United Nations Development Programme Inter-Regional Project Document: Africa and Arab States Regions

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1 United Nations Development Programme Inter-Regional Project Document: Africa and Arab States Regions Title Goal Overall Programme Objective Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa: Inter-Regional Technical Support Component 1 Enhancing the adaptive capacity of vulnerable countries, promoting early adaptation action and laying the foundation for long-term investment to increase resilience to climate change across the African continent. 21 countries in the African continent adjust their national development processes to incorporate climate change risks/opportunities. Expected Outcomes of the Overall Programme Outcome 1. Countries have introduced dynamic, long-term planning mechanisms to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change Outcome 2. Countries have built leadership capacities and developed institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks and opportunities in an integrated manner at the local and national levels Outcome 3. Countries are implementing climateresilient policies and measures in priority sectors Outcome 4. Financing options to meet national adaptation costs have been expanded at the local, national, sub-regional and regional levels Outcome 5. Knowledge on adjusting national development processes to fully incorporate climate change risks and opportunities is being generated and shared across all levels Expected Output/Activities of the Inter-Regional Technical Support Component Output: Inter-regional technical expertise and capacity development support provided to 21 countries Activity 1. Access to the best available data and information on climate variability and impacts is facilitated to support dynamic, long-term national planning and decision-making mechanisms Activity 2. Support is provided to institutional and leadership development in a manner responsive to the unique circumstances and needs of each country Activity 3. Best practices, experiences and technologies are identified and exchanged among countries on implementing climate-resilient policies in priority sectors Activity 4. Innovative financing options are identified and key partnerships are facilitated at the national, sub-regional and regional levels Activity 5. Region-wide knowledge and learning mechanism are established to raise awareness, engage stakeholders, inform decision-makers, and promote exchange and cooperation between countries Implementing Agency: UNDP Brief Description Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change. It will exacerbate the economic, political and humanitarian stresses that countries in the region already face, and greatly reduce their capacity to eradicate extreme poverty. The poorest segments of society will be the most severely affected because they are also the least able to adapt. Responding to the threat of climate change will require concerted action on an unprecedented scale. Systematic action will be required across all levels of development planning and implementation (regional, national, sub-national, and local) if development in a number of countries is not to be reversed. Some African countries have identified key vulnerabilities and priority adaptation measures, and others have initiated demonstration adaptation projects. However, countries continue to face a number of challenges including the following: (i) adaptation initiatives are limited in scope and scale, and their impacts are neither cohesive nor sustainable; (ii) institutional capacities, relationships, policies and practices to assess and manage climate change risks are not developed sufficiently to create an enabling environment, with corresponding political and social champions to support the formulation and implementation of efficient solutions to a problem that has complex multi- 1 The Inter-Regional Technical Support Component ($8.963 million) is one part of an entire $92.1m programme. The overall distribution of funds is summarized on pages 22 and 23. Page 1 of 47

2 sectoral effects; (iii) limited knowledge of the most appropriate adaptation policies and measures hinders countries from preparing themselves with the necessary institutional capacities to support climate risk management; (iv) limited financing options to sustain scaled-up adaptation remains a constraint; and (v) it is difficult for countries to learn from each other about their experiences with different approaches to adaptation. Under its $92 million programme Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa supported by the Government of Japan, UNDP will assist 21 countries across the African continent in incorporating climate change risks and opportunities into national development processes to secure development gains under a changing climate. The Programme will help countries establish an enabling environment and develop the capacity required at local and national levels to enable them to design, finance, implement, monitor and adjust long-term, integrated and cost-effective adaptation policies and plans that are robust within a wide range of possible changes in climate conditions. The Programme aims to achieve the following key outcomes: Countries have introduced dynamic, long-term planning mechanisms to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change Countries have built leadership and developed institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks and opportunities in an integrated manner at the local and national levels Countries are implementing climate-resilient policies and measures in priority sectors Financing options to meet national adaptation costs have been expanded at the local, national, subregional and regional levels Knowledge on adjusting national development processes to fully incorporate climate change risks and opportunities is being generated and shared across all levels To achieve these outcomes, the programme will build on a range of related disaster risk reduction and development opportunities. Specifically, UNDP will engage WFP, UNICEF and UNIDO in the execution of some activities under this Programme. The Programme is also expected to lay the foundations for follow-up investments by the World Bank and other national, regional and multilateral financial institutions; as well as forge cooperation with other ongoing adaptation programmes at the national, regional, and global level, e.g. programmes supported by the EC, the GEF, and bilateral donors. The Inter-Regional Technical Support Component will assist in the early analysis and design of national projects and, as those projects are being initiated and implemented, (i) facilitate access to the best available data and information on climate variability and impacts to support dynamic, long-term national planning and decision-making mechanisms, (ii) support institutional and leadership development in a manner responsive to the unique circumstances and needs of each country; (iii) identify best practices, experiences and technologies on implementing climate-resilient policies in priority sectors and exchange them among countries; (iv) identify innovative financing options and facilitate key partnerships at the national and, sub-regional and regional levels; and (v) establish regionwide knowledge and learning mechanism to raise awareness, engage stakeholders, inform decision-makers, and promote exchange and cooperation between countries. Programme Period: 3 years Key Result Area: Environment Atlas Award ID: Project Number: Start date: 15 Dec 2008 End Date 14 Dec 2011 PAC Meeting Date 08 Oct 2008 Total resources needed: $ 8,963,000 Total resources allocated: $ 8,963,000 Regular 0 Other: o Japan $ 8,963,000 o Government Unfunded budget: 0 In-kind Contribution: Management Arrangements UNOPS (regional) NEX (national) Initiation Plan (Annex 4): $ 605,000 Agreed by UNDP: Date Agreed by UNOPS: Date Page 2 of 47

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Acronyms... 4 I. Situation Analysis... 6 II. Adaptation Challenges in Africa... 8 III. Strategy IV. Objectives of the Overall Programme V. Objectives of the Inter-Regional Technical Support Component VI. Results and Resources Framework VII. Total Budget and Work Plan for the Inter-Regional Technical Support Component VIII. Management Arrangements IX. Monitoring Framework And Evaluation X. Legal Context ANNEXES 1. Relevant Ongoing Programmes and Projects UNDP Adaptation Approach UNDP Tools and Resources Preliminary Work Plan and Initiation Plan Summary Terms of Reference for Inter-Regional Technical Experts Programme and Project Assurance and Implementation Support References Page 3 of 47

4 LIST OF ACRONYMS AfDB ALM APF APR AWP BCDMP BCPR BDP CBA CBO CBO CC:DARE CCA CDG CEB ClimDev-Africa CO CPAP CPD DDP DEX DFID DPAP EEG EFP GEF GMS IDKN IGO IPCC AR4 ISS LDC LDCF M&E MDG MDGF MoRD NAIS NAPA NC NCMWF African Development Bank Adaptation Learning Mechanism Adaptation Policy Framework Annual Project Report Annual Work Plan Bangladesh Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery Bureau for Development Policy Community-Based Adaptation Community-based organisation Community Based Organisation Climate Change and Development Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability Common Country Assessment Capacity Development Group Chief Executives Board Climate for Development in Africa Programme Country Office Country Programme Action Plan Country Programme Document Desert Development Programme Direct Execution UK Department for International Development Drought Prone Areas Programme Environment and Energy Group Environmental Focal Point Global Environment Facility General Management Support India Disaster Knowledge Network Inter-governmental organisation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report Implementation Support Services Least Developed Countries Least Developed Country Fund Monitoring and evaluation Millennium Development Goal Millennium Development Goal Achievement Fund Ministry of Rural Development National Agricultural Insurance Scheme National Adaptation Programme of Action National Communication National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast Page 4 of 47

5 NCSP NDMA NEPAD NEX NGO NIDM NREGP PEI PPR PRSP QPR RBA RBAS RBx RC RCU RfP RR RTA SCCF SDMAs SGP SGRY SPA TICAD TOR TPR UN UNCT UNDAF UNDG UNDP UN-ECA UNEP UNFCCC UNICEF UNIDO UNOPS WB National Communications Support Programme National Disaster Management Authority New Partnership for Africa s Development National Execution Non-governmental Organisation National Institute of Disaster Management National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme Poverty-Environment Initiative Project Progress Report Poverty Reduction Strategy Plan Quarterly Progress Report Regional Bureau for Africa Regional Bureau for Arab States Regional Bureaux Regional Coordinator Regional Coordinating Unit Request for Proposals Resident Representatives Regional Technical Advisor Special Climate Change Fund State Disaster Management Authority Small Grants Programme Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana Strategic Priority on Adaptation Tokyo International Conference on African Development Terms of Reference Tripartite Review United Nations United Nations Country Team United Nations Development Assistance Framework United Nations Development Group United Nations Development Programme UN Economic Commission for Africa United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Children's Fund United Nations Industrial Development Organisation United Nations Office for Project Services World Bank Page 5 of 47

6 I. SITUATION ANALYSIS The threat that climate change both current and future poses to Africa s development is widely documented. Although Africa contributes only about 3.8% of total greenhouse gas emissions, the continent will bear the brunt of impacts from climate change. Africa s high vulnerability is aggravated by multiple biophysical and developmental stresses coupled with low adaptive capacity. In many countries, the economies are heavily reliant on climate-sensitive sectors such as rain-fed agriculture, fisheries, natural resources, and tourism. The extreme poverty in parts of Africa also severely constrains human development the 22 countries listed as low development countries in UNDP s Human Development Report (HDR) on Climate Change are all in Africa. Despite the commitment of their governments, African countries are struggling to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and climate change is increasing their risk of falling short of these goals. Integrated and comprehensive approaches to adaptation are therefore needed to meet the scale of the challenge. 1. Current vulnerability 1 Average temperatures across Africa have shown a trend of increasing since the 1960s, although the magnitude of this change varies across the continent. Rainfall trends are more complicated, showing considerable variation since the 1960s. Extreme events, such as droughts and floods, can have major implications for development. While it is not clear whether droughts have increased in frequency across Africa in the past century, certain areas such as the Sahel have shown trends of drying since the 1970s. Flooding occurs not only in high rainfall areas, but also in dry countries such as Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Niger and Somalia. However, changes in flood frequency across Africa are poorly understood at present. Climate already exerts a strong influence on the day-to-day economic development of Africa, particularly in terms of water, food security, health, ecosystems, and livelihoods: About 25% of Africa s population currently experiences high water stress, while about 69% of the population lives under conditions of relative water abundance. Despite this abundance, however, many do not have access to clean drinking water and sanitation and water governance is weak. In particular, women have limited access to clean drinking water and sanitation. The contribution of agriculture to GDP in African countries ranges from 10-70% (21% on average). Not only is the sector already highly sensitive to climate, farmers must also contend with poor soil fertility, pests, crop diseases, and a lack of access to fertiliser, irrigation, and improved seeds. An estimated 700,000 to 2.5 million Africans die of malaria each year, of which 75% are children. The economic burden of malaria can reduce growth by up to 1.3% in the hardest-hit countries. Many drivers of malaria, and other diseases such as cholera and meningitis, are linked to climate change and variability. African ecosystems contribute significantly to biodiversity and human well-being, but are being impacted by climate change, habitat loss, over-harvesting of certain species, the spread of alien species, hunting, and deforestation. About half of the sub-humid and semi-arid parts of southern Africa are already at moderate to high risk of desertification. In West Africa, the long-term declines in rainfall from the 1970s to 1990s have caused a km southward shift of the Sahel, Sudan, and Guinean ecological zones. In the West Indian Ocean, a 30% loss of corals to bleaching from warming oceans has resulted in tourism losses of $US million per year (check). Large numbers of people are currently at risk from floods, particularly in coastal areas, and recurrent floods in some countries are linked with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Another one-third of the population lives in drought-prone areas. Droughts have mainly affected Page 6 of 47

7 the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and southern Africa, particularly since the end of the 1960s. During the mid-1980s, economic losses from droughts totalled several hundred million US dollars. Livelihood choices are often limited and migration is frequently the only option available, which generates social upheaval and conflict. The conflict in Darfur, Sudan, for example, has been attributed in part to climate change. In this case, nomadic pastoralists suffering from prolonged droughts in northern Sudan moved south into areas populated with settled farmers Future vulnerability The future impacts of climate change on development in Africa depend on four main bio-physical factors: (i) the extent of the warming; (ii) the changes in amount and variability of rainfall; (iii) the increase in extreme events; and (iv) the extent of sea-level rise. Many of these factors are interlinked. Extent of warming. Climate projections reported in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) 3 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show that Africa is very likely to warm by 3-4 o C 4 on average during this century, which is greater than the global average temperature increase. The effects of such changes for rural communities are likely to be severe 5, with reductions in crop yields 6 and livestock productivity (and hence food security) 7, shortages of drinking water (necessitating longer walking distances for woman and children who tend to fetch water for rural households) 8, spread of diseases such as malaria, reduced potential for hydrogeneration of electricity, large-scale migration of climate change refugees and subsequent civil conflicts and unrest. Other potential effects include: (i) loss of biodiversity, which will reduce the availability of medicinal plants and impact negatively on African tourism sectors 9 ; (ii) reduced productivity of some freshwater fisheries (e.g. Lakes Victoria, Kariba, Malawi, Tanganyika) as a result of increases in water temperature; and (iii) loss of corals across large areas of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea (due to rising sea temperatures and acidification) with consequent negative impacts on marine fisheries, tourism, and rates of coastal erosion. Changes in amount and variability of rainfall. Predictions of rainfall changes in Africa are generally less consistent than those for temperature; however, the IPCC AR4 concludes that widespread reductions are likely. In regions where increases in rainfall are predicted (e.g., equatorial Africa), this will be offset (potentially entirely) by warming and the loss of water via evapo-transpiration. Even in the absence of climate change, present population trends and patterns of water use indicate that more African countries will exceed their limits of economically usable, land-based water resources before Northern and southern Africa are likely to experience increased water stress by 2055, while eastern and western Africa will experience water reductions. As the world s poorest and most rainfall-dependent region, sub-saharan Africa is a place of special concern. Across the sub-saharan region, agricultural producers are operating with limited resources in fragile environments sensitive to even minor shifts in temperature and rainfall patterns. 11 The livelihoods of rural farmers are particularly precarious because of isolation, small farm sizes, lack of secure land tenure, lack of access to technology 12, lack of access to electricity 13 and fluctuations in global commodity prices and farm inputs. Tourism in some regions is likely to be adversely affected by climate change impacts. Increase in extreme events. As noted earlier, there is limited information available on the probability of a greater frequency of extreme events such as droughts and floods in Africa. On a global scale, the IPCC AR4 reports that increases in these events are likely; in Africa, droughts in particular are likely to be more frequent. The impact of such increases on Africa s rural poor could be catastrophic, with widespread famine, disease, epidemics, reduced access to clean drinking water, and large-scale migrations and resulting regional conflicts. Sea level rise. A sea level rise of cm is predicted in the IPCC AR4. 14 Forty percent of West Africa s population lives in coastal cities more than 50 million will live along the 500 km coastline between Accra, Ghana, and the Niger delta by Sea-level rise is expected to have a significant impact on these coastal populations because of the concentration of poor people in Page 7 of 47

8 potentially hazardous areas. Other impacts include: loss of mangroves, estuaries and coral reefs, which are critical for tourism and fishing industries; flooding of coastal infrastructure; and loss of coastal plantations of palm oil, coconuts, mangoes, and cashew nuts. These climate change risks are additional to, and are likely to compound, existing socio-economic development challenges. The UNDP Human Development Report illustrated how climate shocks, such as those predicted in Africa, can lock people into a downward cycle of poverty because the coping strategies of the poor to manage climate risks often reinforce deprivation. For example, when climate disasters strike, the poor are often forced to sell productive assets in order to protect consumption. When that is not enough, households cope in other ways such as cutting meals, reducing spending on health, and taking children out of school. Meanwhile, children born during a drought are much more likely to be malnourished and stunted. The poorest segments of society are often disproportionately exposed to various forms of risk. For example, people living in dry areas are at risk from drought. Those who depend upon rain-fed agriculture will suffer. However, drought will not affect everyone equally. Those who have alternative sources of income will be much less affected. Vulnerability, therefore, is the expression not only of exposure to risk but also of the capacity to manage those risks. The variety of risks that poor are exposed to is great, ranging from weather-related risks (e.g. flood, drought), through fluctuating marketing opportunities for their products, to the effects of disease. Many of these risks interact. For example, the risks presented by the poor quality of water supply and sanitation will be exacerbated by drought. Climate change will present new sources of risk that will interact with existing risks. II. ADAPTATION CHALLENGES IN AFRICA There are a number of ongoing programmes and projects funded by bilateral and multilateral agencies to assist African countries to manage the risks associated with climate change, as well as with climate variability. Few of these programmes address climate-related risks from a disaster reduction point of view (including fast and slow onset disasters), despite the fact that disaster risk reduction is an integral part of the adaptation response to climate change. Annex 1 provides a list of relevant UNDP-supported adaptation and disaster risks reduction programmes and projects in Africa, including their key thematic and sectoral areas of focus and participating countries. UNDP experience to date with ongoing adaptation initiatives has pointed to a number of important lessons: 1. Long-term planning tools to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change Our climate is changing. This is certain. Less certain, however, is the timing, magnitude and locations affected the most from such changes. Climate change represents more than just a change in climate conditions. For example, the frequency of climate-related disasters is rising. Climate change has generated legitimate concern about the possibility of catastrophes and societal disruption on unprecedented scales. For decision-makers, climate change represents also a dramatic increase in uncertainty. Very few regional to sub-regional climate change scenarios using regional climate models or empirical downscaling have been constructed in Africa mainly due to restricted computational facilities and the limited availability of technical expertise, as well as insufficient climate data. Under the medium-high IPCC emissions scenario (A1B) for (check dates), the best available climate projections forecast that mean annual rainfall is very likely to decrease along the Mediterranean coast (by 20%) and in much of southern Africa, but is likely to increase in tropical and eastern Africa (IPCC, AR4). For the western Sahel, there are still discrepancies between the climate models: some projecting a significant drying and others simulating a progressive wetting with an expansion of vegetation into the Sahara. Furthermore, there is growing evidence linking droughts in the region of West Africa to decades-long fluctuations in the strength Page 8 of 47

9 of major ocean circulations. Depending on the trends in these ocean fluctuations in the coming decades, a third scenario for the Sahel could be an initial increase in rainfalls in the next decade followed by a significant drying thereafter. 15 At the same time, scientific reports show that over the 20th century, disasters involving climatic hazards were seven times as frequent as those involving geo-physical hazards globally (such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions) and accounted for nine times as many deaths. The economic losses from climaticallytriggered disasters were three times higher than those from disasters triggered by geo-physical hazards and the number of people affected 55 times greater. Many investment decisions have consequences over periods of 50 to 200 years. Examples of such decisions include urbanization plans, water facilities and transport infrastructure. This means that water infrastructure built in West Africa now could face over its lifetime a significant drying, a progressive wetting or even an initial wetting period followed by significant drying. Water engineers can easily design water infrastructure adapted to a progressive drying or wetting. However, it is infinitely more difficult to design water infrastructure adapted to the full range of possible future climates. A key risk associated with the high climate uncertainty in Africa could be to undersize or oversize adaptation efforts. In some cases, the mal-adaptation costs resulting from sunk-costs or costs of delayed decisions could exceed the direct costs of global warming. 16 As much as up to 40% of all development assistance and public expenditures (water supply and sanitation infrastructure, etc.) could be lost due to climate change. The traditional development planning tools have not been designed to face such a situation and countries suffer from the lack of long-term investment planning instruments that are able to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change. The National Communications (NCs) developed under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) have endeavoured to lay the foundations for prospective exercises to address climate risks. However, they have been hampered by the lack of data and limited technical capacity to apply appropriate planning tools. They also have typically focused on short-term threats in two or three key sectors with less emphasis on resilience of long-lived investment in the context of climate uncertainty. Identifying and reducing risks in a rational, flexible and iterative manner, taking into account uncertainties associated with climate-related hazards including droughts, floods, cyclones, sea-level rise and extreme temperatures can help to protect people, livelihoods and assets, thereby promoting the achievement of development goals. 2. Leadership and institutions to guide integrated and comprehensive adaptation approaches A key element in the willingness and ability of countries to focus on particular development challenges is leadership. Such leadership can change the way whole societies view certain problems and the extent to which societies are mobilized to solve those problems. The vital role of advocates, champions and leaders has been seen, for example in the area of HIV/AIDS. No less of a sea change is needed in the area of climate change. A key challenge, then, is to mobilize climate change champions from amongst those voices in society and institutions that have the commitment and authority to motivate action. Unfortunately, sixteen years after the adoption of the United Nations Framework for Climate Change, awareness and engagement in climate change among the public and national leaders remains low, in spite of the fact that climate change affects all walks of society. Current research on development points to the importance of empowering people, especially leaders as active agents of change for transformative and sustainable results. Unfortunately, leadership development in the area of climate change adaptation has not been systematically undertaken or supported in most countries. Even with this kind of leadership in place, effective responses to climate change also require strong institutions with clear roles and responsibilities to implement the broader vision. Some countries in Africa have begun to identify key vulnerabilities and priority adaptation measures while others have begun to Page 9 of 47

10 initiate demonstration projects. However, current initiatives are often limited, isolated, and fragmented. Because of the multi-sectoral nature of adaptation, isolated inventions can solve one problem in one sector and yet create problems in another sector. To be effective, adaptation considerations need to balance competing priorities and assess trade-offs among multiple demands and uses in water, land, and coastal zones. Climate change affects wide-ranging sectors, and therefore it is important to engage relevant ministries at all levels from national to local. Women and children are particularly vulnerable, and gender groups should be involved from the very start. Cross-cutting committees are needed with strong political mandates, clear roles and responsibilities of key ministries and institutions, and technically proficient staff and resources to effectively manage risks at the national level. Ideally such committees are most effective if they are housed at the cabinet level and able to engage with influential ministries (e.g. finance, energy, infrastructure, planning). Similarly, to achieve meaningful and sustainable reduction in the scale and impact of disasters, effective integration of hazard and vulnerability considerations into regular development policies, plans and work is essential. The importance of mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into development was emphasised by the 168 countries that negotiated the Hyogo Framework of Action, in Hyogo, Japan in While enabling activities such as the NCs and NAPAs have been successful in creating national crosscutting committees, experience has shown that existing committees often do not have the mandate to effectively engage with senior ministries such as finance, economic planning or agriculture. Moreover, expertise in climate change rests primarily within the meteorological service or environmental departments in many countries; and cross-sectoral committees are not backed by adequate financial and human resources. Many of the coordination committees and structures that are created by enabling activities are often not sustained beyond the lifetime of the project. Consequently, countries are missing effective institutional frameworks to support the short- and long-term management of climate change risks and opportunities in an integrated manner at both local and national levels, including the delivery of finance for climate change adaptation. 3. Appropriate mix of adaptation strategies, policies and measures at the local and national levels The African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEM) committed to effectively integrate and implement climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies into national and regional development frameworks at their last annual meeting held in Addis Ababa from 31 March to 2 April Currently, however, many climate change policies and programmes are still at a formative stage in most countries and policy uncertainty is still very high. Most governments are yet to develop long-term policies to, among others: (i) protect climate-sensitive public goods (water supply, coastal protection, regional political cooperation, etc.); (ii) adjust fiscal policy to create private sector incentives for adaptation; and (iii) establish performance standards and codes that encourage both private and public investments in longlived capital and infrastructure. Several factors constrain the design and implementation of an optimum mix of adaptation strategies, policies and measures to systematically mainstream climate risks into national and local development processes. In the absence of long-term planning tools and enabling institutional frameworks mentioned above, moving from assessments to policy change and implementation of adaptation measures will remain a key challenge. Moreover, adaptation measures need to be economically efficient and effective if they are to be seriously considered by policymakers who manage competing demands for resources and make trade-offs. At present, the valuation of the economic costs and benefits of adaptation is rarely undertaken in developing countries. This further prevents the formulation of appropriate climate-resilient investment plans. 4. Financing options to sustain and scale-up adaptation Estimates of financing needs for adaptation for developing countries are placed at tens of billions of dollars per annum by the World Bank, UNDP, UNFCCC and the Stern Report. Unfortunately the three Page 10 of 47

11 existing multilateral funds of the UNFCCC/GEF (i.e., Least Developed Country Fund, Special Climate Change Fund, and Strategic Priority for Adaptation) totalled only about $50 million per year during The Adaptation Fund, which is not yet operational, is currently worth $2-3 million but is projected to reach $440 million by The availability of resources at the international level, through the Adaptation Fund or other bilateral support, is unlikely to be sufficient to completely address the scale of adaptation requirements. Both the UNDP Human Development Report and African Development Bank recommend the identification of additional financing assistance beyond development assistance to support adaptation. As climate change unfolds, a new way of doing development will be critical. This includes finding innovative ways to attract and secure new and additional resources to direct towards strategic interventions. This also requires making better use of existing and emerging funds through helping countries to access these funds and better integrate and sequence the diverse set of available financial resources. It also requires that the link is made between upstream policy activities on the one hand (such as institutional strengthening, mainstreaming adaptation in development plans and budgets, and legislative and regulatory work), and investments in infrastructure and economic development on the other hand. While some progress has been made in the area of insurance, especially with weather-index based derivatives, appropriate fiscal, market and financial mechanisms have yet to be examined or demonstrated in a meaningful scale in the context of contributing towards solving climate change issues. Such measures will need to be complemented with adjustments of budgetary support provided to key line ministries or the internalization of adaptation costs and benefits at the level of private firms or households, in order to ensure that climate change risk management is sustainable with long-lasting effects. A comprehensive approach to adaptation will not be possible if these critical ingredients of adaptation are overlooked. Instead, dependence on limited donor assistance will continue and adaptation will remain piecemeal. There is growing awareness and recognition of the importance of innovative sources of financing development challenges in general, and adaptation in particular, in most African countries. 17 At the same time, it is also recognized that national capacities will need to be developed to design, pilot and effectively use these emerging funds in an optimum manner at the local and national levels. Sub-regional and regional cooperation on insurance-related instruments and other innovative soft financial adaptation options to manage transboundary resources and address common threats remain to be explored. 5. Knowledge on managing climate change risks/opportunities Given the complexity of managing the inherent uncertainties of climate change, a recent survey conducted by UNDP of more than 370 respondents in UN agencies, government, universities, the private sector, NGOs, and bilateral donors revealed a high demand for knowledge sharing on good practices on adaptation at the national level. Priorities for learning and knowledge sharing included: training in climate change risk management; experiences on integration of climate change risks into national level planning and budgetary processes; and good practices on implementation of tangible demonstration measures. At present, it is also evident that lessons from previously completed initiatives are not easily accessible as the fundamentals for systematic learning including both human and financial resources has yet to be institutionalized. As Africa prepares for a future where adaptation to climate change dominates the economic and political horizon, effective south-south partnerships and communications will become critical. A few channels of bilateral support or the assistance of a few specialized development agencies will not be adequate to provide the necessary support to Africa. The scale and variety of needs for adaptation will require multiple bilateral and international organizations to be engaged. However, a platform to facilitate partnerships between various agencies has yet to be put in place. In most countries, effective communications strategies remain to be developed so that a systematic analysis of experiences in the field can be shared and brought to bear on future initiatives on adaptation. Page 11 of 47

12 Furthermore, additional research into the feasibility of integrated adaptation measures, in an environment of uncertainty as to the exact impacts, is required. Current methodologies are experience-based, but still rather ad-hoc and not peer reviewed. Setting benchmarks, developing indicators to monitor progress and effectiveness, defining the additionality posed by climate change over other ongoing development challenges such as population growth, and resource degradation, are examples of some of the areas that require further work. Further links and integration need to be pursued between ongoing adaptation programmes and ongoing disaster risk reduction programmes under the Hyogo Framework of Action. This programme will therefore also work closely with the ongoing project on Climate Risk Management (CRM) developed under the joint work planning framework between UNDP s Bureau for Crisis Prevention and recovery (BCPR) and the Environment and Energy Group (EEG) in the Bureau for Development Policy (BDP). The expected outputs of this project include: (i) increased convergence concerning climate related risk management priorities among national and local stakeholders and the international community and (ii) increased climate-risk management capacity of key national and regional institutions. Finally, there is also a need to consider gender perspectives, as women are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Countries face the following challenges in integrating gender concerns into climate change adaptation policies and measures: (i) limited gender-disaggregated, quality and quantitative data to show vulnerabilities specific to women in face of climate change; (ii) limited research and tools on intersections of climate change finance and gender equality, such as gender budgeting and gender auditing; and (iii) lack of women s voices in policy dialogue and decision-making processes. III. STRATEGY As articulated in the IPCC AR4, there is growing scientific, economic, political and social consensus that effective climate change adaptation will require long-term planning and explicit consideration of climate change risks at the regional, national and local levels. Given the cross-cutting nature of climate change and the scale of the challenge, a comprehensive blueprint for implementing a dynamic, long-term and coherent approach to adaptation that cuts across sectors and links national, sub-national, and community levels needs to be in place. Without committed leadership and strong institutions and, comprehensive and integrated approach, the management of climate change risks is unlikely to be catalytic, strategic or cognisant of the potential multiplier effects across sectors and administrative levels. In short, responses are unlikely to make effective contributions towards underlying development problems. To achieve the kind of transformational change that is required, climate change risks need to be routinely considered as part of poverty reduction and sectoral strategies, policies and measures. UNDP s goal in the area of climate change adaptation is to enable developing countries to secure and expand development gains in the face of climate change. To achieve this goal and overcome the present challenges to adaptation in Africa, UNDP s approach is to help countries establish an enabling environment and develop leadership and institutional capacities required at the local and national levels to design, finance, implement, monitor and adjust long-term, integrated and cost-effective adaptation policies and plans that take into account a wide range of possible changes in climate conditions.. Leadership capacities, in particular, are critical for catalyzing and creating systemic changes that are needed for mobilising multi-sectoral programmatic responses and sustaining commitment for driving the whole processes of adaptation to climate change. The programme, therefore, emphasises the development of leadership and institutional capacities for all outputs at all levels. The main ambitions of the UNDP approach are to help countries (i) reduce the mal-adaptation costs that would result from duplicative, fragmented, delayed, under-sized or over-sized adaptation efforts and (ii) ensure that adequate additional financing can be secured in a timely and predictable manner to meet the unavoidable remaining costs of adaptation. Figure 1 in Annex 2 depicts the UNDP approach. Page 12 of 47

13 In a manner responsive to the unique requirements of each participating country, this approach could entail: (i) the introduction of dynamic, long-term planning mechanisms to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change; (ii) the development of national leadership and institutions to manage climate change risks and opportunities in an integrated manner at the local and national levels; (iii) the development and implementation of climate-resilient policies and measures in priority sectors; (iv) the expansion of innovative financial instruments to meet national adaptation costs; and (v) the development of knowledge platforms to generate knowledge and share experience, and feed into the regular evaluation and adjustment of national adaptation policies, strategies and processes. To achieve these objectives, UNDP is launching a $92 million programme on Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa with funding from the Government of Japan. Adopting a continent-wide programmatic approach, UNDP will assist 21 countries across the African continent to incorporate climate change risks and opportunities into national development processes to secure development gains in the face of climate change. This programme approach will provide three main avenues of support to countries. First, the bulk of all resources ($73.23 million) will go directly to the countries to help them develop the planning mechanisms, institutions, polices, financial options and knowledge base that will be needed to respond to climate change in the years to come. Second, as the subject of this project document, an Inter-Regional Technical Support Component will provide support in developing the country projects and help link them together to ensure they all benefit from and contribute to a much wider knowledge base that is developing on best practices in climate change. The value of this component is $8.96 million. Finally, UNDP will build on its existing global and regional networks to provide overall programme and project assurance support to the programme. The value of this component is $4.11 million. Supporting both national projects and inter-regional technical work (under the same programme will yield more coherent and sustainable impacts across the continent than could be achieved through national projects alone. The expected focus of work under each of these three components is summarized below and the sections that follow. 1. National components Most of the programme financing $73.23 million will be channelled directly to national activities in 21 participating countries. While aligned with overall programme outcomes, each national project will be developed in close consultation with governments and other stakeholders and tailored to meet the specific circumstances and climate-related needs in that country. Most if not all of these projects will managed under National Execution (NEX), as is the norm. The 21 participating countries are listed in Table 1 below. They are divided into the four main African climatic sub-regions as identified in the IPCC s Fourth Assessment Report (2007). The table below summarizes the different impacts of climate change expected by the IPCC in each sub-region. Table 1: Programme Countries Sub-Region Programme Countries Examples of current and possible future climate impacts and vulnerabilities identified by IPCC AR4 North Africa Morocco, Tunisia Decrease in mixed rain-fed and semi-arid systems, particularly the length of the growing period, e.g. on the margins of the Sahel Possible increased water stress and runoff in parts of North Africa by 2050 East Africa Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania Likely increase in rainfall in parts of East Africa Previously malaria-free highland areas could experience change to stable conditions by 2050, with conditions becoming Page 13 of 47

14 Southern Africa West and Central Africa Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal highly suitable for transmission by 2080 Parts of Southern Africa may be highly vulnerable to climate variability and change, with possible heightened stress in some river basins Likely southward expansion in transmission zone of malaria Dune fields may become highly dynamic in parts of Southern Africa by 2099 Some biomes (e.g. Fynbos, Succulent karoo in Southern Africa) are likely to become most vulnerable ecosystems, while savanna may become more resilient Food security is likely to be further aggravated by climate variability and change, as well as HIV/AIDs, poor governance, and poor adaptation. Impacts on crops under a range of scenarios Possible agricultural GDP losses Coastal settlements could be affected by projected rise in sea levels and flooding Changes in coastal environments (e.g. mangroves, and coastal degradation) could have negative impacts on fisheries and tourism. *WFP, UNICEF and UNIDO will execute some activities in the following countries: a) WFP Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi; b) UNICEF Nigeria, Ethiopia, c) UNIDO Nigeria, Kenya. A specific and detailed UNDP project document for each of these countries will be developed in consultation with key partners including governments, civil society organizations, women s groups, technical experts, concerned donors, UN agencies and other partners. While it is not possible or even desirable at this time to provide details for any of these projects, the projects should (i) respond to potential impacts of climate change outlined in the table above, (ii) broadly address the wide range of challenges discussed earlier, and (iii) take into account the unique characteristics of each of these countries related to climate change planning, institutions, policies, financial systems and knowledge base. In addition to these UNDP projects, the expertise of other UN agencies such as the World Food Programme (WFP), United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF), and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) will be brought to bear to implement a wide range of national activities under the Programme. These agencies will be responsible for $11 million of the resources available under the national component as associated implementing agencies ($5 million for WFP, $3 million for UNICEF, and $3 million for UNIDO). 2. Inter-Regional Technical Support Component It is important that the country projects are not developed and implemented in isolation from one another. Although such projects can be effective in their own right, they can be even more effective if developed with the latest and best information from across Africa and the world. For this reason, the second element of UNDP s programmatic approach is to provide a coherent and integrated package of support to the programme countries through this Inter-Regional Technical Support Component The platform is interregional because it spans two of UNDP s geographic regions: sub-saharan Africa, led by the Regional Bureau for Africa (RBA), and those Arab states bordering on the Mediterranean sea, led by the Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS). The platform is technical in that it will be a key mechanism for delivering technical expertise, training and tools to countries as they develop and implement their country projects. Financing for this component will amount to $8.96 million. The Inter-Regional Technical Support Component will assist in the early analysis and design of national projects and, as those projects are being initiated and implemented, (i) facilitate access to the best Page 14 of 47

15 available data and information on climate variability and impacts to support dynamic, long-term national planning and decision-making mechanisms, (ii) support institutional and leadership development in a manner responsive to the unique circumstances and needs of each country; (iii) identify best practices, experiences and technologies on implementing climate-resilient policies in priority sectors and exchange them among countries; (iv) identify innovative financing options and facilitate key partnerships at the national and, sub-regional and regional levels; and (v) establish region-wide knowledge and learning mechanism to raise awareness, engage stakeholders, inform decision-makers, and promote exchange and cooperation between countries. Thus the inter-regional component will provide technical inputs to countries to address the main climate change challenges outlined above and in line with overall programme objectives. First, the Inter-Regional Technical Support Component will facilitate access to data and information to facilitate vulnerability assessments, long-term planning, selection of win-win and reversible options, and promotion of soft adaptation strategies to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change. By leveraging the methodological experience acquired through the GEF-funded support programmes for National Communications and National Adaptation Plans of Action in over 100 countries, UNDP will be able to provide a common menu of tools and methodologies to all participating countries, notably using the UNDP Adaptation Planning Framework for long-term planning exercises. A list of available UNDP methodologies for vulnerability assessment and long-term planning is given as Annex 2. Second, the Inter-Regional Technical Support Component will support institutional and leadership development taking into account the unique circumstances and needs of each country. Obviously data and information alone are not enough if they are not used to develop more rational planning processes and if those planning processes are not promoted by dynamic leaders and tended by competent institutions. The regional component will help identify appropriate programs and develop leadership capacities of key actors and institutions, across key sectors, to take on the challenges of climate change. Third, through its broad cross section of pilot countries, representative of the four main types of possible climate futures in Africa, and its comprehensive approach to mainstream climate risks into development policies and processes at all levels, this programme offers a unique tool to develop shared and harmonized approaches to dealing with similar challenges and potential impacts. To this end the Inter- Regional Technical Component will help identify best practices, experiences and technologies to manage climate change in priority sectors and help share these among countries. Fourth, the Inter-regional Technical Support Component will assist participating countries in exploring joint innovative financing initiatives such sub-regional and regional insurance-related instruments to manage transboundary resources or mitigate common risks. Such instruments could include, for example, flood indexes for transboundary basins to reduce the need for immediate upgrade of flood control infrastructure, risk pooling facilities to address increased frequency of drought, etc. The regional component will also seek to forge partnerships with key regional initiatives. Finally, the Inter-Regional Technical Component will comprehensive knowledge and learning platform for capturing, storing, and disseminating lessons across the Continent. UNDP will leverage in experience in establishing networks of practitioners across its different practices to promote active knowledge sharing. In each country, national and inter-regional activities will build on past and on-going adaptation efforts as well as complementary initiatives in disaster risk reduction, food security, coastal zone management, water security, health and ecosystems management of multilateral and bilateral organizations such as the World Bank, the GEF, the Multilateral Development Banks, and the EC. Notably, the long-term prospective exercises at the country level will fully leverage the data collected and analysed through GEFsupported initiatives such as the National Communications and the NAPAs. 3. Programme and Project Assurance Support Component The third and final avenue of UNDP support to achieving the overall goals of the programme is through its existing global and regional networks to provide overall programme and project assurance together and Page 15 of 47

16 programme and policy support. To support national programmes and to ensure coherence between them, UNDP s system of programme and project assurance and policy and programme support help bring the best available knowledge and expertise to bear at the national level. Such advisory and technical support helps ensure that the programme does not address individual, short-term adaptation needs without considering the longer-term, overarching framework. It also helps avoid adaptation measures that might prove to be counter-productive in the long run or have negative impacts on other sectors. It will help countries to be better positioned to address adaptation in a holistic manner, (re)directing investments, taking a country driven approach to several multi-lateral and bi-lateral donors active in the field, and integrate and sequence these different support and investment activities in function of the country own development objectives. A summary of areas and tasks that UNDP provides under programme and project assurance is provided in Annex 6. IV. OBJECTIVES OF THE OVERALL PROGRAMME The overall objective of this $92 million Programme is that 21 countries in the African countries adjust their national development processes to incorporate climate change risks and opportunities. The programme will build on a range of related disaster risk reduction and development opportunities. Specifically, UNDP will engage WFP, UNICEF and UNIDO in the execution of some activities under this Programme. The following five outcomes, will contribute to the achievement of this objective: Outcome 1: Countries have introduced dynamic, long-term planning mechanisms to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change Many decisions concerning long-lived investments need to take into account climate change. Decisionmakers should not expect the range of climate projections at the local level to significantly narrow in the near future. However, a number of investments cannot and should not be delayed. Dynamic, long-term planning tools will be developed and prospective exercises carried out to identify and assess costeffective options that take into account a wide range of possible changes in climate conditions. These prospective exercises will enable countries to combine infrastructure investments that cannot be delayed with win-win strategies or reversible, soft adaptation strategies. These exercises will be regularly updated and revised. Outcome 2: Countries have built leadership capacities and institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks and opportunities in an integrated manner at the local and national levels Building on UNDP experience in strengthening national institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction at all levels, advisory services on good practices for establishing and strengthening national bodies will be provided to participating countries to manage climate change risks in an integrated manner at the national and local levels. Such bodies need to have cross-cutting mandates, strong political support, clear roles and responsibilities, technically proficient staff and adequate resources. Under this outcome, countries will be assisted in accordance with their specific circumstances and in line with their national institutional frameworks to mainstream climate change adaptation measures into policies and to build leadership and establish necessary institutional mechanisms to promote crosssectoral and multi-sectoral coordination on climate change risks and opportunities. Options to align the mandate of key central ministries (such as planning and finance) and critical sectoral ministries (such as agriculture, water or disaster) to address climate change will be developed. Assistance with preparing appropriate multi-sectoral strategies and plans will also be provided. Outcome 3: Countries are implementing climate-resilient policies and measures in priority sectors Page 16 of 47

17 The Programme will provide critical assistance to key ministries and public administration bodies affected by climate change to explore and design appropriate policy responses on a particular climatedevelopment question (e.g., water and energy, coastal zone development, agriculture, etc). The results of existing processes will be built on, including those developed under the National Communications, NAPAs, National Capacity Self-Assessments, and other related initiatives. Functional and technical capacities will be developed to create a dynamic and flexible enabling environment for managing transformational changes, particularly targeting influential stakeholders and change leaders. Such leaders can become climate change champions with the potential of motivating whole societies to begin taking the challenges of climate change more seriously. In addition, demonstrations of climate change risk management responses will be implemented to guide the formulation of appropriate policies. Demonstration projects will stimulate policy discussion and adjustments beyond traditional sectoral lines to promote innovative thinking and to arrive at more integrated national adaptation outcomes. Outcome 4: Financing options to meet national adaptation costs have been expanded at the local, national, sub-regional and regional levels With the improved planning tools, institutional frameworks and climate-resilient policies under development, appropriate financing mechanisms also need to be developed to support adaptation over the long-run. Economies of scale will be required to encourage investment in multi-sectoral approaches, policies and programmes. Financing options will therefore be expanded and/or realigned from current practices to meet national adaptation costs and complement resources emerging through donor assistance programmes and other channels. Capacities to design and implement financing options will be developed. Expected outputs under this outcome include (i) climate-resilient investment plans; (ii) climate-resilient budget at national, sub-national and local levels; (iii) market/fiscal/financial mechanisms to sustain/scaleup adaptation measures; and (iv) innovative financing instruments such as flood and drought indexes explored and possibly piloted at the local, national, sub-regional and regional levels. The extensive expertise UNDP has acquired in the field of public and market based finance, through, amongst others, the implementation of GEF projects, the development of market-based mechanisms, the MDG-Carbon Facility, the Payment for Ecosystem services work, the Montreal Protocol, the work on aid effectiveness, etc. will be brought to bear at the national level through the programme and project assurance support activities. Outcome 5: Knowledge on adjusting national development processes to fully incorporate climate change risks and opportunities is being generated and shared across all levels The Programme is an opportunity to demonstrate approaches to implementing comprehensive and integrated approaches to adaptation at the national level. The documenting and sharing of experiences and lessons learned is therefore a critical element of the Programme. A dedicated knowledge management system (the Adaptation Learning Mechanism) will be used to encourage knowledge sharing and dissemination of results through local, national, regional and global fora and networks. Knowledge management will contribute to developing leadership and institutional capacities. Leadership for results and other capacity development initiatives will provide a platform for learning. Partnerships will be forged and harmonised with: (a) key regional initiatives including the annual African Ministers of Finance Conference, the African Climate Policy Centre being established by the UN Economic Commission for Africa, the New Partnership for Africa s Development (NEPAD), and Clim-DEV Africa; (b) key national development initiatives including activities to address risks associated with climate variability and (c) key adaptation programmes supported by UN agencies and other development partners. Page 17 of 47

18 In summary, at the end of the Programme (mid-2011), participating countries will have created a national adaptive system that enables continuous climate change risk management. Enabling environments will have been established with appropriate policies, frameworks, institutional and human capacities, and coordination and financial mechanisms. In addition necessary capacities will have been developed at the national and sub-national levels to routinely integrate climate change risks into development, economic, poverty reduction, and key sectoral strategies, policies and measures. Key stakeholders at all levels will have implemented changes in policy, legislation, investment flows, and/or financial instruments. Countries will have a comprehensive blueprint for attracting the requisite finances and implementing a dynamic, long-term, and coherent approach to adaptation that cuts across sectors and links national, sub-national, and community levels. Countries will also have political and social champions who mobilise society to adapt to climate change. V. OBJECTIVES OF THE INTER-REGIONAL TECHNICAL SUPPORT COMPONENT To support the realization of the overall Programme outcomes, UNDP will support national project teams with an Inter-Regional Technical Support Component. The expected output to be produced under this component is to provide inter-regional technical expertise and capacity development support to 21 countries. This output will be achieved through the following activities: Activity 1: Access to and use of best available data and information on climate variability and impacts is facilitated to support dynamic, long-term national planning and decision-making frameworks. Recognizing constraints to access climate change data and information in developing countries, one of the key tasks of the inter-regional technical support component will be to provide assistance to countries in accessing, collecting and analyzing best available data on climate change and its impacts. Scenario analysis will also be supported, and cooperation established with the UN Environment Programme, World Meteorological Organization and other relevant monitoring and assessment centres of expertise. The end goal in providing such data and information will be to facilitate rational decision-making and planning processes in spite of a certain degree of future uncertainty. Activity 2: Support is provided to institutional and leadership development in a manner that is responsive to the unique characteristics and needs of each country. Under this output countries will be assisted in accordance with their specific circumstances and existing institutions to mainstream climate change adaptation measures into policies and to strengthen or establish the institutional mechanisms needed to promote cross-sectoral and multi-sectoral coordination on climate change risks and opportunities. Lessons will be shared across countries on the development of comprehensive institutional frameworks in a manner that is responsive to unique circumstances and needs of each country. The regional technical support component will also facilitate: leadership development to mentor champions and develop leadership capacities for sustaining action in the face of climate uncertainty; The provision of tools and resources for institutional transformation and leadership support; Sharing good practices between national teams; and Sharing technical advice, policy and operational support between national teams. Activity 3: Best practices, experiences and technologies are identified and exchanged among countries on implementing climate-resilient policies in priority sectors. Given the programme s coverage of 21 countries across different parts of the continent, the regional component will be well placed to help identify best practices, methodologies and procedures in specific sectors in building adaptive capacity and taking adaptation actions and exchanging these with other countries facing similar challenges. To do so, the regional component will compile, review and integrate Page 18 of 47

19 existing adaptation tools, methods and procedures and develop new ones as required, so that the best available tools and methods can be made available at the country level. The regional component will also bring technical expertise and knowledge from other regional and global networks and centres of excellence to provide necessary support to countries. Activity 4: Innovative financing options are identified and key partnerships are facilitated at the national and, sub-regional and regional levels A key component will relate to financial tools and mechanisms, including knowledge on how to access, integrate and sequence different sources on climate change funding in support of specific national objectives. The regional component will actively investigate and share knowledge on innovative financing options available to support climate risks management and will help countries to establish partnerships with relevant regional and international organizations. The regional component will also support countries in developing effective strategies at the national level to engage the private sector and develop strategies to leverage additional financing for adaptation. Last but not least, the regional component could assist countries to identify and developed sub-regional and regional innovative financing initiatives such as insurance-related instruments for the sustainable management of transboundary resources and/or mitigation of common climate risks. The regional component will also seek to forge partnerships with key regional initiatives including the annual African Ministers of Finance Conference, the African Climate Policy Centre being established by the UN Economic Commission for Africa, the New Partnership for Africa s Development (NEPAD), and Clim-DEV Africa to implement and sustain the above-mentioned initiative; as well as soliciting cooperation with relevant UN agencies and other development partners at national and regional levels. Activity 5: Region-wide knowledge and learning mechanism are established to raise awareness, engage stakeholders, inform decision-makers, and promote exchange and cooperation between countries Through the regional component, knowledge exchange and awareness raising on adaptation will be facilitated across participating countries as well as globally. Knowledge captured from this programme will be proactively shared with the other regions through global and regional networks such as the Adaptation Learning Mechanism (ALM), UNDP s ee-net, and the Programme and Project Assurance Support Component. The knowledge mechanism will provide targeted support to address knowledge and awareness needs of specific groups of stakeholders, for example decision-makers, sector experts, private sector, local communities etc. Regional workshops will also be organized for the countries that do not have country-level activities under this Programme to learn lessons from the Programme and exchange their experiences on climate change adaptation. The outcomes of the overall programme and the expected output/activities of the 21 national projects and the regional technical component are summarized in Table 2 below. Table 2: Programme approach and components Inter-regional Programme: Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa Programme Outcomes: Countries have introduced dynamic, long-term planning mechanisms to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change Countries have built leadership and developed institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks and opportunities in an integrated manner at the local and national levels Page 19 of 47

20 Countries are implementing climate-resilient policies and measures in priority sectors Financing options to meet national adaptation costs have been expanded at the local, national, subregional and regional levels Knowledge on adjusting national development processes to fully incorporate climate change risks and opportunities is being generated and shared across all levels 21 Nationally Executed Projects Inter-Regional Technical Support Component Outcomes: Output: 21 countries with dynamic, long-term planning mechanisms based on prospective exercises to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change 21 countries with improved leadership and institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks and opportunities in an integrated manner at the local and national levels 21 countries with climate-resilient policies and measures in priority sectors 21 countries with expanded financing options to meet national adaptation costs at the local and national levels 21 countries with knowledge on adjusting national development processes to fully incorporate climate change risks and opportunities Inter-regional technical expertise and capacity development support provided to 21 countries Activities: Access to the best available data and information on climate variability and impacts is facilitated to support dynamic, long-term national planning and decision-making mechanisms Support is provided to institutional and leadership development in a manner responsive to the unique circumstances and needs of each country Best practices, experiences and technologies are identified and exchanged among countries on implementing climate-resilient policies in priority sectors Innovative financing options are identified and key partnerships are facilitated at the national and, subregional and regional levels Region-wide knowledge and learning mechanism are established to raise awareness, engage stakeholders, inform decision-makers, and promote exchange and cooperation between countries More information on the Preliminary Work Plan and Initiation Plan is provided in Annex 4. Page 20 of 47

21 VI. RESULTS AND RESOURCES FRAMEWORK Results and Resources Framework for the Overall Programme INTENDED OUTPUTS INDICATORS BASELINE TARGET SOURCES OF VERIFICATION INPUTS 21 African countries adjust national development processes to fully incorporate climate change Nature of national development processes National development processes do not fully incorporate climate change risks / opportunities 21 African countries adjust national development processes to fully incorporate climate change Programme Evaluation $ 73.23million Inter-regional technical expertise and capacity development support provided to 21 countries Availability of best available data/information on climate variability and impacts Relevant technical expertise and capacity development support not readily available to countries Relevant technical expertise and capacity development support readily available to countries Programme Evaluation $ 8.96 million Availability of tailored support to institutional and leadership development Availability of information on best practices, experiences and technologies Availability of information on innovative financing options Availability of knowledge through knowledge/learning mechanism Page 21 of 47

22 INTENDED OUTPUTS INDICATORS BASELINE TARGET SOURCES OF VERIFICATION INPUTS Programme and project assurance support provided by UNDP Effectiveness of support to national projects Quality and timeliness of technical expert support No programme and project assurance in place 21 African country projects deliver quality outputs on time, on scope and on budget Technical experts and tools delivered on time, on scope and on budget Programme Evaluation $ 4.11 million General management support (GMS) provided by UNDP Satisfaction of programme donor with quality and timeliness of reporting No reporting High quality timely reporting Donor response $ 5.76 million Overall Programme Total $ 92.1 million Page 22 of 47

23 Results and Resources Framework for the National Component INTENDED OUTPUTS INDICATORS BASELINE TARGET SOURCES OF VERIFICATION countries with dynamic, long-term planning mechanisms based on prospective exercises to manage the inherent uncertainties of climate change countries with improved leadership capacities and institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks and opportunities in an integrated manner at the local and national levels Countries have long-term planning mechanism to manage the uncertainties of climate change Countries have conducted long term planning exercises to manage climate change Countries have leadership and comprehensive institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks / opportunities Existing country mechanisms do not incorporate climate change uncertainties Countries have not conducted climate change related long term planning exercises Country institutional frameworks not well adapted to manage climate change risks / opportunities 21 countries have tools available 21 countries have conducted long term planning exercises 21 countries have adjusted their institutional frameworks to better manage climate change risks/opportunities Annual country project reports Country project evaluations Programme evaluations Annual country project reports Country project evaluations Programme evaluations RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS tbd tbd INPUTS countries with climateresilient policies and measures in priority sectors Countries have in place climate-resilient policies and measures in priority sectors Countries have few or no climate-resilient policies or measures in place in priority sectors 21 countries have put in place some policies and measures Annual country project reports Country project evaluations tbd Programme evaluations countries with expanded financing options to meet national adaptation costs at the local and national levels Countries have a variety of financing options to meet national adaptation costs Countries rely exclusively on public budgets to meet adaptation costs 21 countries have at least 1 alternative source of financing available to help meet national adaptation costs Annual country project reports Country project evaluations Programme evaluations tbd Page 23 of 47

24 INTENDED OUTPUTS INDICATORS BASELINE TARGET SOURCES OF VERIFICATION countries with knowledge on adjusting national development processes to fully incorporate climate change risks and opportunities Countries are sharing knowledge on adjusting national development processes to fully incorporate climate risks/opportunities Countries are working largely alone significant exchange going on between countries on how to adjust development policies to incorporate climate change risks / opportunities Country project evaluations Programme evaluations RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS tbd INPUTS Component Total: $73,269,140 Results and Resources Framework for the Inter-Regional Technical Support Component Output: Inter-regional technical expertise and capacity development support provided to 21 countries ACTIVITIES QUALITY CRITERIA BASELINE TARGET SOURCES OF VERIFICATION 1. Access to the best available data and information on climate variability and impacts is facilitated to support dynamic, long-term national planning and decision-making mechanisms 2. Support is provided to institutional and leadership development in a manner responsive to the unique circumstances and needs of each country Availability to countries of data on climate change and its impacts Ability of countries to develop robust alternative development scenarios incorporating climate change Availability and relevance of technical expertise and capacity development support for developing institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks/opportunities Data on country level climate change and its impacts unavailable or too general to be of value Countries do not have the ability to develop robust scenarios No relevant technical expertise and capacity development support for developing institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks/opportunities 21 countries have access to detailed climate change data and its impacts 21 countries have developed robust alternative development scenarios which incorporate climate change 21 countries have access to relevant technical expertise and capacity development support for developing institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks/opportunities Annual country project reports Country project evaluations Programme evaluations Annual country project reports Country project evaluations Programme evaluations RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS INPUTS $1,255,000 $1,150,000 Page 24 of 47

25 Output: Inter-regional technical expertise and capacity development support provided to 21 countries ACTIVITIES QUALITY CRITERIA BASELINE TARGET SOURCES OF VERIFICATION 3. Best practices, experiences and technologies are identified and exchanged among countries on implementing climate-resilient policies in priority sectors Availability of information on country experience in designing and implementing climateresilient policies Little or no information available on country experience and very difficult to find Significant amounts of information readily available Country project evaluations Programme evaluations RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS INPUTS $1,150, Innovative financing options are identified and key partnerships are facilitated at the national and, subregional and regional levels Availability of information on innovative financing options to meet national adaptation costs Little or no information readily available to African countries Information readily available in at least 21 African countries Country project evaluations Programme evaluations $1,730, Region-wide knowledge and learning mechanism are established to raise awareness, engage stakeholders, inform decisionmakers, and promote exchange and cooperation between countries Availability of knowledge on adjusting national development processes to fully incorporate climate risks/opportunities Little knowledge available A wide range of knowledge is easily available to African countries Country project evaluations Programme evaluations $ 3,675,000 Component Total: $ 8,963,000 Page 25 of 47

26 VII. TOTAL BUDGET AND WORK PLAN FOR THE INTER-REGIONAL TECHNICAL SUPPORT COMPONENT Award ID: Award Title: Business Unit: Project Title: Project Objective: Implementing Partner (Executing Agency) PIMS 4240 Inter-regional Technical Support Component: Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa EEG PIMS 4240 Inter-regional Technical Support Component: Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa To support 21 African projects which are helping the countries adjust their national development processes to fully incorporate climate change risks/opportunities UNOPS Output/Atlas Activity Responsib le Party Fund ID Donor Atlas Account Code Atlas Budget Description Amount Year 1 (USD) Amount Year 2 (USD) Amount Year 3 (USD) Total (USD) See Budget Note: Project Staff $202,000 $208,000 $214,000 $624, Local Consultants $ 24,000 $ 25,000 $ 26,000 $ 75,000 ACTIVITY 1: Access to the best available data and information on climate variability and impacts is facilitated UNOPS tbd Japan Contractual services - Indiv $ 19,000 $ 50,000 $ 20,000 $ 89, Travel $ 64,000 $ 70,000 $60,000 $ 194, Contractual services $ 35,000 $ 55,000 $ 65,000 $ 155, Equipment, materials, etc $ 40,000 $ 35,000 $ 43,000 $ 118,000 ACTIVITY 2: Support is provided to institutional and leadership development UNOPS tbd Japan Total Activity 1 $384,000 $ 443,000 $428,000 $1,255, Project Staff $ 202,000 $ 208,000 $214,000 $ 624, Local Consultants Contractual services - Indiv $ 24,000 $25,000 $ 26,000 $ 75,000 $ 19,000 $50,000 $ 20,000 $ 89, Travel $ 64,000 $70,000 $ 60,000 $ 194,000 Page 26 of 47

27 Output/Atlas Activity Responsib le Party Fund ID Donor Atlas Account Code Atlas Budget Description Amount Year 1 (USD) Amount Year 2 (USD) Amount Year 3 (USD) Total (USD) See Budget Note: Contractual services Equipment, materials, etc 0 0 $50,000 $ 50,000 $ 40,000 $ 35,000 $ 43,000 $ 118,000 ACTIVITY 3: Best practices, experiences and technologies are identified and exchanged among countries ACTIVITY 4: Innovative financing options are identified and key partnerships are facilitated at the national and, subregional and regional levels UNOPS tbd Japan UNOPS tbd Japan Total Activity 2 $ 349,000 $388,000 $ 413,000 $ 1,150, Project Staff $202,000 $ 208,000 $ 214,000 $624, Local Consultants Contractual services - Indiv $ 24,000 $ 25,000 $ 26,000 $ 75,000 $ 19,000 $ 50,000 $ 20,000 $ 89, Travel $64,000 $ 70,000 $ 60,000 $ 194, Contractual services Equipment, materials, etc 0 0 $ 50,000 $50,000 $40,000 $35,000 $ 43,000 $ 118,000 Total Activity 3 $ 349,000 $ 388,000 $ 413,000 $ 1,150, Project Staff $ 202,000 $ 208,000 $ 214,000 $ 624, Local Consultants Contractual services - Indiv $ 24,000 $ 25,000 $ 26,000 $ 75,000 $ 19,000 $ 50,000 $ 20,000 $ 89, Travel $ 64,000 $ 70,000 $ 60,000 $ 14, Contractual services Equipment, materials, etc $ 120,000 $ 290,000 $ 220,000 $630,000 $ 40,000 $ 35,000 $ 43,000 $ 118,000 Total Activity 4 $ 469,000 $ 678,000 $ 583,000 $ 1,730,000 ACTIVITY 5: UNOPS tbd Japan Project Staff $ 202,000 $ 208,000 $ 214,000 $ 624,000 Page 27 of 47

28 Output/Atlas Activity Responsib le Party Fund ID Donor Atlas Account Code Atlas Budget Description Amount Year 1 (USD) Amount Year 2 (USD) Amount Year 3 (USD) Total (USD) See Budget Note: Region-wide knowledge and learning mechanism are established to raise awareness, engage stakeholders, inform decisionmakers, and promote exchange and cooperation between countries Local Consultants Contractual services - Indiv $ $24,000 $ 25,000 $ 26,000 $ 75,000 $ 19,000 $ 50,000 $ 20,000 $ 89, Travel $ 64,000 $ 70,000 $ 60,000 $ 194, Contractual services Equipment, materials, etc $980,000 $ 430,000 $ 1,165,000 $ 2,575,000 $ 40,000 $ 35,000 $ 43,000 $ 118,000 Total Activity 5 $ 1,329,000 $ 818,000 $ 1,528,000 $ 3,675, Project Staff $ 1,010,000 $ 1,040,000 $ 1,070,000 $ 3,120,000 Totals UNOPS tbd Japan Local Consultants Contractual services - Indiv $ 120,000 $ 125,000 $ 130,000 $ 375,000 $ 95,000 $ 250,000 $ 100,000 $ 445, Travel $ 320,000 $350,000 $300,000 $ 970, Contractual services Equipment, materials, etc $ 1,135,000 $ 775,000 $ 1,552,000 $ 3,462,000 $200,000 $ 175,000 $ 215,000 $ 590,000 Total $ 2,881,000 $ 2,715, 000 $ 3,367,000 $ 8,963,000 Page 28 of 47

29 VIII. MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS A Programme Board will provide overall leadership and direction to the programme, review financial delivery, review programme-wide progress, and advise on coordination with relevant other programmes and activities. It will be composed of: Co-chairs: - The RBA regional director or his/her representative; - The RBAS regional director or his/her representative; - The Director BDP/EEG or his/her representative; Members will include: - 1 representative of the Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery; - 1 representative from the Partnership Bureau; - 2 representative from participating African countries and one from a participating country in RBAS - Members of other BDP practices as relevant. Observers might include: - Representative from UNFCCC - Representatives from major donors active in the field of adaptation in the region; - Representatives from major international organisations active in the field of adaptation such as the GEF, WB, Development Banks and EC - Representative from relevant NGO, private sector groups; Additional members may be invited at the discretion of the Board. The Programme Board will also serve as the Project Board for the Inter-regional Technical Support Component in accordance with the provisions of the UNDP User Guide. As the Project Board it will review and appraise the Component s Annual Work Plans and reports, commission evaluations, and make revisions to the component as necessary. For the purposes of the Inter-regional Technical Support Component the BDP/EEG Director will serve as Executive, the Regional Directors of RBA and RBAS as Senior Beneficiaries, and a representative of UNOPS will serve as Senior Supplier. The Board will appoint a Programme Manager who will serve as both the coordinator for the overall programme as well as Project Manager for the regional component. The Programme Manager will be responsible for delivering the programme, including: programme coordination; leading the implementation of Programme activities; facilitation of technical support to country-level projects; financial management; knowledge exchange; and reporting, in addition to management of the regional component. As a project staff member, the Programme Manager will report to the co-chairs of the Programme Board - the Regional Directors of RBA and RBAS, and the Director of BDP / Environment and Energy, who will be jointly accountable to UNDP and the Government of Japan for the entire programme. In accordance with standing UNDP procedures, the EEG Climate Change Adaptation team (through the three Regional Technical Advisors working on climate change adaptation in the regions and sub-regions covered by this project) will assist the 21 Country Offices in ensuring that the programme delivers on time, on scope and on budget. In other words, the Programme Manager will be in charge of programme implementation while RBA, RBAS, and BDP/EEG will provide oversight and monitoring in programme and project formulation and implementation. The Programme Manager will submit formal reports to the Board on a quarterly basis for strategic guidance. The Programme Manager will also coordinate closely with the RBA and RBAS Programme Advisors on a day-to-day basis to ensure that the programme is anchored in the existing UNDP system and provides coherent, comprehensive support to countries. Page 29 of 47

30 The Programme Manager will also directly supervise a small team of Inter-Regional Technical Experts composed of specialists in each of: Climate Change impacts, data collection and analysis Institutional and leadership development Adaptation technologies Innovative financing and partnerships Knowledge management together with necessary administrative staff for a Project Support team for the regional component. Summary Terms of Reference for the technical experts and programme support team are detailed in Annex 5. These Inter-Regional Technical Experts will coordinate closely with Policy/Programme Advisors of Other Practice Areas, such as Capacity Development Group (CDG) Policy Advisors and Gender Advisors, as needed. At country levels each national project will similarly have National Project Boards and National Project Managers. UNDP Programme Managers in country offices will provide Project Assurance, with the technical policy and programme implementation support of the Regional Technical Advisors (RTAs) serving Africa and the Arab states. At the inter-regional level Programme Assurance is the responsibility of all members of the Programme Board. Responsibility for Project Assurance for the regional component will be delegated to the BDP/EEG Director who will, in addition, ensure the provision of the standard EEG implementation support services to UNDP country offices in the design and implementation of national projects and activities including sourcing of technical expertise and institutional partners; verification, validation and quality assurance of technical reports, project design, indicators, monitoring and results; and general advisory services and troubleshooting. The Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery will provide additional technical backstopping to countries that choose to address risks associated with climate variability, in harmony with BCPR s national programmes. Figure 2: Programme Supervision, Assurance and Implementation Implementation / Execution Programme and Project Assurance Programme Supervision National Project Teams UNDP Country Offices Co-chairs Programme Board Inter-regional Project Technical Experts Technical Policy & Programme Advisors Page 30 of 47

31 IX. MONITORING FRAMEWORK AND EVALUATION Programme and project monitoring and evaluation will be conducted in accordance with established UNDP and EEG procedures and will be provided by a combination of: the national project teams, the regional programme manager, and the UNDP Country Offices with support from EEG Technical Policy and Programme Advisors. The Results and Resources Framework (Section III) provides performance and impact indicators for the overall programme, together with those for the regional component, along with their corresponding baseline and target values. These provide the basis on which both the programme s and the regional components Monitoring and Evaluation Plan will be built. The reports and reviews prepared will be submitted to the Government of Japan. 1. Programme and project inception Inception Workshops. Two sets of Inception Workshops will be held. At the national level each national project will conduct its own inception workshop involving the staff of each national team, national technical experts, other government partners, financing partners, UNDP country office staff, the programme manager, and with the support of regional technical advisors. At the regional programme level an inter-regional workshop will be conducted involving all the national team leaders, inter-regional technical experts, together with relevant government counterparts, financing partners, UNDP country office staff, regional bureau staff and staff from the headquarters and regional levels. Inception Workshops will assist all programme and project partners to fully understand and take ownership of the programme and project s goals and objectives, as well as their own roles and responsibilities. The inception workshops should be used to finalize preparation of the first annual work plans, review and agree more precise indicators, targets and their means of verification, and recheck assumptions and risks. Monitoring, reporting and evaluation targets, processes and responsibilities should also be reviewed, detailed and agreed along with budgets, financial reporting procedures and obligations, and arrangements for annual audit. The Inception Report will include a more detailed narrative on the institutional roles, responsibilities, coordinating actions and feedback mechanisms of project related partners. In addition, a section will be included on progress to date on project establishment and start-up activities and an update of any changed external conditions that may effect project implementation. 2. Quarterly reporting Quarterly financial and progress reports for both the national projects and the regional programme will be reviewed by country offices and EEG. Specifically: An Issue Log shall be activated in Atlas and updated by the Programme Manager/National Project Managers to facilitate tracking and resolution of potential problems or requests for change. Based on the initial risk analysis submitted, a risk log shall be activated in Atlas and regularly updated by reviewing the external environment that may affect the project implementation. Based on the above information recorded in Atlas, a Project Progress Report (PPR) shall be submitted by the Programme Manager to the Project Board and the National Project Managers to the National Project Boards through Project Assurance, using the standard report format available in the Executive Snapshot. A Project Lesson-learned log shall be activated and regularly updated to ensure on-going learning and adaptation within the organization, and to facilitate the preparation of the Lessons-learned Report at the end of the project. A Monitoring Schedule Plan shall be activated in Atlas and updated to track key management actions/events. Page 31 of 47

32 3. Annual reporting Annual Monitoring will be carried out in accordance with normal UNDP procedures. Annual Review Report. An Annual Review Report shall be prepared by the Programme Manager and shared with the Project Board and the National Project Managers and shared with the National Project Board. As minimum requirement, the Annual Review Report shall consist of the Atlas standard format for the Quarterly Progress Report (QPR) covering the whole year with updated information for each above element of the QPR as well as a summary of results achieved against predefined annual targets at the output level. Annual Project Review. Based on the above report, an annual project review shall be conducted during the fourth quarter of the year or soon after, to assess the performance of the project and appraise the Annual Work Plan (AWP) for the following year. In the last year, this review will be a final assessment. The national review is driven by the Project Board and may involve other stakeholders as required. It shall focus on the extent to which progress is being made towards outputs, and that these remain aligned to appropriate outcomes. The regional review is driven by the Project Board. The Programme and Project Boards will meet once every year to review progress against the previous year s Annual Work Programme through an Annual Project (or Programme) report, approve the Work Programme for the forthcoming year, and discuss any policy or overall issues requiring attention. Programme and Project Implementing Partners (Executing Agencies) will provide UNDP with certified periodic financial statements, and with an annual audit of the financial statements relating to the status of UNDP funds according to the established procedures set out in the Programming and Finance manuals. The Audit will be conducted by the legally recognized auditor of the Government, or by a commercial auditor engaged by the Government. 4. Periodic monitoring and reporting Periodic monitoring visits will be made by UNDP country office and EEG staff as appropriate or as required. Additional reports may be produced by the programme or projects, or as requested by the Programme or Project Board. 5. Independent evaluation An independent Final Evaluation will take place three months prior to the final meeting of the Programme Board. It will assess the progress made towards the achievement of outcomes as well as the effectiveness, efficiency and timeliness of project implementation and will present an assessment of lessons learned about project design, implementation and management. The final evaluation will also look at the overall impact of the programme and the likely sustainability of results. The Final Evaluation should also provide recommendations for follow-up activities. 6. Programme terminal report During the last three months of the programme the programme manager will prepare the Programme Terminal Report. This comprehensive report will summarize all activities, achievements and outputs of the Programme, lessons learnt, objectives met, or not achieved, structures and systems implemented, financial inputs and expenditures, etc. and will be the definitive statement of the Programmes activities during its lifetime. It will also lay out recommendations for any further steps that may need to be taken to ensure sustainability and replicability of the Programme s results. Page 32 of 47

33 X. LEGAL CONTEXT The project document shall be the instrument envisaged in the Supplemental Provisions to the Project Document, attached hereto. Agreements. Any additional agreements, such as cost sharing agreements, project cooperation agreements signed with NGOs 2 (where the NGO is designated as the executing entity ) should be attached. Special Clauses. In case of government cost-sharing through the project which is not within the CPAP, the following clauses should be included: 1. The schedule of payments and UNDP bank account details. 2. The value of the payment, if made in a currency other than United States dollars, shall be determined by applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect on the date of payment. Should there be a change in the United Nations operational rate of exchange prior to the full utilization by the UNDP of the payment, the value of the balance of funds still held at that time will be adjusted accordingly. If, in such a case, a loss in the value of the balance of funds is recorded, UNDP shall inform the Government with a view to determining whether any further financing could be provided by the Government. Should such further financing not be available, the assistance to be provided to the project may be reduced, suspended or terminated by UNDP. 3. The above schedule of payments takes into account the requirement that the payments shall be made in advance of the implementation of planned activities. It may be amended to be consistent with the progress of project delivery. 4. UNDP shall receive and administer the payment in accordance with the regulations, rules and directives of UNDP. 5. All financial accounts and statements shall be expressed in United States dollars. 6. If unforeseen increases in expenditures or commitments are expected or realized (whether owing to inflationary factors, fluctuation in exchange rates or unforeseen contingencies), UNDP shall submit to the government on a timely basis a supplementary estimate showing the further financing that will be necessary. The Government shall use its best endeavors to obtain the additional funds required. 7. If the payments referred above are not received in accordance with the payment schedule, or if the additional financing required in accordance with paragraph above is not forthcoming from the Government or other sources, the assistance to be provided to the project under this Agreement may be reduced, suspended or terminated by UNDP. 8. Any interest income attributable to the contribution shall be credited to UNDP Account and shall be utilized in accordance with established UNDP procedures. In accordance with the decisions and directives of UNDP's Executive Board: The contribution shall be charged: (a) [ %]cost recovery for the provision of general management support (GMS) by UNDP (b) headquarters and country offices Direct cost for implementation support services (ISS) provided by UNDP and/or an executing entity/implementing partner. 9. Ownership of equipment, supplies and other properties financed from the contribution shall vest in UNDP. Matters relating to the transfer of ownership by UNDP shall be determined in accordance with the relevant policies and procedures of UNDP. 10. The contribution shall be subject exclusively to the internal and external auditing procedures provided for in the financial regulations, rules and directives of UNDP. 2 For GEF projects, the agreement with any NGO pre-selected to be the main contractor should include the rationale for such an arrangement. Page 33 of 47

34 Annex 1: Relevant Ongoing Programmes and Projects Food Security Sudan Ethiopia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe Niger Eritrea Malawi Building Resilience in the Agriculture and Water Sectors to the Adverse Impacts of Climate Change (UNDP) Coping with Drought and Climate Change - Develop and Pilot a Range of Coping Mechanisms for Reducing the Vulnerability of Farmers and Pastoralists to Future Climate Shocks (UNDP) Building Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of the Agriculture Sector to Climate Change (UNDP) Adapting Livestock Management to Climate Change in the North Western Lowlands of Eritrea - Enhance Adaptive Capacity of Livestock Production Systems in the Kerkebet area (UNDP) Climate Adaptation for Rural Livelihoods and Agriculture (African Development Bank) Zambia Adaptation to the Effects of Drought and Climate Change in Agro-ecological Zone 1 and 2 (UNDP) Benin Integrated Adaptation Programme to Combat the Effects of Climate Change on Agricultural Production and Food Security in Benin (UNDP) Water Sudan Cape Verde Mauritania Health Kenya (and other non African countries) Building Resilience in the Agriculture and Water Sectors to the Adverse Impacts of Climate Change (UNDP) Building Resilience in the Agriculture and Water Sectors to the Adverse Impacts of Climate Change (UNDP) Reducing Vulnerability of Arid Oasian Zones to Climate Change and Variability through Improved Watershed Management (UNEP) Piloting Climate Change Adaptation to Protect Human Health (WHO,UNDP) Disaster Risk Management Global Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative (CADRI) Mozambique Southern and Eastern Africa Malawi, Lesotho, Burundi Ghana, Algeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Senegal DRC, Rwanda Mozambique Swaziland Madagascar Niger Integrating Adaptation to Climate Change within Disaster Risk Management Systems in the Búzi River Catchment Area and other regions of Southern Africa (GTZ) Workshops on Adaptation and National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) in Southern and Eastern Africa (UNEP) Enhancing National and Local Capacity in Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR)) Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in the Management of Urban Planning and Governance in Africa through the African Urban Risk Analysis Network (UNDP BCPR, IIED) Inter-agency Cooperation for Disaster Reduction in the Goma North Kive area DRC (UNDP BCPR) Strengthening Local Risk Management and Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDP BCPR) Strengthening National and Local Resilience to Disaster Risks in Swaziland (UNDP BCPR) Strengthening the Implementation of the National Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Strategy in Madagascar (UNDP BCPR) Recovery Support and Long-term Development to Deal with the Humanitarian Crisis in Niger (UNDP BCPR) Coastal Development Senegal, Gambia, West African Shorelines - Develop Effective Coping Mechanisms for Reducing Mauritania, Guinea- Impact of Climate Change Induced Coastal Erosion (UNDP) Page 34 of 47

35 Bissau, Cape Verde Guinea Financing Throughout Africa Throughout Africa Cross-cutting Niger, Morocco Kenya Morocco, Madagascar, South Africa, Ethiopia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, DRC, Nigeria, Senegal Mozambique, Rwanda, Kenya Nigeria, Ghana, Niger, Mali, Tunisia, Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, South Africa Senegal, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Uganda Cape Verde Tunisia Burkina Faso Burundi Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Cape Verde, Malawi Throughout Africa Throughout Africa Increased Resilience and Adaptation to Adverse Impacts of Climate Change in Guinea's Vulnerable Coastal Zones (UNDP) Financing Framework for Meeting MDG Targets and Supporting Public Finance Frameworks to Integrate Adaptation Costs (UNDP Poverty Group) Capacity Development Projects: Assessing and Developing Policy Options for Addressing Climate Change (UNDP) Community-based Adaptation: Enhance Resiliency of Communities and/or the Ecosystems to Climate Change Impacts (UNDP) Coping with Drought and Climate Change (Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid Lands (KACCAL)/WB) Climate Change Adaptation in Africa Research and Capacity Development Program (DFID/ The International Development Research Centre (IDRC)) Adaptation to Climate Change in Eastern and Southern Africa Capacity Development, Institutional Strengthening, Mainstreaming (UNEP/Norway) Advancing Capacity to Support Climate Change Adaptation Mainstreaming into Poverty Reduction Strategies (UNITAR/NGOs) Climate Change and Development Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Decision-making Mainstreaming Climate Change Risks into National Development Policies and UNDP Development Assistance Climate Protection Programme for Developing Countries Mainstreaming Climate into Development Activities (GTZ) Strengthening Adaptation Capacities and Reducing the Vulnerability to Climate Change (African Development Bank, UNDP) Enhancing Climate Risk Management and Adaptation (African Development Bank/UNDP) Climate Change and Development: Recognizing the Role of Forest and Water Resources in the Climate Change Adaptation (Government of Finland, IUCN) Poverty Environment Initiative (PEI) : mainstreaming poverty-environment linkages (UNDP,UNEP) Integrating climate change risks into national development processes (UNDP) Climate for Development in Africa Programme (UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)) Quantification of costs and benefits of adaptation (DFID) Page 35 of 47

36 Annex 2: UNDP Adaptation Approach Page 36 of 47