Life Science Journal 2014;11(8)

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1 Life cience Journal 204;(8) Developent of a ethodology for evaluation of the intellectual huan capital of a region Marina Fedotova, Olga Loseva, Raisa Fedosova Financial University under the Governent of the Russian Federation, Moscow-city, Russia frn-professor@yandex.ru Abstract: The article presents findings of a research devoted to justification, developent and trial application of a ethodology for evaluating the intellectual coponent of the huan capital of a region to estiate the efficiency of its innovative activity. o far, the proble in question has not been reflected in the foreign and doestic scientific literature. The article describes the suggested ethodological approach, indicators, calculation forulae, the algorith and the results of the proposed ethodology application for easuring the intellectual huan capital (IHC) of a region. pecifically for the enza Region, recoendations on prospective directions of the IHC developent are offered. [Fedotove M., Loseva O., Fedosova R. Developent of a ethodology for evaluation of the intellectual huan capital of a region. Life ci J 204;(8):79-746]. (IN:097-85) Key words: intellectual huan capital (IHC), region, ethodology for evaluation of the intellectual huan capital of a region. Introduction The above-entioned proble has been the focus of ultiple activities in the recent years. Foreign sources include works of different odern researchers (ubraania, 2005; Bozbura, 2007; Horiga, 20; husavat, 20; Cinquini, 202). However, their studies are ostly concerned with the corporate intellectual capital while the regional specifics have been so far ignored. In the doestic literature, probles of the intellectual coponent of the huan capital viewed at the regional level (Bobylev, 202; Gusev, 20; Ditrieva, 200; Kalenskaya, 2007, Kaaltdinova, 2009; Leskina, 20; Onoprienko, 2004; agdeyeva, 202; Filippova, 2007; herkunov, 200). The above authors focus ainly on theoretical aspects of the proble such as concepts, contents and categories. At the sae tie, they do not address issues of evaluating the intellectual coponent of the huan capital. Therefore, the analysis of foreign and doestic sources shows that until now the scientific proble of developent of a ethodological approach and ethodologies for evaluating the intellectual huan capital of a region has not been given due consideration. 2. Definition of the Research Goal and Objectives The ain goal of the research was the definition of the theoretical basis, justification of the ethodological approach and developent of a ethodology for assessent of the intellectual huan capital of a region on the rating basis. In accordance with the ain goal the following proble-solving objectives were put: definition of the nature and content of the intellectual huan capital of the region; justification and selection of a ethodological approach to evaluating a regional IHC; justification and definition of indicators for an integral assessent of a regional IHC; easuring the ipact of individual indicators that characterize IHC functional spheres on the cuulative change of the IHC status; trial application of the proposed tools through the exaple of the enza Region.. Description of the Main Research Findings and Their ubstantiation The intellectual huan capital (IHC) in a broad sense is understood as production of intellect by a socio-econoic subject that provides its owner (an eployer, organization, region) with a capability of effective functioning and developent in the process of the intellectual innovative activity (Loseva, 20). The IHC of a region is a synergic cobination of intellectual capitals of authorities, business organizations, scientific, educational and cultural institutions. The synergy can anifest itself through both the vertical interaction of social and econoic subjects, e.g. copany adinistration eployee, regional adinistration copany, and the horizontal interaction, in particular, eployee eployee, copany copany, region region (Fedosova, 202). The intellectual huan capital of a region directed at innovative developent consists of: the intellectual core (the IHC of authorities and businesses accounting for a sizable proportion in the sectoral regional structure); 79

2 Life cience Journal 204;(08) the IHC in the R&D sphere; the IHC in the innovation-entrepreneurship sphere (sall-scale businesses and infrastructure of the intellectual-innovative activity); the IHC in the culture-and education sphere. For the IHC evaluation a structural-integrated approach has been used that allows the IHC to be characterized as a single whole and identifies individual proble areas and constraints. The structural approach helps identify evaluation constituents and for selection criteria for creating a syste of perforance indicators. The integrated approach ensures bringing together various characteristics, often disparate and dissiilar, and selection of a for for building a coposite index of indicator dynaics. The ain criteria for selection and foration of individual indicators are the following (Fedotova, 202): ) relevance to evaluation purposes: indicators included into the syste should be consistent with a task to be solved; for instance, the indicators should be inforative in ters of evaluating the IHC as the key factor of the innovative developent and copetitiveness of a region; 2) representatives: individual indicators should adequately represent a selected target group of indicators, e.g. the ost significant aspects of regional labor perforance in the R&D sphere; ) data liitation: individual indicators should be liited in quantity so as not to coplicate data interpretation or increase labor efforts in collecting priary inforation; 4) data accessibility: values are taken priarily fro the Rosstat (Russian tatistic ervice) and its branches (directly or based on calculations using official data); 5) preferential use of relative values: relative figures should be taken as individual indicators because absolute figures ay be a direct function of the population quantity or the size of the region area and hence distort the real estiate; 6) independence of indicators: individual indicators should not be interchangeable, i.e. duplicating the eaning, nor should they coplete one another when one indicator is expressed through another one; 7) co-directivity of changes: a positive change (growth) of individual indicators leads to positive changes in the whole IHC status. This requireent is essential for estiating the overall dynaics of the IHC status based on the analysis of individual factor dynaics. When building a particular syste of indicators, this list of criteria ay be suppleented with account for the purpose and application specifics. When using the integrated approach to the IHC evaluation, the biggest coplications arise in building cuulative indicators, which is due, firstly, to the coplexity of an evaluated object itself and, secondly, to the necessity to integrate values that are not always unifor or consistent. Building integrated indicators in the studies of socio-econoic phenoena is a disputable issue. It should be noted that soe researchers consider the use of integrated indicators as incorrect (Vasilyev, 2004). Their reasoning is that the qualitative difference of indicators subject to evaluation akes it actually ipossible to reduce the to a single quantitative index. In our opinion, however, this proble can be solved with an approach accepted in quality statistics. The approach involves transition fro quantitative values of indicators to their qualitative counterparts, which will eliinate incoensurability of dissiilar indicators. The task gets easier if an originally fored syste of indicators contains siilarly-naed relative values. At the sae tie such an approach akes it possible, if needed (as the case ay be), to include into an IHC indicator syste absolute values, e.g. the quantity of the R&D personnel, or qualietric values such as the quality of educational services in the region. The integrated assessent of the regional IHC by a selected set of indicators ay be perfored by any of the two ethods described below: First ethod. Measuring the IHC developent level of a region for a given tie instance by coparing it with other objects (regions) of the sae class, which involves building a coposite rating derived fro the whole set of indicators. Assue a syste ={Rg, X} consisting of a ultitude of regions Rg that have n coon indicators J characterizing the IHC status of a region. It is required to easure the integral (syste) quality of each object (region) by all indicators in the aggregate on the rating basis, i.e. its position respective other regions in the syste (atrix ) n n n () where ij is the IHC perforance indicator; i=.., j=..n. There are the following groups of ranking ethods in the world practice: 740

3 Life cience Journal 204;(08) Expert-scoring ethods. A group of peer experts evaluates the significance of every indicator directly or indirectly in points or weight coefficients; then the aggregate indicator for each region is calculated with account for the above evaluation, and, finally, the regions are ranked based on aggregate indicators obtained. The proble with using this ethod in our situation is that the indicators are not unifor, i.e. they evaluate the intensity of IHC properties fro different functional spheres. Therefore, the evaluation of significance (prioritization) of this or that indicator appears incorrect. For instance, how can we deterine which is ore iportant for the innovative developent of the econoy: the nuber of patent applications filed per,000 researchers or the proportion of household incoes fro business activities? 2. Ranking statistics ethods. The rank (position) of a region respective other regions is defined using the order scale for every indicator according to the scoring principle: the greater the value the saller the rank. Then the ranks are aggregated (or expressed as a siple or average siple or ean weighted su) and a region with the least su is ranked the first, etc. However, the transition fro quantity values of an indicator to ranks is ipossible unless these values change linearly, i.e. uniforly. But in practice such linearity of values is observed very seldo, therefore ranks obtained do not fully reflect previous quantitative values of indicators. For instance, the ranking will be ill-grounded if a certain indicator has low values in the ajority of regions and high values in one or two regions.. Topoetric ethods. The ethod takes into account the proxiity of regions to a benchark region by coparable indicators. The difficulty is in choosing a proper benchark. The benchark ay be an arbitrary region with axiu values of all indicators, however, it is not always possible because the econoic content of any indicators does not iply a clearly defined upper liit; for instance, it is difficult to quantify the required axiu of R&D personnel per people of the econoically active population. More often a typical region with arithetical ean values of analyzed indicators is chosen as a benchark. However, econoic objects in the aggregate are characterized by predoinantly asyetrical distributions that are different fro noral, so this ethod cannot be regarded as the best choice too. After the benchark has been selected the Euclidean distance (generally accepted etrics for estiating the proxiity of objects) is coputed between the benchark and each region. rior to the coputations, quantitative values of indicators should be noralized against benchark values. By ordering distances, regions are ranked on a coplex basis, with the top position assigned to the least reote region, etc. The introduced etrics can be used for clasterization of regions. Using the ethod in our particular case akes it ipossible to take into account the difference in the ipact of individual indicators on the integral rating value of a region. 4. Multidiensional scaling ethods. In our opinion, this group of ethods is the best suited for solution of the task posed. Firstly, interval scaling ethods enable transition fro quantitative values characterized by diversity of types and naes to qualitative counterparts thereby aking all indicators coensurable. The level intervals on which the order relationship is set a liited range of nubers correspond to a certain quality of every particular indicator characterizing the IHC of a region. econdly, noinal scales obtained through the qualietric approach (quantitative assessent of quality) can be used for identification of objects, particularly for classification of regions by the level of a regional IHC developent. In other words, the scaling ethods ake it possible to evaluate the integral quality degree of the regional IHC and perfor valid ranking of regions by a given indicator. All regions subject to ranking are supposed to ake up a unifor aggregate, i.e. belong to a syste (cluster) of faily objects. In our case this syste (cluster) is understood as a group of regions of the sae federal district characterized by a certain geographical location, territorial and econoic unity, peculiar natural and econoic environent and historically developed production specialization based on the territorial social division of labor as well as the sae institutional environent. It is obvious that prior to ranking the whole syste of ultidiensional objects federal district regions ust be checked for consistency of all indicators using a ultiple concordance coefficient that does not require andatory noralcy of indicator values distribution. The ultiple concordance coefficient looks as follows (Vasiliev, 200): xik x jk i j k w n( )( K ) n (2) where is the nuber of rows in the atrix (the nuber of regions); n is the nuber of atrix coluns (indicators); K is the nuber of quality levels selected; x is quality equivalent of a regional IHC indicator. Based on experiental studies of real data it has been deterined that the high object consistency 74

4 Life cience Journal 204;(08) begins with w>0.85. If w<0.65, it eans the syste has an abnoral object that should be excluded fro the consideration. An abnoral region being a ultidiensional object can be spotted with the graphical analysis of indicator value distribution for all regions of the federal district. If of 22 constructed distributions any region has ore than 7 spikes in graphs with respect to indicators in other regions, we have all the reasons to regard it as an abnoral ite of the aggregate. Assuing the syste principle of eergency, the integral quality of a regional IHC (coposite rating) should be greater than the siple su of qualities of its constituent indicators. This property is characterized by the extent of entropy (disorder, dispersion) of indicators evaluating the regional IHC. The greater is the dispersion in qualitative assessents of a particular indicator, the higher is its entropy and hence significance. A region in which higher entropy indicators prevail has a higher IHC quality since the increasing entropy ay lead to a qualitative change in the syste (region). Viewed fro this point, it is suggested that the integral quality of the regional IHC (coposite rating) be calculated as a ean weighted arithetic su where weights are the entropy level of a particular indicator, rather than a su of qualities (individual ratings): n ijh j j () r( HICi ), i.. n H j j where r(hic i ) is the coposite rating of an i-th region derived fro all individual ratings (quality ranks) of IHC perforance indicators; H j is the j-th indicator entropy calculated by the hannon s forula: H j i p ij ln( ) p ij (4) where p ij is a probability of appearance of the i-th value of the j-th indicator in the atrix (), with the su of all probabilities of i-th indicator values in the atrix coluns equal to. Having ranked all the regions by the coposite rating value, we obtain, accordingly, their distribution by the IHC developent level. This distribution akes it possible to assess the efficiency of controlling the regional IHC as the key factor of the whole regional innovation syste. The IHC assessent of a region relies on a previously built syste of indicators covering the ain spheres of activities that largely influence the innovative developent of a region: the intellectual core, the R&D, innovation-entrepreneurship and culture-and-education activities. Exaples of such indicators are given in Tables - 4. Line # 2 Table. Indicators for evaluation of the intellectual core of a regional IHC Content of Indicator Calculation forula Coents Assessent of intellectual resource of regional businesses Assessent of regional strategic resource Assessent regional adinistrative resource of 2 G 6 6 I C GIE G C A ( ) A ( ) R& D Characterizes available intellectual property of regional business organizations (G I average annual intellectual property growth rate; G IE average annual growth rate of innovative enterprises; G R&D average annual growth rate of R&D expenditures) Characterizes availability and quality of the regional strategic resource (С : ission, goal, environental analysis, strategic plan, ipleentation tools, region developent scenario) Characterizes availability and quality of the adinistrative resource of a region (A : e-governent, public officer s code, HR reserve and vacancies, qualification and re-qualification of public officers, knowledge control syste, quality anageent systes) Notes: Here and in the tables below data for indicator calculations are taken fro sites of regional authorities and official Rosstat sources. 742

5 Life cience Journal 204;(08) Ite # 2 Table 2. Indicators for evaluation of the regional IHC in the innovation-entrepreneurship sphere Content of Indicator Calculation forula Coents Investents in fixed capital per capita (IpC FA ), adjusted for the share of investent in the fixed assets developent (I D ): construction of new facilities (except housing), acquisition or odernization of achinery, equipent, transport, counications developent, etc. roportion of innovative goods, work, services (Q I ) in the total aount of shipped goods, perfored work and services (Q) The nuber of individual entrepreneurs ( IE ) per 000 people of econoically active population ( EA ) 4 The nuber of advanced process technologies used (AT U ) per,000 of econoically active population 5 6 roportion of organizations using special software (W) for research, designing and CAM/CAE anageent in the total nuber of organizations studied (O) roportion of organizations using global inforation networks (GIN) in the total nuber of organizations studied 2 IpC FA I D QI Q IE EA ATu EA ОW О О О GIN Characterizes provision of the regional population with the infrastructure developent potential (including the innovative infrastructure) Characterizes efficiency of innovation activity of intellectual subjects Characterizes intensity of labor resource involveent in sall businesses Characterizes intellectual activity of labor, ability to perceive new Characterizes provision of intellectual subjects with coputer inforation technologies Characterizes provision of intellectual subjects with odern counications capabilities Ite # 2 4 Table. Indicators for evaluation of the regional IHC in the R&D sphere. Content of Indicator Calculation forula Coents The nuber of R&D personnel ( R&D ) per R& D 0,000 people of econoically active population 0000 Characterizes provision of a region with R&D personnel roportion of researchers having scientific degrees ( Deg ) in the total nuber of researchers ( T ) roportion of internal R&D expenditures (E R&D ) in the total turnover of organizations roportion of patent applications filed (A F ) per,000 researchers (Res) EA Deg 2 00 T Characterizes provision of R&D sphere with personnel having scientific degrees E Characterizes financial ability of R & D 00 organizations to carry out R&D activities Q AF Characterizes the intellectual activity of researchers Re s Ite # 2 Table 4. Indicators for evaluation of the regional IHC in the culture-and-education sphere Content of indicator Calculation forula Coents roportion of eployent in education (e E&C ) and rendering cultural services in the total quantity of the eployed roportion of the eployed having higher vocational education (e HVE ) roportion of household spendings on education (H ED ) and entertainent (H ENT ) in the total household budget e e E& C 4 00 ehve e 4 H ED H ENT Characterizes provision with personnel involved in the cultural and educational activities Characterizes the educational level of the labor resource Characterizes capabilities of the labor self-developent Characterizes efforts of regional roportion of budget spendings on BCA 4 social-and-cultural activities (B CA ) in the adinistration to proote social and total budget spendings (B) B cultural developent of the labor resource Notes: Budget social and cultural spendings include spendings on education, edical aid, physical culture and sport, social policy. 74

6 Life cience Journal 204;(08) To su up, we have 7 indicators to evaluate the integral quality and dynaics of the IHC developent of a region. The second ethod. Coparing the current status of the regional IHC with its previous status and building a consolidated dynaics index. This assessent option helps define the status change direction, i.e. fix positive or negative dynaics of developent but does not allow us to deterine the quality level of the IHC status. Building the consolidated dynaics index requires justification of the choice of the ean value. ince relative values are a preferable criterion for the indicator syste foration, it is reasonable to use the geoetric ean for the analysis of their cuulative change because this for of the average is coon to ratios and products (just like the arithetic ean is coon to sus, differences and other linear functions). The geoetric ean ay be siple or weighted. In the latter case weights are defined based on the indicator significance for achieving the evaluation goal. The advantage of this evaluation ethod is that initial indicators ay be expressed by absolutely different values and be incoensurable. The cuulative change of the IHC status will be defined by changes of grouped and individual indicators expressed by group (I) or individual (i) indices:. The IHC indices in a particular sphere ust reflect changes in individual indicators expressed by siple individual indices: i ; (5) 0 The individual indices are supposed to be equipotent, hence index weights are equal to. As a result we obtain the following forula of a group index reflecting the IHC change in a particular sphere: I n j i i... i n (6) where n j is the nuber of indicators in the j-th group. To evaluate the contribution of each individual indicator into the group index change their changes ay be ranked by the i - value. The greater the j changer value, the greater is the effect of a given indicator on the change dynaics of the regional IHC. The following rank classification is suggested: Group factors that have a significant ipact on the change of the regional IHC or its perforance results (indicators ranked to 5); Group 2 factors that have a noticeable ipact (indicators ranked 6 to ); Group factors that have a inor ipact (indicators ranked 2 to 7). Based on this ranking the adinistration of a region should first of all pay attention to the first group of indicators and take easure to ensure the growth of respective indicators. In this case soe indicators ay be adjusted proptly, e.g. the proportion of organizations using the global inforation networks while a positive change in others is possible only in the long-ter perspective by pursuing a target-oriented econoic policy (the proportion of household spendings on education, recreation and entertainent. The results of the regional IHC change ranking by all the four spheres (I )- akes it possible to deterine which of the has a substantial influence on the IHC developent dynaics of the whole region. A sphere with a large nuber of indicators has the advantage here it is the innovation-entrepreneurship sphere (IE). Its index should have the largest weight. The intellectual core (IC) is characterized by ulti-aspect indicators, while the R&D sphere plays a significant part in prootion of the innovative developent of a region, therefore, their weights are equipotent and have to be ranked second by their value. The final index forula looks as follows: I IHC (7) 4 / 2 / 2 ( I IE ) ( I IC ) ( I R& D) ( ICE ) This ethodology was tested in the enza Region with the purpose to identify factors that had a negative effect on the ipleentation of the regional innovative developent progras. Given below are the changes in the IHC perforance indicators in 202 as copared to 20 (Table 5). Table 5. Ranking the factors by their ipact on the foration and developent of the regional IHC Ite # IHC perforance sphere (I ) /2 - Rank, R Intellectual core (IC) of a region Innovation-entrepreneurship (IE) sphere 0.47 R&D sphere Culture-and-education (CE) sphere

7 Life cience Journal 204;(08) Viewed fro the above, the largest contribution to the IHC perforance dynaics of the enza Region was ade by the innovation-entrepreneurship sphere. This trend has becoe a typical for ost Russian regions (Filionova, 20; Fedosova, 20). The regional governent should continue with iproveent of the innovation developent policy in the territory and pay careful attention to the developent of the culture-and-education sphere. 4. Conclusions Based on the research findings the following conclusions have been ade:. The intellectual huan capital is the key factor of boosting the innovation developent of a region, therefore, evaluation of the IHC perforance is essential for the region anageent practice. 2. The doestic and foreign literature dedicated to the huan capital of a region lack specific ethodologies for evaluation of its intellectual coponent that has substantial significance for the innovative developent of territories.. It is suggested that the huan intellectual capital be evaluated through a syste of indicators characterizing its intellectual core and perforance in the innovation-entrepreneurship, R&D and culture-and-education spheres. 4. The IHC evaluation ethodology has the following specific features: relies on the structural-integrated approach that views the object of research as a ultidiensional integral value but takes into account changes of its individual constituents; akes it possible to assess not only the current IHC status but also the dynaics of its changing with tie; uses ethods of rating assessent, index analysis, quality statistics and inforation theory to iprove the validity and reliability of the results obtained. 5. The proposed ethodology of the IHC evaluation is oriented at intensification of the innovative developent of a region because it allows for: foration and developent of innovation activity copetences in the region to proote iproveent of the innovative culture of the population (Barysheva, 202); iproveent of the IHC quality control echanis by onitoring the IHC status and developent dynaics; aking interregional coparisons based on ranking the regions by the IHC quality and adjust, accordingly, the objectives of the regional innovation-driven policy; ensuring the copetitiveness of a region in high-tech industries based on the quality iproveent and payoffs fro the use and developent of the intellectual huan capital. Acknowledgeent The research was carried out within the scope of the R&D project Assessent of the Intellectual otential of a Region In Ters of Innovation Developent in accordance with the Governent s Assignent to the Financial University for 204 and the planned period of (approved by the Deputy Chairan of the Russian Federation Governent as of Feb.4, 204, No. 795p-7). Correspondence to: Raisa Fedosova Financial University under the Governent of the Russian Federation Leningradski prospect, 49, 2599, Moscow-city, Russia Telephone: Eail: frn-professor@yandex.ru Reference. Barysheva A.V. Modernization of Russia fro the tandpoint of a New aradig of cientific Knowledge. Moscow: "Maska ublishing Center LLC 202: Bobylev.N. Indicators of ustainable Developent for Russia. Vestnik MGGU: ET (Bulletin of the Moscow tate University for Huanities: ocio-ecological Technologies) 202; : Bozbura F.T., Beskese A., Kahraan C. rioritization of huan capital easureent indicators using fuzzy AH. Expert ystes with Applications 2007; 2(4): Cinquini L., assetti E., Tenucci A., Frey M. Analyzing intellectual capital inforation in sustainability reports: oe epirical evidence. Journal of Intellectual Capital 202; (4): Ditrieva T.Ye. Rating Assessent in Interregional and Intraregional Coparisons (Methodological Aspect). URL: (accessed date: ). 6. Fatkhutdinov R.A. Manageent Decisions: Manual. Moscow: INFRA-M 200: Fedosova R., Kheifitz B. The defense coplex of 745

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