14% Women: 8% Selfemployed Men: 19% Women: 14% Formal Men: 28% Women: 13% Men: 22% Women: 14% Men: 39% Women: 10% Not Working Informal Men: 10% Women: 31% 39
40 From monolithic informal employment Formal Informal Not Working 40
41 to two tiered informal employment Formal Informal Upper Tier Informal Lower Tier Not Working 41
Levels & trends in agricultural spending & investment
Preliminary estimates of Levels & trends in agricultural spending & investment background work for The State of Food & Agriculture 2012 Sarah K. Lowder Economist Agricultural Development Economics Division,
More informationLow-skill labor-intensive tradables. equipment
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Average blue collar share (%) Commodity-based regional processing Manufacture of wood and wood products Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products Manufacture
More informationRural Employment and Decent Work: Key to reducing poverty
Master in Applied Labour Economics for Development Module E: Seminars on Contemporary Global Labour Market Challenges ILO-ITC Turin, 4 May 2011 Rural Employment and Decent Work: Key to reducing poverty
More informationUrbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
Urbanization in SubSaharan Africa (SSA) Vernon Henderson: Brown University Mark Roberts, Uwe Deichmann: World Bank Adam Storeygard: Tufts University May 2013 Literature s claim: Africa is different Urbanization
More informationWAGES, SOCIAL DIALOGUE AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
WAGES, SOCIAL DIALOGUE AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 30 th January, 2017 Youcef Ghellab and Sarah Doyle Head, Social Dialogue and Tripartism Unit Technical Officer, Social Dialogue and Tripartism Unit Governance
More informationEconomic Diversification in Low Income Countries (LICs): Stylized Facts and Macroeconomic Implications
Economic Diversification in Low Income Countries (LICs): Stylized Facts and Macroeconomic Implications Chris Papageorgiou Nikola Spatafora Second Annual IMF/WB/WTO Joint Trade Workshop Geneva, Switzerland
More informationUnderstanding Productivity Differences
Understanding Productivity Differences Daron Acemoglu Charles P. Kindleberger Professor of Economics Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Wealth of Nations Tremendous growth in income per capita in
More informationGROWTH, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN AFRICA
GROWTH, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN AFRICA Johannesburg November 2014 Francisco H. G. Ferreira Chief Economist, Africa Region The World Bank OUTLINE 1. Current economic performance
More informationTwo ideas: Pro-poorest Growth and Preventing Backsliding
Two ideas: Pro-poorest Growth and Preventing Backsliding EGM on Strategies for Eradicating Poverty to Achieve the SDGs, 1-3 June 2016 UNDESA, Division of Social Policy and Development Andrew Shepherd,
More informationKeywords: Skill development, Economic growth, Human resource
Skill Development Impact on Economic Growth Dr. Ragini Sharma Abstract Human resource is an essential determinant of economic growth and development. It consists of different factors like education, health,
More information3.5.3 Wage determination in competitive and non-competitive markets
3.5.3 Wage determination in competitive and non-competitive markets Labour market equilibrium: The labour market is a factor market. The supply of labour is determined by those who want to be employed
More informationStrategic objective No. 3: Enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all
Strategic objective No. 3: Enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all 102. The need to improve social protection has been at the centre of ILO action since its inception. Despite
More informationConcept Note for the financial inclusion of Women entrepreneurs in Nigeria.
Concept Note for the financial inclusion of Women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Introduction and Background. The relevance of access to financial services for women entrepreneurs to development, poverty reduction,
More informationAchieving better youth employment outcomes: Monitoring policies and progress in G20 economies
Achieving better youth employment outcomes: Monitoring policies and progress in G20 economies Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development International Labour Organization Report prepared for
More informationAgricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda Kym Anderson and Will Martin
Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda Kym Anderson and Will Martin Development Research Group The World Bank Washington DC Kanderson@worldbank.org Why try to reduce sensitive agric
More informationCARBON EMISSIONS AND INCOME INEQUALITY
OXFAM TECHNICAL BRIEFING DECEMBER 2015 CARBON EMISSIONS AND INCOME INEQUALITY Technical note This note explains the data and calculations used to produce the emissions distributions used in Oxfam s Extreme
More informationWomen s Economic Empowerment in Africa: Boosting Female Entrepreneurship
Women s Economic Empowerment in Africa: Boosting Female Entrepreneurship Biennium 2016 2017 Expert group meeting 24-25 August 2017, Addis Ababa Aide-memoire I. Background In Africa, majority of women in
More informationSource: [1]; and World Bank, World Development Indicators.
Fabián Slonimczyk National Research University Higher School of Economics, International College of Economics and Finance, Russian Federation, and IZA, Germany Informal employment in emerging and transition
More informationWOMEN IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY MDB GENDER AND EMPLOYMENT WORKSHOP 24 TH APRIL, 2012
WOMEN IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY MDB GENDER AND EMPLOYMENT WORKSHOP 24 TH APRIL, 2012 Official Statistical Definitions Informal Sector = employment and production that takes place in small, unincorporated
More informationEvidence on Youth Employment. Susana Puerto, ILO Jochen Kluve, RWI & Humboldt University Friederike Rother, World Bank
Evidence on Youth Employment Susana Puerto, ILO Jochen Kluve, RWI & Humboldt University Friederike Rother, World Bank Overview I. Collecting and building the evidence II. What works III. The Road Ahead
More informationEmpowering women and youth in agriculture and food systems
G7 International Forum for Empowering Women and Youth in the Agriculture and Food Systems Tokyo, 12 December 2016 Empowering women and youth in agriculture and food systems Clara Mi Young Park Gender Rural
More informationWORLD EMPLOYMENT SOCIAL OUTLOOK WOMEN
Executive summary WORLD EMPLOYMENT SOCIAL OUTLOOK WOMEN Gaps between men and women in the world of work remain widespread and begin with women s limited access to the labour market Gender gaps are one
More informationStrategic objective No. 2: Create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment and income
EMPLOYMENT Strategic objective No. 2: Create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment and income 66. Closing the employment gap is at the heart of the decent work agenda. Unemployment
More informationFOSTERING AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION SYSTEM: TRENDS AND BEST PRACTICES
FOSTERING AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION SYSTEM: TRENDS AND BEST PRACTICES Catherine Moreddu Trade and Agriculture Directorate Policies to Enhance Agricultural Innovation and Productivity: Focus on China - Workshop
More informationECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION: EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNDEREMPLOYMENT
UNECE/ILO/EUROSTAT and Statistics Canada Meeting on Measuring Quality of Employment (Geneva, 31 October 2 November 2011) ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION: EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNDEREMPLOYMENT Linkages
More informationTransition from the informal to the formal economy
Transition from the informal to the formal economy 8 August: Ecological Overshoot Day On August 8, 2016, we have used as much from nature as our planet can renew in the whole year. Ecological overshoot
More informationSwiss Working Paper on Growth and Employment in the Post-2015 Agenda
Working Paper 01.10.2013 Swiss Working Paper on Growth and Employment in the Post-2015 Agenda 01.10.2013 1. Context and challenges to be tackled for global sustainable development Over the past twenty
More informationKeywords: employment protection, unemployment, informality, transition and emerging economies. Source: Based on Figure 1. Cons
Alexander Muravyev St Petersburg State University, Russian Federation, and IZA, Germany Employment protection legislation in transition and Although market failures mean employment protection is necessary,
More informationILO Workers Group Priorities
Background ILO Workers Group Priorities 1. This document is the result of consultations held by the Chair of the Workers Group with members of the Group, its Secretariat and the ILO Bureau for Workers
More information9647/17 AS/mk 1 DG B 1C
Council of the European Union Brussels, 2 June 2017 (OR. en) 9647/17 NOTE From: To: Working Party on Social Questions SOC 435 EMPL 339 EDUC 267 ECOFIN 458 Permanent Representatives Committee/Council No.
More informationL20 Statement to the G20 Hamburg Summit, 7-8 July 2017
L20 Statement to the G20 Hamburg Summit, 7-8 July 2017 New Rules for a Fairer Global Economy The Labour 20 (L20) represents the voice of workers through their trade unions at the G20. It is convened by
More informationEconomic Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction: Evidence and Lessons
lessons from asia Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction: Evidence and Lessons strategy Rizwanul Islam Employment intensity of economic growth as a whole can be increased by promoting the growth
More informationRising Food Prices: Causes, Effects, and Actions Needed
Rising Food Prices: Causes, Effects, and Actions Needed Rajul Pandya-Lorch International Food Policy Research Institute 2008 Norman E. Borlaug International Symposium Confronting Crisis: Agriculture and
More informationInnovation and Inclusive Growth: Decent Work, Enhanced Employability and Adequate Job Opportunities
Innovation and Inclusive Growth: Decent Work, Enhanced Employability and Adequate Job Opportunities 2016 G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting Declaration Introduction 1. We, the Ministers of Labour
More informationJames Wakiaga Economics Advisor Policy and Advisory Unit UNDP Ethiopia
Ensuring National Policy Coherence in Economic, Social & Environmental Dimensions in the Promotion of Full Employment & Decent Work for All Lessons from Ethiopia James Wakiaga Economics Advisor Policy
More informationEMPLOYMENT POLICY BRIEF
EMPLOYMENT POLICY BRIEF INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT OF EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES USING PROJECT- LEVEL ANALYSIS: APPROACH AND INDICATORS This policy paper presents an overview of the approach and
More informationGlobal Poverty: Recent Trends and Prospects for the Future Will We Achieve to Eradicate Extreme Poverty by 2030?
Global Poverty: Recent Trends and Prospects for the Future Will We Achieve to Eradicate Extreme Poverty by 2030? Prof. Dr. Michael Grimm University of Passau, Erasmus University Rotterdam, RWI Essen, IZA
More informationUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) Contribution to the 2015 United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Integration Segment
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) Contribution to the 2015 United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Integration Segment ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EMPLOYMENT CREATION
More informationGlobal Economic Prospects, 2007
Global Economic Prospects, 2007 Managing the Next Wave of Globalization Richard Newfarmer and Paul Brenton World Bank February, 2007 Strong growth in developing economies 7.0 Real GDP annual percent change
More informationRoy Parizat, Senior Economist, Global Agricultural Practice, The World Bank ww.worldbank.org/agriculture Presentation to ICO,
Roy Parizat, Senior Economist, Global Agricultural Practice, The World Bank rparizat@worldbank.org ww.worldbank.org/agriculture Presentation to ICO, 3 March 2015 Presentation Outline Why Agriculture Matters
More informationStatistics of the Informal sector in the Arab Countries
Statistics of the Informal sector in the Arab Countries Nader KEYROUZ, Regional Labour Statistician International Labour Organization Regional Bureau for Arab States 1. Recommendation No. 204 concerning
More informationCurrent crisis and the Global Jobs Pact
Workshop on The Promotion of Responsible and Sustainable Enterprises in Business Education Current crisis and the Global Jobs Pact José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs Executive Director, Employment Sector International
More informationI M F S T A F F D I S C U S S I O N N O T E. Economic Diversification in LICs: Stylized Facts and Macroeconomic Implications
I M F S T A F F D I S C U S S I O N N O T E December 14, 2012 SDN/12/13 Economic Diversification in LICs: Stylized Facts and Macroeconomic Implications Chris Papageorgiou and Nikola Spatafora I N T E R
More informationReducing Rural Poverty: Social Protection, Access and Decent Employment
Reducing Rural Poverty: Social Protection, Access and Decent Employment Natalia Winder Rossi Deputy Director (a.i) Social Policies and Rural Institutions Division Social Protection Team Leader, FAO New
More informationInvesting in African Youth: The North African Experience. Macroeconomic Outlook: Challenges and Opportunities
Investing in African Youth: The North African Experience The African Economic Outlook 2008 Measuring the Pulse of Africa Macroeconomic Outlook: Challenges and Opportunities HB Solignac Lecomte Policy Dialogue
More informationAgricultural Transition and the Adoption of Primitive Technology. James B. ANG. 29 October 2014 EGC Report No: 2014/12
Division of Economics, EGC School of Humanities and Social Sciences Nanyang Technological University 14 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637332 Agricultural Transition and the Adoption of Primitive Technology James
More informationUnit 55: Business Economics
Unit 55: Business Economics Unit code: Y/506/2409 QCF level: 5 Credit value: 15 credits Aim The aim of this unit is to enable learners to understand the behaviour of domestic firms, transnational organisations
More informationUniversity of Johannesburg
University of Johannesburg New Structural Economics: A Framework for Rethinking Development Justin Yifu Lin Chief Economist and Senior Vice President the World Bank March 16, 2011 1 Overview of Presentation
More informationMeasuring Precarious Work: The Institutional Indicators IRRA Study Group, Sydney, August 24, 2009, Regulating for Decent work
Measuring Precarious Work: The Institutional Indicators IRRA Study Group, Sydney, August 24, 2009, Regulating for Decent work Judy Fudge Professor and Lansdowne Chair in Law University of Victoria The
More informationOCR Economics A-level
OCR Economics A-level Microeconomics Topic 4: Labour Market 4.1 Wage determination Notes The main influences on demand and supply in labour markets The labour market is a factor market. The supply of labour
More informationJob Quality and Poverty in Latin America
Policy Research Working Paper 7927 WPS7927 Job Quality and Poverty in Latin America Peter Brummund Christopher Mann Carlos Rodriguez-Castelan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public
More informationAnd Then The World Grew
Towers Watson Data Services of CEE Reward & Labor Trends Darryl Davis November 13, 2015 Sofia, Bulgaria 2015 Towers Watson. All rights reserved. Agenda The Challenge of Traditional CEE Reward Analysis
More informationG20 Enhanced Structural Reform Agenda
G20 Enhanced Structural Reform Agenda Prepared by the G20 Framework Working Group Introduction Structural reform has been a priority for the G20 and a key part to achieving the G20 s goal of strong, sustainable
More informationCODI CORE DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENT ASSESSMENT MATRIX SYSTEM
CODI CORE DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENT ASSESSMENT MATRIX SYSTEM 1. Inclusiveness Refers to the system s capacity to protect all members of society along the life cycle with special consideration for the most
More informationAGS Economics Michigan High School Content Expectations for Economics
AGS 2005 Correlated to Michigan High School Content Expectations for 5910 Rice Creek Pkwy, Suite 1000 Shoreview, MN 55126 Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
More informationSummary of project, programme and grant proposals discussed by the Executive Board
Document: EB 2017/122/INF.10 Date: 4 January 2018 Distribution: Public Original: English E Summary of project, programme and grant proposals discussed by the Executive Board Note to Executive Board representatives
More informationConvergence or Divergence: Discussing Structural Transformation in Africa
Convergence or Divergence: Discussing Structural Transformation in Africa 2 Amadou Sy Senior Fellow, Africa Growth Initiative, The Brookings Institution Africa s Convergence 3 Outline 1. Economic growth:
More informationA trade union view on flexibility and security in labour markets
A trade union view on flexibility and security in labour markets Peter Bakvis, Director ITUC/Global Unions Washington Office World Bank s Labour Market Policy Course 24 May 2012, Washington 2. Adequate
More informationRecommendation concerning Human Resources Development: Education, Training and Lifelong Learning
Recommendation 195 Recommendation concerning Human Resources Development: Education, Training and Lifelong Learning International Labour Office Geneva ISSN 92-2-116765-8 First published 2005 The designations
More informationEvidence on Youth Employment. Susana Puerto, ILO
Evidence on Youth Employment Susana Puerto, ILO Overview I. Collecting and building the evidence II. What works 2 I. Collecting and Building the Evidence 3 The Youth Employment Inventory www.youth-employment-inventory.org
More informationPOLICY BRIEF FOR DECISION MAKERS. Uganda: The Role of the Informal Economy in City Growth
POLICY BRIEF FOR DECISION MAKERS Uganda: The Role of the Informal Economy in City Growth 1 UGANDA INCLUSIVE, RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE URBAN GROWTH Facts: Area: 241,038 km2 Population: 37,873,253 GDP per
More informationAnticipating and Responding to Changing Skill Needs
OECD-G20-ILO-KMOFA Knowledge Sharing Workshop on Human Resource Development, Skills and Labour Mobility for Inclusive Labour Markets and Growth Paris, 7-8 October 2015 Anticipating and Responding to Changing
More informationWomen s entrepreneurship development: Partnering for women's entrepreneurship: Supporting Job Creation and Economic Empowerment!
Women s entrepreneurship development: Partnering for women's entrepreneurship: Supporting Job Creation and Economic Empowerment! 25% to 33% of all private businesses owned by women 190 million women entrepreneurs
More informationReturns to Higher Education in Timor-Leste
Returns to Higher Education in Timor-Leste TAKAO OKAMOTO MASTER STUDENT, KOBE UNIVERSITY OCTOBER 14, 2015 2 Outline of the Presentation 1. Background 2. Problem Statement 3. Research Question 4. Objective
More informationFAO REGIONAL CONFERENCE FOR THE NEAR EAST
April 2016 NERC/16/6 E FAO REGIONAL CONFERENCE FOR THE NEAR EAST Thirty-third Session Rome, Italy, 9-13 May 2016 Small-scale Farmers and Women Empowerment in the Near East and North Africa Region EXECUTIVE
More informationMAKING GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS WORK FOR DEVELOPMENT
MAKING GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS WORK FOR DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS, POLICY QUESTIONS, DIAGNOSTICS, AND COUNTRY ENGAGEMENT Klaus Tilmes Deborah Winkler UN Expert Group on International Trade and Economic Globalization
More informationINNOVATION AND AGRICULTURE-LED LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INNOVATION AND AGRICULTURE-LED LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Lindile L. Ndabeni, P.hD. Second International Conference on Local Government, Durban, Republic of South Africa 26-28 October 2011 OUTLINE Introduction
More informationEmerging issues in urbanization, internal migration and development
Emerging issues in urbanization, internal migration and development United Nations Jorge Bravo, Population Division, DESA Seminar on Population Distribution and Development, New York, 1 December 2009 Two
More informationGlobal and Regional Food Consumer Price Inflation Monitoring
Global and Regional Food Consumer Price Inflation Monitoring October 2013 Issue 2 Global Overview Consumers at global level saw food price inflation up by 6.3 percent in the twelve months to February 2013
More informationGreen Side of Export Competitiveness in Emerging Countries. Abstract
Green Side of Export Competitiveness in Emerging Countries Abstract There is an intense debate on the relationship between trade and environmental performance, which is carried out on the theoretical backdrop
More informationModern Economic Growth Theories and the Miracle of the East Asian Tigers
Modern Economic Growth Theories and the Miracle of the East Asian Tigers ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM School of Economics Supervisor: Benoit S. Y. Crutzen Name: Richard K. E. Rispens Student number: 302887
More informationDecent Work and the ODA Accountability Act
Decent Work and the ODA Accountability Act Heather Gibb The North-South Institute in collaboration with Anna Nitoslawska for the Canadian Labour Congress :7 Introduction 0:91 Employment is an escape route
More informationMedicines Access, Pricing, and Affordability: Discussions from the Third International Conference on Improving Use of Medicines.
Medicines Access, Pricing, and Affordability: Discussions from the Third International Conference on Improving Use of Medicines Dennis Ross-Degnan, ScD Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health
More informationIMPLICATIONS OF FOOD PRICE CHANGES FOR THE POOR. Maros Ivanic and Will Martin World Bank 18 September 2014
IMPLICATIONS OF FOOD PRICE CHANGES FOR THE POOR Maros Ivanic and Will Martin World Bank 18 September 2014 Why worry about high food prices? Low global food prices due to developed countries subsidies considered
More informationTHE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN ICELAND. Douglas Sutherland, Economics Department OECD 13 January 2016, Reykjavik
THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN ICELAND Douglas Sutherland, Economics Department OECD 13 January 2016, Reykjavik Background from 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Iceland Policy and regulatory settings drawn from
More informationIEF-OFID Symposium. LAC Experiences on Access to Modern Energy. Daniel Hugo Bouille
IEF-OFID Symposium LAC Experiences on Access to Modern Energy Daniel Hugo Bouille 1 General Information on LAC Population: around 577 million Urban Population: nearly 85% Average GDP (PPP): nearly 8.000
More informationThe Decent Work Agenda and Poverty Reduction:
The Decent Work Agenda and Poverty Reduction: ILO Contribution to IMF/World Bank Comprehensive Review of Poverty Reduction Strategy Process Washington 14-17 January 2002 Introduction The International
More informationAn overview of global cement sector trends
An overview of global cement sector trends Insights from the Global Cement Report 1 th Edition XXX Technical Congress FICEM-APCAC 2 September, 213 Lima, Peru Thomas Armstrong International Cement Review
More informationAssessment of the Relevance and Impact of Promoting Marketable Skills for the Informal Sector in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. USA, DENVER October, 2017
Assessment of the Relevance and Impact of Promoting Marketable Skills for the Informal Sector in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia By: Yesuneh Gizaw Chernet USA, DENVER October, 2017 INTRODUCTION The problems of employment
More informationYouth Employment and Entrepreneurship: Evidence and Open Questions. Marianne Bertrand University of Chicago
Youth Employment and Entrepreneurship: Evidence and Open Questions Marianne Bertrand University of Chicago The Youth Employment Challenge More than 300 million young people worldwide are not in employment,
More informationG.M.B. Akash/Panos. Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2
G.M.B. Akash/Panos Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2 0 1 2 296 Education for All Global Monitoring Report 0 2 1 2 Women in Bangladesh attend a literacy class given at a BRAC support centre 297
More informationGeography and Agricultural Productivity: Cross-Country Evidence from Micro Plot-Level Data
Geography and Agricultural Productivity: Cross-Country Evidence from Micro Plot-Level Data Tasso Adamopoulos York University Diego Restuccia University of Toronto & NBER January 2017 Abstract What accounts
More informationSkills, Competitiveness and Productivity
The Pakistan Development Review 48 : 4 Part II (Winter 2009) pp. 473 486 Skills, Competitiveness and Productivity MUHAMMAD KHAN, FOZIA AFTAB KIANI, AFSHEEN ASHRAF, and M. IFTIKHAR-UL- HUSNAIN * 1. INTRODUCTION
More informationAchieving SDGs: Key Priorities and Implementation Challenges for South Asia and Sri Lanka
Achieving SDGs: Key Priorities and Implementation Challenges for South Asia and Sri Lanka Nagesh Kumar delivered at the Institute of Policy Studies Colombo, 2 June 2016 Criticality of SDGs for South Asia
More informationA FRAMEWORK FOR EMPOWERMENT: SUMMARY
A FRAMEWORK FOR EMPOWERMENT: SUMMARY Poverty Reduction Group, World Bank, May 2002 Based on Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook, World Bank, 2002 World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking
More informationEUROPE 2020 A European strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth
EUROPE 2020 A European strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth Europe faces a moment of transformation. The crisis, which has no precedent in our generation, has wiped out years of economic
More informationExecutive Summary. xiii
Executive Summary Growth is good for the poor, but the impact of growth on poverty reduction depends on both the pace and the pattern of growth. A pattern of growth that enhances the ability of poor women
More informationDiscrimination, Segmentation and Vulnerability in the Labor Market. Luca Flabbi
Discrimination, Segmentation and Vulnerability in the Labor Market Luca Flabbi Why Market Failures in the Labor Market? Because the good traded in labor markets (Labor: supplied by workers and demanded
More informationThe impact of new technologies on labour markets and the jobs of the future
Technical Meeting of the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development The impact of new technologies on labour markets and the jobs of the future Background Note 3 October 2017, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.,
More informationTapping a Hidden Resource: Energy Efficiency in the Middle East and North Africa
Tapping a Hidden Resource: Energy Efficiency in the Middle East and North Africa Alex Kremer & Dominique Lallement Consultation Workshop Tunis, November 25-26, 2008 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT chapter 1 2
More informationAssessing strategies for efficient and effective nutrient management
Assessing strategies for efficient and effective nutrient management Robert Norton, Regional Director, International Plant Nutrition Institute, Australia and New Zealand; rnorton@ipni.net http://anz.ipni.net
More informationThe impact of food inflation on urban poverty and its monetary cost: some back-of-the-envelope calculations
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Agricultural Economics 39 (2008) supplement 417 429 The impact of food inflation on urban poverty and its monetary cost: some back-of-the-envelope calculations Sébastien Dessus,
More informationSlavery Alert: Consumer Poll, United States 1
Slavery Alert: Consumer Poll, United States 1 Findings from research examining how American consumers would act with regards to products made with modern slavery. Executive Summary The Global Slavery Index
More informationFrom MDGs to SDGs: Addressing Zero Hunger Challenge in LDCs
From MDGs to SDGs: Addressing Zero Hunger Challenge in LDCs Dr. Xuan LI Senior Policy Officer Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Third session of the Committee on Macroeconomic
More informationIndex. Africa See Central Africa; East Africa; Southern Africa; West Africa
Index Page numbers followed by n. and a number refer to numbered notes. Page numbers followed by t or f refer to tables or figures, respectively. Page numbers in italic refer to boxed text. A Africa See
More informationTD/B/EX(65)/3. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Report of the Trade and Development Board on its sixty-fifth executive session
United Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Distr.: General 11 September 2017 Original: English TD/B/EX(65)/3 Trade and Development Board Sixty-fifth executive session Geneva, 17
More informationREGIONAL GENDER EQUALITY STRATEGY
REGIONAL GENDER EQUALITY STRATEGY For the Near East and North Africa 2017-2020 REGIONAL GENDER EQUALITY STRATEGY For the Near East and North Africa 2017-2020 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED
More informationThe Future of Work in India and Beyond
Article The Future of Work in India and Beyond Sandra Polaski 1 Indian Journal of Human Development 10(1) 1 9 2016 Institute for Human Development SAGE Publications sagepub.in/home.nav DOI: 10.1177/0973703016649274
More informationMicro Efficiency and Macro Growth 1
Micro Efficiency and Macro Growth 1 Raj Nallari World Bank and Nihal Bayraktar Penn State University and World Bank First draft: April 1, 2010 This Draft: January 30, 2011 Abstract: Contributions of different
More informationIdentify and promote tools and methodologies in planning and evaluating emergence;
United Nations Development Programme Declaration Africa Emergence Conference - Declaration Foreword The international Conference on the Emergence of Africa has taken place from March 18th to 20th, 2015
More information