LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION AND OCCUPANCY ENTREPRENEURIAL STRATEGIES SEGMENTARE PIEŢEI MUNCII ŞI STRATEGIILE OCUPĂRII ANTEPRENORIALE

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1 SEGMENTARE PIEŢEI MUNCII ŞI STRATEGIILE OCUPĂRII ANTEPRENORIALE LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION AND OCCUPANCY ENTREPRENEURIAL STRATEGIES Văduva Maria Lector Prof. Univ. Constantin Brancusi Universitatea, Tg Jiu Văduva Maria Ph.D. University Lector Constantin Brancusi University, Tg Jiu Abstract: Segmentarea pieţei muncii repreyintă întregul grup de tehnici care sunt aplicate pentru fracţionarea unui segment de populaţie şi al cărei obiectiv este să stabilească anumite grupuri de componenţi care satisfac o condiţie anume de clasificare, depinzând de criteriul de care se ţine cont. Segmentarea pieţei muncii nu se limitează doar la personalul angajat în companiile mari, dar se extinde de asemenea si la nivelul economic. Companiile mici au costuri de flexibilitate mici şi au posibilităţi să producă sub-ansamble şi accesorii la preţuri scăzute pentru companiile mari. Astfel putem explica existenţa unor reţele sub-contractoare complexe prin mijloacele prin care companiile mari asigură confecţionarea produselor lor. Configurarea generale a pieţei de muncă este rezultatul balanţei existente între interesele antreprenorilor şi interesele uniunilor comerciale. Acesta este motivul pentru care segmentarea pieţei muncii nu poate fi evaluată anterior ca bună sa rea. Este doar evaluat depinzând de interesele celor doi parteneri şi generează o multitudine de strategii atât pentru antreprenori cât şi pentru angajaţi. Influenţate de forţe competitoare, comportamentul diferiţilor agenţi economici pe Abstract: The segmentation of the labour market represents the entire group of techniques that are applied for fractioning a given population and which target to establish certain groups of components that satisfy a certain classification condition, depending on the criteria taken into account. The segmentation of the labour market is not limited only to the personnel employed in big companies, but it also extends at economy level. Small companies have high cost flexibility and they have the possibility to produce subensembles and accessories for low prices for big companies. This is how we can explain the existence of some complex sub-contracting networks by means of which big companies ensure the manufacturing of a great deal of their products. The general configuration of the labour market is the result of a balance existing between the entrepreneurs' interests and the interests of trade unions. This is why the segmentation of the labour market cannot be assessed a priori as good or bad. It is only assessed depending on the interests of the two partners and it generates a multitude of strategies both for entrepreneurs and for the employees. Influenced by competition forces, the behaviour of different economic agents on the labour market is an active one, by means of which each party tries to maximize their own utilities starting from certain real situations, but also anticipating the future changes that might occur in the general economic situation. 399

2 piaţa muncii este unul activ, adică fiecare parte încearcă să maximizeze utilităţii proprii pornind de la situaţii reale, dar şi anticipând schimbările viitoare care pot să intervină in situaţia economică generală. Cuvinte cheie, strategii, piaţă, motive economice. Segmentarea pieţei reprezintă totalitatea tehnicilor de fracţionare a unei anumite populaţii care urmează constituirii unor grupuri care satisfac anumite condiţii de clasificare, în conformitate cu condiţiile considerate. Segmentarea pieţei este determinată de motive economice, prin caracteristicile forţei de muncă şi prin aspectele instituţionale, apariţia barierelor de la un segment la altul; mobilitatea forţei de muncă de cele mai multe ori apare în fiecare segment şi este limitată printre diferite segmente, în timp ce salariile nu sunt rezultatele mişcării libere ale forţelor pieţei, ci efectul unor factori sociali, politici şi instituţionali cu anumite expresii pentru fiecare segment al pieţei muncii. Segmentele reale ale pieţei muncii sunt analizate prin folosirea mai multor criterii: forma de proprietate, mărimea companiei, gradul e structură al forţei de muncă. La început, segmentarea pieţei a fost expresia schemei dualiste a sistemului economic real, sistem care s-a multiplicat în mai multe segmente. Apar bariere care previn tranziţia forţei de muncă dintr-un sector în altul şi nu permit omogenizarea muncii şi condiţiilor de salarizare. Punctul de plecare în teoria segmentării pieţei este acceptarea ipotezei că sistemul economic dual există şi este structurat în două sectoare sectorul primar (central) al companiilor mari şi sectorul secundar (periferic) al companiilor implicate în competiţie între care apare o relaţie dependentă. Key words: strategies, market, economic reasons The market segmentation represents the totality of fractionation techniques of a certain population that follow the constitution of some component groups which satisfy a certain classification condition, in accordance with the considered conditions. The market segmentation is determined by economic reasons, by the characteristics of the labor force and by the institutional aspects, appearing barriers in the way from one segment to the other; the labor force mobility mostly appears inside of each segment and is limited among different segments, while the wages are not the result of the free moving of the market forces, but the effect of some social, political and institutional factors with certain expressions for each labor market segment. The real segments of the labor market are analyzed through the use of more criteria: the property form, the size of the company, the structure degree of the labor force. At the beginning, the market segmentation was the expression of a dualist scheme of the real economic system which multiplied in more segments. Appear barriers which prevent the transition of the labor force from one sector to the other and do not permit the homogenization of the work and salary conditions. The start point in the labor-market segmentation theory is the acceptance of the hypothesis that a dual economic system does exists and it is structured in two sectors the primary sector (central) of the big companies and the secondary sector (peripheric) of the companies submitted to the competition between which appears a dependent relationship. There are specific segments on the labor market with mobility barriers and specific consequences for employees: the primary labor market composed by the commitments made by the companies; its characteristics can be summarized as follows: high wages, promotion possibilities and the work place security; the secondary labor market is characterized by unstable work places with low wages. The primary segment of the labor market is 400

3 Sunt segmente specifice pe piaţa muncii cu bariere de mobilitate si consecinţe specifice pentru angajaţi: piaţa muncii primară compusă din angajamente făcute de companii; caracteristicile pot fi rezumate după cum urmează: salarii mari, posibilităţi de promovare şi securitatea la locul de muncă; piaţa muncii secundare este caracterizată prin locuri de muncă instabile şi salarii mici. Segmentul principal a pieţei muncii este asociat cu un component stabil al cererii de bunuri şi servicii, în timp ce segmental secundar este legat de componenta variabilă a cererii. Variaţia în timp a cererii de bunuri privind aspectele cantitative şi structurale reprezintă unul dintre factorii segmentării pieţei muncii. Segmentarea este în relaţie şi cu mărimea companiilor companiile mari care au resurse financiare pot promova tehnologii noi, condiţii de muncă mai bune, stabilitate locului de muncă. Segmentarea pieţei muncii nu este limitată doar la personalul angajat al companiilor mari, ci se extinde la nivel economic. Explicaţia procesului de segmentare la nivelul macroeconomic imprejmuieşte dilema companiilor mici care au o capacitate de reajustare mare, fapt care dă posibilitatea sa determine aria de activitate în partea fluctuantă a cererii de bunuri şi servicii. Companiile mici prezintă flexibilitate de costuri mari la un preţ mic pentru companiile mari, în acest fel fiind explicată existenţa unor reţele sub contractoare prin care companiile mari garantează pentru ele producţia unor părţi importante ale produselor. Configurarea generală a pieţei muncii este rezultatul unor stabilităţi între interesele companiilor şi interesele uniunilor comerciale. În acest fel segmentarea pieţei muncii nu poate fi apreciată ca fiind bună sau rea. Se apreciază doar în conformitate cu interesele celor doi parteneri şi generează strategii atât pentru companie cât şi pentru associated with the stable component of the demand of goods and services, while the secondary segment is particularly bound by the variable component of the demand. The in time variation of the demand of goods regarding the structural and quantitative aspects represents one of the segmentation labor market factors. The segmentation is also related with the size of the companies. The big companies that have financial resources can promote the new technologies, better work conditions, the work place stability. The labor market segmentation is not limited only at the employed personal within the big companies, but it extends to the economic level. The explanation of the segmentation process at the macroeconomic level encloses the dilemma of the small companies which have a big readjustment capacity, fact that give them the possibility to determine the activity area in the fluctuant part of the demand for goods and services. The small companies present high-cost flexibility and they have the possibility to produce subassemblies and accessories at a low price for the big companies, in this way being explained the existence of some subcontracting networks through which the big companies guarantee for themselves the production of some important parts from the products. The general configuration of the labor market is the result of some stability among the companies interests and the interests of the trade-unions. In this way the labor market segmentation cannot be aprioristic appreciated as being good or bad. It appreciates only in accordance with the interests of the two partners and it generates strategies for both companies and employees. On the labor market the conduct of the diverse economic agents is an active one, each part looking for the maximization of its own utilities under the impulse of some competitive forces and starting from definite situations. The entrepreneur strategy for the profit maximization and the increase of the offer flexibility is based on the labor market segmentation. This occupancy strategy is not exclusive; it applies in the intern conditions of the company. First it is tried the change of the company internal organization and then the adjustment of the workers employment dismissal 401

4 angajaţi. Pe piaţa muncii comportamentul diverşilor agenţi economici este unul activ, fiecare parte căutând fiecare maximizarea utilităţilor proprii sub impulsul unor forţe competitive şi pornind de la situaţii definite. Strategia antreprenorială pentru maximizarea profitului şi creşterea flexibilităţii ofertei este bazată pe segemtarea pieţei muncii. Această strategie de ocupare nu este exclusivă; se aplică în condiţiile interne ale companiei. Pentru început se încearcă schimbarea organizării interne a companiei şi apoi ajustarea angajării muncitorilor procesul de concediere. Ipoteza segmentării este bazată pe următoarele aspecte fundamentale: o structură duală a sistemului economic, cele două sectoare care pot fi descrise în feluri diferite şi presupunerea unei relaţii de dependenţă esenţială pentru fiecare, o piaţă a procesului muncii astfel încât fiecare producţie sau activitate economică să corespundă unei pieţe de muncă prin aspecte diferite, dar separate prin barierele de mobilitate, consecinţe diferite pentru angajaţi, de la pieţele respective având în vedere posibilităţile de promovare, condiţiile de muncă şi de plată, condiţiile de organizare a sindicatelor, pentru apărarea intereselor commune, efectele care rezultă din apariţia claselor respective, din diviziunea muncii şi din diferenţierea de sex, vârstă sau naţionalitate. Prin variantele segmentării pieţei de muncă este şi una care susţine existenţa a trei pieţe e muncă care formează la rândul lor trei sectoare economice structurate în tările în dezvoltare: sectorul central care formează inima unei asemenea economii, sectorul periferic şi sectorul deprivat de regularitate sau existenţa standadelor. Economia de centru formează cel mai puternic sector din punct de vedere al resurselor financiare. Companiile au productivitate mare, profituri mari, angajaţii au salarii mari şi a rată mare sa formeze process. The occupancy entrepreneurial strategies lean towards the preservation of the labor market secondary segment in order to secure an increase of the company compliance at the variations of the conjuncture using some diverse means that enclose specific remuneration methods and new occupancy forms with multiple objectives. The application of the new occupancy forms is met not only at the new companies but also at the companies with a certain tradition and it is bound by the necessity of the labor offer flexibility in accordance with the production process requirements. The new occupancy forms lead to the lower wages or to a low stability of the job offers, generating a mean to get flexible wage costs or a better control over the labor force, which means the increase of the dimensions of the labor market secondary segment. The segmentation hypothesis is based on the following fundamental aspects: a dual structured economic system, the two sectors that can be described in different ways and supposing an essential dependency relation for each other, a market of the dual working process so that each production or economic activity sector corresponds to one specific labor market through different aspects, but insulated through the mobility barriers, different consequences for employees from the respective markets regarding the promotion possibilities, the working and remuneration conditions, the professional and union organizing conditions, for defeating the common interests, the effects that issue from the appearance of the respective classes, from the division of labor and from differentiation by sex, age or nationality. Through the labor-market segmentation variants also there is one that sustains the existance of three labor markets which form themselves on the three economy sectors structured in the developed countries: the central sector that forms the hart of such an economy, the peripheric sector and the sector deprived of regularity or free of standalone existance. The economy of centrum forms the strongest sector from the financial resources point of view. The companies have a high productivity, high profits, the employees have high wages and a high rate of unionize. The peripheric companies are characterized through little size considering that they deal with a 402

5 sindicate. Companiile periferice sunt caracterizate prin mărimi mici ţinându-se cont că au de-a face cu o competiţie puternică, munca angajaţilor este mai intensă, productivitatea şi profitul sunt scăzute, greutatea muncitorilor de a forma sindicate, salariile mici. Fiecare dintre aceste pieţe de muncă funcţionează prin confirmarea concluziilor generale ale fiecărui tip de segmentizare: deminstrează că există inegalităţi între folosirea diferitelor feluri de muncă şi diferitelor tipuri de angajaţi, subliniază importanţa cererilor de muncă ale companiilor ca o expresie a schimbărilor în cererea mondială a bunurilor economice şi previne asupra autonomiei şi dependenţei pieţei de muncă in echilibrul general economic Teoria asupra segmentării pieţei muncii în comparaţie cu cea tradiţională punctează asupra existenţei unei alte căi de a folosi resursele de muncă pe diferite segmente de piaţă printr-un anumit fel de organizare cu regulile proprii şi convenţiile interne pentru fiecare. Piaţa muncii se îndepărtează de un model perfect de competiţie, pentru ca imperfecţiunile obiectivelor, excepţiile de la modelul teoretic al pieţei muncii este reprezentat de prezenţa sindicatelor şi intervenţiilor legale, pe piaţa muncii relaţiile dintre vânzători şi cumpărători sunt rezultatul unei acţiuni pe două principii: cel economic, al fiecărei pieţe libere, şi în opoziţie, cea a organizaţiilor şi aranjamentelor, piaţa liberă este o formă de organizare bazată pe relaţii de schimb la care participă agenţii economici în conofrmitate cu puterea lor economică şi schimbă diverse comodităţi în condiţii de echilibru. Decizia optimă a companiei ca având în vedere resursele de muncă va fi bazată pe o comparaţie între venitul marginal al muncii si costul marginal rezultat de plata pentru o unitate de muncă suplimentară, reprezentat de salariul nominal, exprimat în strong competition, the employees work is more intense, the productivity and the profit are low, the lack of unionize of the employees and low wages. The irregular economy encloses the different informal activity types without stable forms of achievement and ofen illegal. The employees unsafety is high. Each of these labor markets works confirming the general conclusions of each segmentation type: prove the inequalities that exists among different ways of labor usage and among different employees types, underlines the importance of companies labor demand as an expression of the changes in global demand of economic goods and forewarn over the autonomy and dependencies of labor market in general economic equilibrum. The theory about the labor market segmentation comperatively with the traditional one points out over the existence of another way of using the labor resources on different market segments through a certain way of organizing with proper rules and internal conventions for each of them. The remuneration relation is formed through rules that issue from private engagement, compromises among opposite interests in certain aspects and convergent ones in others, or through rules that issue from the public legislation that introduce rights and obligations, to which the private agencies have to obey, and not through the price way or economic realities. The labor market moves away from the perfect competition model, because the imperfections' object, the exceptions from the theoretic model of the labor market is represented by the presence of unions and the legal interventions, on the labor market the relationship between the sellers and the buyers are the result of an concurrence action of two principles: the economic one, of any free market, and, in opposition, the one of organization and settlements, the free market is a way of organizing based on exchange relations at which the economic agents participate in accordance with their economic power and change diverse commodities in equilibrum conditions. The equilibrum on the labor market conditions the equilibrum on the other markets; a company that proposes to itself the profit maximization will have to size the quantity used from a resource, including the labor resource, until the moment where the resource price is equal with the 403

6 termeni monetari. Atâta timp cât valoarea produsului marginal este superioara salariului, antreprenorul va decide asupra folosirii unităţii de muncă suplimentară. În timpul procesului de angajare suplimentar, valoarea produsului marginal are tendinţa să descrească. Când sporul profitului devine nul, lucru care se întâmplă când valoarea produsului marginal este egală cu salariul, antreprenorul va înceta procesul de angajare. Dincolo de acest punct, profitul va descreşte. Costul marginal al resursei de muncă, acordat de angajator asupra unui angajat suplimentar, reprezintă salariul plus creşterea globală a salariului care trebuie să fie plătită de companie tuturor celor angajaţi precedent. Venitul marginal este inferior preţului datorită dorinţei de a vinde mai mult trebuie redus preţul, iar aceasta se va aplica la unităţile de produse vândute, nu doar la cele marginale. Pentru un salariu determinat pe baza negocierii, indicele ofertei de muncă va fi orizontal până la punctul în care întâlneşte indicele ofertei iniţiale şi după acest punct îi va începe evoluţia. Un mod eficient pentru a creşte siguranţa la locul de muncă este reprezentat prin creşterea sumelor alocate pentru prevenire şi pentru reducerea şomajului. Este un raport invers între şomaj şi siguranţa locurilor de muncă. marginal value of the product. The company optim decision regardin the labor resource will be based on a comparation between the labor marginal revenue and the marginal cost occasioned by the payment for one suplimentary labor unit, represented by the nominal wage, expressed in monetary terms. As long as the value of the marginal product is superior to the wage, the entrepreneur will decide to use the suplimentary labor unit. During the suplimentar employment process, the value of the marginal product has the tendency to decrease. When the profit spore becomes null, which happens when the value of the marginal product equels the wage, the entrepreneur will stop the employment process. Beyound this point, the profit will decrerase. The marginal cost of the labor resource, occasioned by the employment of a suplimentar employee, represents the wage plus the wages global growth that has to be payed by the company to everybody previous employed. The marginal revenue is inferior to the price because in order to sell more one has to reduce price, and this will apply to all product units sold, not only to the marginal ones. For a wage determined based on the negociation, the labor offer curve will be orizontal until the point where meets the initial offer curve, and after this point will start the evolution of it. An efficient way of rise the work place safety is represented by the rise of the amounts alocated for prevention and unemployment reduction. There is an inverse raport between unemployment and the work place safety. Bibliografie -Bobaita I.Duta Macroeconomie Editura Mirton -Macroeconomie. Perspectivă europeană Editura All Beck -Introducere în studiul Întreprinderilor libere, Editura All Beck -Macroeconomie, Editura All - Introducere în politica economică modernă Bibliografy -Bobaita I.Duta Macroeconomy Mirton Printing House -Macroeconomy. European Perspective All Beck Printing House -Introduction to the study of the free enterprise, All Beck Printing House -Macroeconomy, All Printing House - Introduction to the modern political economy 404

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