It is worth recalling what Alfred marshal said long ago, The most valuable of all capital is that invested in human beings.

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1 HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING Krishna Kant Vyas Introduction Adam smith, in his classic work, Wealth of Nation, classified the factors of production into land, labour & capital. The modern management reclassified them as 4Ms, i.e., men, machine, material and money. The term Labour and Men have now been christened Human resource, popularly known as HR, the human resource is not just the number of pairs of hands engaged in any organization. But, above all, it may be thought of as the total knowledge, skills, creative abilities, talents & aptitudes of an organization s workforce. It is worth recalling what Alfred marshal said long ago, The most valuable of all capital is that invested in human beings. It is very common that capital base of even new undertakings are oversubscribed if it is controlled by competent person. This is because, the investor in the capital market place high value in the human ability rather than any other factors, like, net worth, yield, price earning ratio which are not available in case of new company. The past few decades have witness a global transition from manufacturing to service based economics. In the former, the physical assets, like, plant, machinery, material etc. are of utmost importance, whereas, in latter, knowledge and attitude of the employees matters. For instance, in the case of an IT firm, the value of its physical assets is negligible when compared with the value of the knowledge and skills of its human resources. Hence, the success of these organizations is contingent on the quality of their human resources, i.e., its knowledge, skills, competence and motivation. However, in order to estimate and project the worth of the knowledge, motivation, skills and contribution of the human element as well as that of the cost of recruitment, selection, training, etc., which are used to build and support these human aspects is developed. Human resources accounting (HRA) denotes just this process of quantification / measurement of the human resources. What is Human Resource Accounting The American Accounting Association s committee has defined Human Resources Accounting as the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties. Flamholtz, too, has offered a similar definition for HRA. They define HRA as the measurement and reporting of the cost and value of people in organizational resources. Thus the concept of HRA can be basically examined from two dimensions:

2 1. Investment in human resources 2. The value of human resources The expenditure incurred for creating, increasing and updating the human resource quality is known as investment in human resources. The yield or fruitful results, which the investment in human resources generates, will be considered as the basis of human resource value. Why Human Resource Accounting? Human capital becomes the most important asset in the organization. In our traditional accounting practices, the heavy amount incurred on the recruitment, placement, selection, training and development of the personnel is generally treated as revenue expenditure and hence, it is debited to profit and loss account of the period during which such amount is incurred. But today, it is argued that these expenditures incurred by an enterprise, to get the benefit of the services of its manpower force in future, are against the accounting principles to treat them completely of a revenue nature. In fact, such expenditure should be capitalized and be shown in the balance sheet. The failure of accountants to treat human resources as assets just like physical and financial assets attracted the attention of academics and in 70 s concept of HRA was evolved. The objectives of HRA are as follows: Furnishes cost/value information for making management decisions. Effectively monitoring of Human resources. Sound & effective basis of human asset control. Provide comparative information regarding costs and benefits associated with investment in human assets. Provide information to investors and potential investors about the capabilities of the organization. Application of Human Resource Accounting If we look at the annual reports of public enterprises and private enterprises in India, we find that chairman s report invariable contains the statements highlighting the significance of human resources. Generally, chairman of these enterprises make their remarks at the annual general meeting of the shareholders that I wish to place it as record of my sincere gratitude for hard work done by the employees of our company. I thankfully acknowledge the contribution made by our employees. These qualitative pronouncements reflect the importance of human resources in an enterprise but the quantitative information relating to their contribution of their value is nowhere recorded or shown in financial accounts. However, in practice, a few organizations, stated below, value their human resources and reports this information in their annual reports. A. Public Sector Enterprises: 1. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited; 2. Cement Corporation of India; 3. Project & Equipment Corporation of India; 4. Engineers India Limited; 5. Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation of India;

3 6. Electricals India Limited; 7. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation; 8. Hindustan Shipyard Limited; 9. Steel Authority of India Limited; 10. Oil India Limited. B. Private Sector Enterprises: 1. Tata Engineering and Locomotive work (TELCO); 2. Associated Cement Company (ACC); and 3. Southern Petro Chemical Industries Corporation (SPIC). Measurement in Human Resource Accounting Measurement, here, relates to assigning monetary values to different dimensions of HR costs, investments and the worth of employees. The two main approaches usually employed for this are: 1. The cost approach 2. The economic value approach THE COST APPRAOCH Cost is a sacrifice incurred to obtain some anticipated benefit or service. All costs have two portions, viz., the expense & the asset portions. The expense portion is that which provides benefits during current accounting period, whereas the asset portion is that which is expected to give rise to benefits in future. Different types of costs in HRA: a. Historical cost approach; b. Opportunity cost approach; c. Replacement cost approach The historical cost approach: In this approach, the actual costs incurred on recruiting, selection, hiring, training and developing the human resources of an organization are capitalized and amortized over the expected useful life of the human resources. Thus, the proper record of expenditure made on the employees is kept and part of it is written off to the income of the next few years during which human resource will provide services. The opportunity cost approach: The opportunity cost of an employee in one department is calculated on the basis of the bid made by other departments for the employees working in this department in the same organization. The use of this method is restricted to internal reporting & not external reporting. The replacement cost Approach: Replacement cost is a cost that would have to be incurred if present employees are to be replaced. For instance, if an employee were to leave today, several costs of recruiting, selection, hiring, placement, orientation and on the job training would have to be incurred in order to replace him. Thus, this approach incorporates the current value of an organization s human resources in its financial statements prepared at the year end.

4 THE ECONOMIC VALUE APPROACH The economic value of human resources is the present worth of the services that they are likely to render in future. This approach looks at human resources as assets and tries to identify the stream of benefits flowing from the asset. The methods for calculating the economic value of individuals may be classified into monetary and nonmonetary methods. Two Important Models for Assessing Monetary Value of HR A. REWARDS EVALUATION MODEL: This model is developed by Flamholtz, according to him, As an individual moves from one position to another, at the same level or at different levels, the profile of the services provided by him is likely to change. The present cumulative value of all the possible services that may be rendered by him during his/her association with the organization is the value of the individual. Typically, this value is uncertain & has two dimensions. The first is expected conditional value of the individual, i.e., the amount that the organization could potentially realize from the services of an individual during his/her productive service life in an organization. It is composed of three factors: a. Productivity: Set of services that an individual is expected to provide in his/her present position. b. Transferability: Set of services that he/she is expected to provide if & when he/she is in different positions at the same level. c. Promotability: Set of services that are expected when the individual is in higher level positions. The second dimension of an individual value is the expected realizable value, which is a function of the expected conditional value & the probability that the individual will remain in the organization for the duration of his/her productive service life. Prof. Flamholtz has presented the following formula for calculating an individual s expected realizable value: E (RV) : Expected Realizable Value R i : Value derived by organization in each possible state P(R i) : Probability that the organization will derive Ri t : Time (1+r) t : The discount factor

5 B. PRESENT VALUE OF FUTURE EARNING MODEL: The model has been developed by Brauch Lev & Aba Schwarts. It is the basic model employed by Indian organizations. The basic theme of this model is to compute the present value of the future direct & indirect payments to their employees as a measure of their human resources value. According to this model, the value of human capital represented by a person who is y years old, is the present value of his/her future earnings from employment & can be calculated by using the following formula: V y : Value of an individual y year old T : Retirement age I(t) : Individual s annual earnings upto the retirement r : Discount rate (Cost of capital) t : Active service (in years) So the question arises, Should HR be accounted in the Asset column? To set the things on right perspective, One school of thought emphasizes the need for incorporating the asset value of HR in the Balance Sheets and further identifies the reasons that people are a valuable resources as long as they perform services, they can be quantified. Contrary to that, other school of thought totally refuses the very idea on the contention that quantification of HR is beyond imagination as there cannot be any business without HR. It could be argued that when HR is the Creator of all resources, who dares to quantify the Creator? HR is the very Soul & body and Blood & flesh of the business. When one tries to quantify the HR on par with other resources it amounts to degradation of the HR. Above all, quantifying the HR to fit into the balance sheet is Herculean task since HR as an intangible asset changes its value according to the working environment of the business and the management policies. Statutory Issues Regarding Human Resource Accounting in India In India, Human Resources Accounting has not been introduced so far as a system. The Companies Act, 1956 does not require furnishing of any significant information about human resources in financial statements of companies. The ICAI has issued accounting standards of different technical subjects of accounting but it has not been able to bring any definitive accounting standard for measurement and reporting of cost and value of human resources of an organization.

6 Human Resource Accounting & IFRS In recent years, the Financial Reporting Standards used in United States, often referred to as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), have been moving towards adoption of more complex measurement methods compared with the traditional historical cost approach to asset measurement, including a focus on the measurement of the time value of money & present value calculations. Under International Financial Reporting Standards, certain assets are now reported at their fair market value at each balance sheet date, & many items on the balance sheet that are non current are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash flows. All such complex & alternative measurement approaches, viz., measurement of the time value of money and present value calculations, etc. under IFRS, are somewhat similar to approaches taken in developing HRA value measures. For example, IAS 38 on Intangibles Assets & IFRS 3 on business combinations allows for the recognition of the intangibles assets Goodwill. The valuation of Goodwill often involves complex assessments of fair values as well as periodic reassessments to determine whether the fair values have become impaired. These more difficult and challenging measurements of goodwill & other fair values are similar to challenges under the measurement of human resources. This might suggest the need for & consider the measurement and use of HRA in future external financial reporting. Summary Human resource accounting provides quantitative information about the value of human assets, which helps the top management to take decisions regarding the adequacy of human resources. When proper valuation and accounting of human resource is not done then the management may not be able to recognize the negative effects of certain programmes, which are aimed at improving profit in short run. If not recognized on time, these programmes could lead to a fall in productivity levels, high turnover rate and low morale of existing employees. Therefore, whatever, the tool or approach to HRA, much of the potential for developing human resource accounting capability and gaining its advantage depends upon the availability of and accessing to the required data. In those organizations, where the data is not readily available or routinely maintained, the first step towards Human Resource Accounting (HRA) will have to be Human Resource Information System (HRIS).