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1 Advances n Envronmental Bology, 7(9): , 203 ISSN Ths s a refereed journal and all artcles are professonally screened and revewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evaluaton of factors affectng the success and falure of the agrculture sector`s small and early-return enterprses (case study of Dasht-e Azadegan cty, Khuzestan provnce) Mohammad aghapour Sabagh and Lela cheldav Assstant professor of agrculture managemnt group and Ms student of agrculture managemnt,azad Islamc unversty-shushtar branch, ran Mohammad aghapour Sabagh and Lela cheldav: Evaluaton of factors affectng the success and falure of the agrculture sector`s small and early-return enterprses (case study of Dasht-e Azadegan cty, Khuzestan provnce) ABSTRACT Supportng the creaton, growth, and expanson of the small and medum-szed enterprses s one of the basc prortes for the economc development, employment growth, and growth of exports n many countres ncludng Iran. Consderng the mportant role of the small enterprses, government has ncluded the development of these enterprses program among the most mportant ones. Evaluaton of statstcs and nformaton ndcates that the early-return plans executed n agrculture subsectors were not successful. Falure of these enterprses causes the natonal captals and resources wastage and has a negatve mpact on the ncrease of producton, employment, and economc development. Thus, usng nformaton related to 70 small and earlyreturn enterprses of Dasht-e Azadegan`s agrculture sector and Logt models, ths study ams to dentfy factors causng the success and falure of agrculture sector`s early return enterprses. Results of Logt model ndcate that the acd-test rato, ntal captal rato to the receved loan, ncentve bonuses rato to the fx salary, educaton, type of the plan, holdng tranng classes and bank`s consultng servces for the plan executers, rato of computer to experts,and workforce productvty are the most mportant factors affectng the success of enterprses. Key words: early-return enterprses, Logt model, Dasht-e Azadegan cty Introducton Evaluatons ndcate that ncrease of careers n ndustral countres n the 970s and 980s was manly come nto vew through these nsttutons. In the developed countres, about 2/3 percent of people are workng n bg corporatons and the rest are workng n the small and mddle szed enterprses [6]. Several studes ndcate that, n the developng countres, as well, about 40 to 60 percent of the total added value n the natonal economy s resulted from these enterprses` performance [], Nowadays,As payng the small enterprses nto account s so necessary, t should be consdered that stoppng these enterprses can cause rreparable damages for the country`s economy leadng to the destructon of the valuable human and fnancal resources a falure of these enterprses s too mportant for countres amng to regan ther economcal structure. Although falure s an ssue for each enterprse, factors and reasons of t are dfferent for dfferent economc sectors. The mportance of ths ssue s doubled n a dynamc and forceful sector lke agrculture sector n whch needs changes quckly durng tme. Thus, dfferent studes and researches have been carred out n ths feld. Yldz and Bakan [22] studed the nnovaton strategy and nnovaton problems n the small and medum szed enterprses of Ngera. Fndngs ndcated that nnovaton s the bass of all future compettons. Innovaton has vtal role n sustanable securty and competton vantage of enterprses. Enterprses should select new products, processes, technques, methods, progress, and promoton through modern technology and nnovatve actvtes. In ther study n Italy, Cassa and Colombell [5] ndcated that the small and medum szed enterprses growth s more than the other ones. Factors determnng the growth nclude aspects related to the entrepreneurshp state of the enterprse and fnancal nnovatons whch are of specal mportance. Statstcs n the country ndcate that the number of ndustral unts of the country s about wth 2 mllon workers. 300 of these unts are large and the rest are small and medum-szed ones (report of the employment state of the management and plannng organzaton, 2009). More than 60 percent of the total workforce s workng for these Correspondng Author Mohammad aghapour Sabagh, assstant professor of agrculture managemnt group and Ms student of agrculture managemnt,azad Islamc unversty-shushtar branch, ran E-mal: aghapour2000@yahoo.com

2 Adv. Envron. Bol., 7(9): , 203 enterprses and the share of these enterprses of the added value s more 34 percent []. But accordng to the avalable statstcs n Iran, about 23(self employed actvtes) and 42 percent of small unts, because of dfferent ssues, faled and nevtably stop ther actvtes after the frst and ffth year of actvty, respectvely [3]. In Iran, most of the studes were related to the falure of enterprse n the ndustral sector. For nstance, Fayzpour and Moayed [8] analyzed the falure of ndustral enterprses and factors affectng t n Yazd provnce. Result of ther study ndcated that establshment of enterprses at ndustral areas and ther sze have no effect on ther falure. However, the probablty of ther falure was dfferent among dfferent ndustral groups; n addton, the probablty of the old ones was less than the young ones. Solyman Amr [7], n a study concernng the bankruptcy of Iranan corporatons, ndcated that the fnancal ratos are able to predct the bankruptcy of corporatons. No study related to the falure of enterprses n the agrculture sector has been carred out n Iran. It s obvous that one of the most mportant sectors of Iran s the agrculture sector; the added value resulted from t s 2 percent of Iran`s GDP, and 20 percent of the employment share belongs to t. Ths sector s mportant n Khuzestan, too. Ths provnce has great natural resources, flowng waters, date tree gardens, and other agrculture products, n addton of havng transt roads and dfferent ndustral capabltes and amentes such as Sugarcane and By-products Development Company. These capabltes have made t necessary to establsh and develop small and early-return enterprses. Dasht-e Azadegan cty s one of the most mportant agrcultural parts of the provnce. Evaluatng the statstcs, between 2005 and 2009, 3400 projects were executed from whch only 0 percent are economcally workng and the rest have faled (Khuzestan agrculture bank management`s report of the proceeds, 2009). Ths plan stared n Dasht-e Azadegan n 2006 and the statstcs ndcate that ths cty was the frst cty of the provnce n the feld of early return enterprses` falure n (Dasht-e Azadegan agrculture bank management`s report of the proceeds, ). Thus, small and early-return enterprses of Dasht-e Azadegan cty`s agrculture sector are selected as the statstcal socety. ths study s amed to dentfy factors affectng the success and falure of Dasht-e Azadegan cty`s small and early-return enterprses. Materal And Methods In the present study, to dentfy factors affectng the falure of the early return enterprses, a comparson was carred out between the successful and faled ones. For ths objectve, bnary Logt model was used. In ths study t s supposed that the characterstcs of success and falure s shown by the 2203 varabley, whch s affected by factors such as the plan executer`s manageral sklls and crtera related to the bank and the characterstcs of the plan. Then, n the Logt model, regresson relaton to explan the effect of factors on the dual choce varable s defned as below: = β + ε Y X t t () Probablty of ths characterstc occurrence whch s the probablty of Y = s ndcated Y accordng to the structure of, so f the probablty of Y = P, t can be s ndcated by wrtten that [0]: β X e prob( Y = ) = = Λ( β X ) (2) β X + e P = Pr( Y = ) = Pr( Y 0) = Pr( β X + ε 0) (3) In equaton 3, e s the natural logarthm and Λ(.) s logstc cumulatve dstrbuton functon. Interpretaton of the estmated coeffcents n Logt model s too mportant.. Change n Y = probablty because of a sngle unt change n the ndependent varable s called the margnal effect. In the Logt model, ths effect s calculated usng equaton 4 [0]. ME= pp kkkk = ee (ββββ ) (+ee (ββββ ) ) 2. ββ kk (4) Usng equaton 4, k th explanatory varable`s elastcty n the Logt model s calculated usng l equaton 5, n whch E ndcates the elastcty n Logt model. Elastcty related to each varable ndcates the percentage of change n the probablty of Y= caused by a percent change n the ndependent varable [5]. E l = Λ( β x) X k e. = X Λ( β X ) ( + e k β x β x X k. β. 2 k ) Λ( β X ) (5) Maxmum lkelhood functon s used to estmate Logt models. Lkelhood functon (L), for estmatng the regresson model of the logstc functon, s estmated by equaton 6 [0]. L= y Π [ ] [ ( )] [ ( )] ( = ) y F( β X ) F( β X ) F β X F β X y = (6) Equaton 7 ndcates the logarthmc form 6. t

3 Adv. Envron. Bol., 7(9): , 203 ln L = { y ln F( β X ) + ( y )ln( F( β X )} (7) Equaton 7 s used to determne parameter β []. ln L f ( β X ) f ( β X ) =0 (8) = y + ( y ) β F( β X ) F( β X ) n equaton 8, ln L β functon s used for logstc cumulatve dstrbuton functon,thus we would have equaton 9. ln L = { y } (( Λ( β X )) ( y ) Λ( β X ) X = ( y Λ( β X )) X = 0 β (9) Dependent varable of ths study s the success and falure of early-return enterprses of the agrculture sector, whch s a fguratve one. Ths varable s for successful enterprses and 0 for the other ones. The success and falure s determned accordng to the agrculture sector`s early-return enterprses` rate of nternal return. Note that the rate of bank nterest of early return loan s 4 percent. Enterprses havng an nternal return rate of more than 4 percent take code, and code 0 s gven to ones wth nternal return rate of less than 4 percent. Theoretcally and tentatvely, factors affectng the 2204 success of enterprses are ncluded n three categores as below: Characterstcs of the plan executer : fnancal resources management (acd-test rato, frsttme funds to receved loan rato), human resources management (ncentve bonuses to fx salary rato), marketng resources management (new costumers to old customers rato and nvestment n advertsng costs to the total nvestment rato), nformaton technology management computer to experts rato and workforce productvty rato), creatvty and nnovaton management (partcpaton n educatonal classes n order to ntroduce the nnovatons), and demographc characterstc (educaton) Crtera related to the bank (holdng tranng classes for the plan executers by banks) Characterstcs of the plan (knd of the plan and approprateness of the needed area for each lvestock) 70 questonnares through Morgan formula usng random samplng method were used n ths study to dentfy factors affectng the falure of agrculture sector`s early-return enterprses Results of Logt model estmaton Results of estmatng Logt model are ndcated n table. Based on ths table, percentage of model predctng accuracy ndcates that 7 percent of the varance of dependent varable s explaned by the ndependent varables. Table : Results of Logt model estmaton usng MLE method Weght elastcty t statstc Coeffcent of estmaton varables 0/5 2/3 45/46 Acd-test rato 0/29 2/49 60/89 frst-tme funds to receved loan rato 0/40 2/67 2/85 ncentve bonuses to fx salary rato 0/7 3/84 246/46 computer to experts rato 0/33 4/57 0/2 Annual workforce productvty 0/3 2/89 20/600 Holdng educatonal classes by bank 0/20 4/2 0/03 Educaton -0/8 -/97-6/76 Knd of plan 0/9 0/9 28/2 Approprateness of area needed for each lvestock 0/59 0/64 272/8 new costumers to old customers rato 0/3 0/7 /80 nvestment n advertsng costs to the total nvestment rato 0/30 0/62 2/5 partcpaton n educatonal classes n order to ntroduce the nnovatons -0/63-0/9-9/45 Constant coeffcent Log of Lkelhood Functon -0/74 Mc Fadden -9/45 Lkelhood Rato Test 85/5 Maddalas R2-0/4 Percentage of Rght Predcton 7 Estrella R- Square 85/5 Resource : fndngs of the study Sgnfcance at % leve Sgnfcance at % level l Results also ndcate that the coeffcent for the varable of acd-test rato s 45/46, whch, based on t statstcs, s sgnfcant at percent level. Ths shows that the probablty of early return enterprses` success ncreases wth the ncrease of acd-test rato. The resulted elastcty for ths varable ndcates that a percent ncrease n ths varable causes a 5 percent ncrease n the probablty of the evaluated enterprses` success. In other words, an enterprse, wth more total value of asset rato than the value of ts total debts, has an approprate fnancal structure. Second varable havng a sgnfcant effect on the dependent varable s the frst-tme funds to receved loan rato. postve sgn resulted for ths varable, whch s statstcally sgnfcant at percent level, ndcates that an enterprse wth hgher frsttme funds to the receved loan has more fnancal power, whch, because of the executers` hgher

4 Adv. Envron. Bol., 7(9): , 203 motvaton of preservng ther assets, ncreases the probablty of the plan`s success. n other words, successful plan executers have more effort and motvaton to preserve and ncrease the enterprses assets,so they try to put a stop to the enterprse bankruptcy. Incentve bonuses to fx salary rato s an ndcator affectng the success or falure, thus ths ndcator, as a varable ndcatng ths characterstc, s consdered n ths model. As expected, the coeffcent of 2/85 for ths varable s postve, and s sgnfcant at percent level. Ths means that the ncrease of ncentve bonuses to fx salary rato can ncrease the probablty of the early return enterprses` success, because the hgher the rato, the more motvaton for personnel to contnue ther actvty s resulted and the probablty of contnuty and progress of the enterprse would be ncreased. Resulted elastcty for ths varable ndcates that the percent ncrease n ths ndcator can have a 40 percent ncrease n the probablty of the enterprses` success. The fourth varable havng sgnfcant effect on the dependent varable s the computer to experts rato. Postve sgn resulted for the coeffcent of ths varable, whch s statstcally sgnfcant at percent, ndcates that enterprse wth hgher computer to expert rato has a hgher tendency to progress and contnung ther actvty. Such result s expected because the avalablty of computer and ndvduals famlar wth computer programs and nternet tools of the enterprse decreases the costs the elmnates some of the enterprse`s lmtatons, leadng to an ncrease n performance and rate of the nternal return of the enterprse. Calculated elastc for ths varable ndcates that the percent ncrease n ths varable would have a 7 percent ncrease of the probablty of the early-return enterprses` success. Postve coeffcent of 0/2 for the varable of workforce productvty n the model ndcates that there s a postve relatonshp between the rato of workforce productvty and the probablty of early return enterprses` success. t statstcs calculated for ths varable s 4/57,and shows that the resulted coeffcent s statstcally sgnfcant at percent level. Sgnfcance of ths varable ndcates that the motvaton of progress and success n the enterprse ncreases wth the ncrease of workforce productvty. Elastcty resulted for ths varable ndcates that a 33 percent ncrease n the probablty of early-return enterprses` success would be resulted f there s a percent ncrease n the annual rato of workforce productvty, whch s well-matched wth the expectatons. Results of ths study show that, n terms of success or falure, there s sgnfcant dfference between enterprses, for whch banks have held tranng classes and consultng servces and ones to whch no tranng classes or consultng servces have 2205 been held. Sgnfcance of ths varable ndcates that the probablty of success would be ncreased for enterprses used the bank consultng deas and suggestons and were well-traned n the feld of executve nstructon of early-return enterprses. Educaton s an effectve varable. the assumpton s that the success or falure of the studed socety`s early-return enterprses are hghly affected by educaton. Results of Logt model estmaton confrm ths assumpton.the resulted postve coeffcent of 0/03 for the varable ndcates the postve effectveness of educaton n the probablty of early return enterprses` success. Sgnfcance of ths effect s also confrmed by t statstcs. hghness of ths coeffcent shows the mportance of ths plan executer`s characterstc n the probablty of early return enterprses` success. Results of the study ndcate that the knd of plan has a sgnfcant effect on the probablty of success or falure of agrculture sector`s early-return enterprses. In the present study, the knd of plan was classfed nto 3 operatonal, developmental and renovaton categores, each one was entered the model as a fguratve varable. As t s ndcated n table, statstcally, ths varable has a sgnfcance coeffcent and ts negatvty means that, n terms of falure, the operatonal plans have more rsk than the developmental and renovaton ones. Developmental and renovaton plans are less exposed to rsks (several and unpredctable rsks and damages such as drought, lack of access to parts and equpment of the plan, and unawareness of compatble lvestock) than the operatonal ones, so they are n a better stuaton from the vew of producton rsk and ncrease of the rate of nternal return. Calculated elastcty for ths varable ndcates that f an enterprse s of operatonal knd, the probablty of ts falure would ncrease about 8 percent to the developmental and nnovaton ones. Based on the results, although the effect of approprateness of the needed area for each lvestock on the success of enterprses s not sgnfcant, ts postvty ndcates that t has a postve effect on the probablty of the enterprses` success. Ths approprateness can show the attractveness of the plan. Producton n enterprses, n whch the consdered area for each lvestock s relevant wth plan standards and the regulatons of anmal husbandry system, would be carred out effectvely and effcently, causng an ncrease n the performance and nternal return. In the present study, although the rato of new customers to the current ones s nsgnfcant, ts postvty ndcates that t has a postve effect on the probablty of the enterprse success. Evaluatons ndcate that the studed enterprses preferred to sell ther products to the old costumers because they beleved that f they sell ther products to new customers, they wll lose the old ones. Another

5 Adv. Envron. Bol., 7(9): , 203 reason s that because of the executers` unfamlarty to the new customers, n the case the deal s performed n credt, they thought the captal would not return. In fact, the studed enterprses were rsk averse. In addton, although the effect of the nvestment n advertsement costs rato to the total captal of nvestments s nsgnfcant, but ts postvty ndcates that t has a postve effect on the possblty of the enterprses success. Most of the enterprses rely on the marketng and advertsng actvtes to sell ther products, so they would have access to regonal market and present ther products n a compettve envronment. The fact s that the studed enterprses do not have marketer or researches n the feld of marketng. In other words, the mportant reason of ths ndcator`s nsgnfcance s that advertsement and researches for the executers of the plan of early return enterprses of agrculture sector have not a stage or concept. In fact, market s close to the complete compettve condtons.n addton, results of ths study show that the partcpaton of plan executers n the educatonal 2206 classes n order to ntroduce and use of nnovatons n the enterprses, hoverer t s not sgnfcant, has a postve effect on the probablty of the early return enterprses success. But n bnary models, nterpretaton of the coeffcents of dummy varables would not be useful, so the mportant thng n these varables s the use of the margnal effect concept of the dummy varables. Consequently, n ths study, the margnal effect of the dummy varables on the probablty of success and falure of the early-return enterprses s consdered. A bass s consdered to calculate the margnal effect of the dummy varables n the studed enterprses n whch the llterate plan executer, operatonal plan, bank`s non-holdng of educatonal classes and consultng servces,and napproprateness of area consdered for each lvestock are consdered. Based on the bass above, to calculate the margnal effect, educaton, knd of plan, holdng educatonal classes and consultng servces for the plan executers by bank, and approprateness of area for each lvestock are used. Table 2: estmated probabltes of agrculture sector`s early return enterprses and the margnal effect of the varables Varable coeffcents Intal Knd of Holdng Partcpaton n state plan educatonal classes educatonal classes by bank to ntroduce nnovatons Acd-test rato 45/46 2/5 2/5 2/5 2/5 Knd of plan -6/76 0 Holdng educatonal classes 20/ by bank Partcpaton n educatonal 2/ classes to ntroduce nnovatons Approprateness of area for 28/ each lvestock Constant coeffcent -9/45 Forecasted amount 22/2 5/56 36/6 57/6 Probabltes (percent) -6/67 20/6 2/5 Resource: fndngs of the study Appropratene ss of area for each lvestock 2/5 85/86 28/2 As t s seen n table 2, To calculate the effect of the plan knd t s assumed that the enterprse`s plan s of operatonal knd.n other words, f the plan s operatonal, the probablty of the enterprse success would have a 6/67 percent decrease. To calculate the effect of holdng educatonal classes and consultng servces for the executers by bank t s assumed that the bank does not hold any educatonal class or consultng servces for the enterprse.n other words, the margnal effect of holdng educatonal classes and consultng servces for the executers by bank s 20/6 percent. The margnal effect of partcpaton n educatonal classes n order to ntroduce the nnovatons s 2/5 percent. To calculate the margnal effect of the approprateness of area for each lvestock t s frstly supposed that the area determned for each lvestock s napproprate. Addng the feature of the approprateness of area needed for each lvestock, probablty of the enterprse success ncreases to 85/86 percent, whch have 28/2 percent ncrease to the prevous stuaton.n other words, the margnal effect of the approprateness of area needed for each lvestock n the enterprse s 28/2 percent. Dscusson and concluson: Results ndcate that there s postve and sgnfcant relatonshp between the acd-test rato of enterprses and the success of early return enterprses, meanng that the more the rato of total assets value to the total debt value n an enterprse, the more the effcency and capablty would be resulted. The postve effect of acd-test rato on the enterprses success s also confrmed by Altman, Sprnget [24], Beaver [2], Dcean [8], Solyman Amr [7]. In the model, that there s postve and sgnfcant relatonshp between the frst-tme funds to receved loan rato and the success of the agrculture sector`s early return enterprses. Ths

6 Adv. Envron. Bol., 7(9): , 203 can be attrbuted to motvaton and effort of the plan executers to save ther assets. The effect of frst-tme funds to receved loan rato on the enterprses success s confrmed by Cers [6], Baldwn [3], Balat et al. [4], and Dadash [3]. Thus, t s suggested that, before payng any loan, researches on the executers` fnancal ablty and what they become responsble for as personal equtes are carred out. In addton, results of Logt model estmaton ndcate that computer to experts rato would have a postve and sgnfcant on the success of early return enterprses. Ths s a reasonable result because the avalablty of computer and ndvduals wth computer programs and nternet sklls reduce the costs and elmnate some of the enterprses` lmtatons. Blat et al. [4], Loya et al. [9], Yan Ou [2], Sodosca et al. [23], and Ansar. [], n ther studes, concluded that computer to experts rato,whch s one mportant ndcator of nformaton and technology resources management, s a factor postvely affectng the success of enterprses. Results ndcate that the varable of workforce productvty have a postve and sgnfcant effect on the success of the agrculture sector`s early return enterprses, whch s also confrmed by Logt model. Blat et al. [4], Loya et al. [9], Yan Ou [2], Sodosca et al. [23], n ther studes, concluded that workforce productvty, whch s one mportant ndcator of nformaton and technology resources management, s a factor postvely affectng the success of enterprses. Consequently, t s suggested that the plan executers expand ther ablty n usng resources and dfferent methods to learn and gan technology.thus, consderng the necessty of the unverstes and research centers (as the resources of knowledge and technology) nfluence by transferrng technology, space for the early enterprse of the agrculture sector`s nformaton and technology development would be dentfed more than ever. The postve and sgnfcant effect of the educatonal level on the probablty of the early-return enterprses` success n the Logt model ndcates that the educated plan executers are more successful than the uneducated ones. Ths s confrmed by Ansar [], Yaghob and Qasem [9], Fayzpour and Moayed [8] and Salam and Mohtahsam [5]. So, t s suggested that loans desgnated for plans executed by hghly educated ndvduals wth a prevous scentfc experence and educaton. Ths strategy can be effectve n reducng the rate of bankrupt of the early-return enterprses. The postve and sgnfcant effect of the ncentve bonuses to fx salary rato on the success or falure of the early return enterprses ndcates that the more the rato, the more the motvaton for personnel to contnue ther actvty would be resulted and the probablty of contnuty and progress of the enterprses would be also ncreased. ths hypothess s confrmed by Class et al. [7], Salam and Mohtahsam [5], Fayzpour and 2207 Moayed [8 and Yaghob and Qasem [9]. In the present study, the hgh prorty of ncentve bonuses to fx salary rato s clear n the human resources management. Thus, exstence of ths ndcator n the enterprse, because of the personnel s more effort and motvaton to contnue ther actvty, ncreases the probablty of the enterprses` success. As much as possble, consderng ths ndcator n enterprses s suggested. Negatve effect of the varable of plan knd n the model ndcates that f an enterprse s of operatonal knd, compared wth enterprses of developmental and renovaton knds, the probablty of ts falure would be ncreased. Blat [4], Baldwn et al. [3], Pcok [20] and Ansar [] support ths fndng.the mentoned fndng means that the developmental and renovaton plans face less rsks and damages whch the operatonal ones face. thus, t s suggested that a part of facltes and costs spent for operatonal plans are desgnated to the renovaton of the regon`s stagnant plans. Consequently, ths can reduce the hgh costs and rreparable damages resulted from the operatonal plans havng the hghest falure. In addton, ths causes the growth and development of the regon`s developmental and renovaton plans.the postve and sgnfcant effect of holdng educatonal classes and consultng servces for the executers by banks on the success of enterprses s emphaszed by the results of Logt model, so t s suggested that bank, along wth provdng facltes, holds educatonal classes and consultng servces for the plan executers. Reference. Ansar, V., dentfcaton and determnaton of factors affectng the stagnant agrcultural plans n Iran. Theses of agrculture economy, Tehran Unversty, faculty of agrculture. 2. Dasht-e Azadegan cty`s Agrculture bank., report of the Agrculture bank`s debt collecton,agrculture bank department of credts. 3. Dadash, A., 200. a vew on the plan of supportng the development of early-return enterprses and some of ts executon defcences, journal of parks and growth centers, 7(25): Organzaton of management and plannng, Executve order of small and early return enterprses` regulaton.department of credts. 5. Salam, H., S. Mohtasham, Factors affectng the performance of agrculture credts. Use of dscrmnant analyss functon, journal of agrculture economy, 33(): Sadrna, m & et al., a vew on the plan of supportng the development of early-return enterprses and some of ts executon

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