Mobility and Transport Mobility and Transport. Neuchâtel, 2013

Transcription

1 11 Mobility and Transport Mobility and Transport Pocket Statistics 213 Neuchâtel, 213

2 Mobility and Transport Pocket Statistics Parameters for transport Page 3 2 Funding for transport Page 5 3 Transport infrastructure Page 6 4 Transport enterprises Page 7 5 Means of transport Page 8 6 Use of means of transport Page 11 7 Passenger transport performance Page 14 8 Travel behaviour of the population Page 17 9 Goods transport performance Page 2 1 Accidents Page Energy consumption and effects on environment Page Costs Page 28 Glossary Page 3

3 1 Parameters for transport Passenger transport is growing faster than the population Permanent resident population 7.95 m End 211 Increase in the resident population 1% GDP (real) CHF 587 bn 211 Change in GDP (real) +21% Change in passenger transport prices +11% Change in goods transport prices +14% April 21 Oct. 212 The central transport parameters include demographic and economic development. At the end of 211, around 8 million people lived in Switzerland one tenth more than in 2. As a measure for economic performance, the gross domestic product (GDP) rose by 21% over the same period. National and international economic interdependence also increased. These factors led to an increase in the volume of transport. The amount of passenger traffic also depends on the distances between place of residence and place of work and the location of shops. In goods transport, the increasing division of labour and the concentration of production on fewer and fewer locations influence transport volumes. The price paid for the various transport modes also has a role. Socio-economic framework for transport Index 2=1 Resident population BIP (real) International economic interdependence of goods Passenger transport performance (pkm) Goods transport performance (tkm) rail, road Source: Federal Statistical Office 3

4 Price movements in passenger transport Index 2= Consumer price index (CPI) Public transport by road and rail Air transport Passenger cars, motorcycles, bicyles (purchase, upkeep) Fuel Source: Federal Statistical Office Price movements in goods transport Index April 21=1 14 Producer price index Goods transport total 13 Goods transport rail Goods transport road April 21 Oct. 21 April 22 Oct. 22 April 23 Oct. 23 April 24 Oct. 24 April 25 Oct. 25 April 26 Oct. 26 April 27 Oct. 27 April 28 Oct. 28 April 29 Oct. 29 April 21 Oct. 21 April 211 Oct. 211 April 212 Oct. 212 Source: Federal Statistical Office 4

5 2 Funding for transport Confederation pays just over half of subsidies Public expenditure on transport CHF 16.6 bn 21 Transport s share of total public expenditure 11% 21 Confederation s share of public expenditure on transport Road transport s share of public expenditure on transport 54% 21 5% 21 Public expenditure on transport in 21 CHF million 1 Total Total Road traffic Public transport/rail Communes Cantons Confederation Other expenses (water transport, air transport, transport planning, research and development): CHF 244 million Source: Federal Finance Administration Revenue from road transport in 21 15% 3% 3%1% 3% 22% 52% Petroleum tax revenue (incl. surcharge) Motor vehicle taxes and fees Distance-related heavy vehicle fee (LSVA) Customs revenue from motor vehicle imports Motorway toll sticker Fees (parking/bicycles) Revenue from VAT Total: 9823 million CHF Source: Federal Statistical Office 5

6 3 Transport infrastructure Transport infrastructure covers almost a third of settlement areas National highways 1,799 km 211 of which motorways 1,415 km 211 Cantonal roads 18,27 km 211 Communal roads 51,638 km 211 Length of railway network 5,124 km 21 Transport areas as a percentage of settlement and urban areas (Switzerland without Graubünden) 31% 24/9 Area occupied by transport infrastructure (without Graubünden 1 ) Structure: 24/9 2.1% 9.9% 7.2% 8.9% Total: ha (without Graubünden 1 ) Motorways areas Road areas Railway areas Airports and airfields Increase 1979/85 24/9 5% % 3% 2% 1% % Motorways areas 15. Road areas 2.9 Railway areas 1 In the survey period 1992/97, the traffic areas of Graubünden amounted to a total of 5298 ha (according to classification NOAS92) Airports and airfields Source: Federal Statistical Office Length of national highways In kilometres Source: Federal Roads Office Mixed traffic roads Two and three-lane highways Motorways (4 to 7-lane) 6

7 4 Transport enterprises 3% of all enterprises are active in the transport sector Enterprises in the transport sector 8, of which surface transport 6, Employees (full-time equivalents) in transport 139, of which surface transport 89, Percentage of enterprises in transport sector 2.6% 28 Percentage of employees in transport (full-time equivalents) 4.1% 28 The number of enterprises in Switzerland was roughly 322, in 28, about 3% of which were active in the transport sector. While the number of enterprises in land transport fell slightly between 21 and 28, the number of air and water transport enterprises grew as did that of other service providers in the transport sector. The total number of employees (full-time equivalent) rose by 8% between 21 and 28 to just over 139,. Transport enterprises and employees Number of enterprises Land transport and transport via pipelines Source: Federal Statistical Office Water transport Employees (full-time equivalents) Air transport Warehousing and provision of other services in transport sector 7

8 5 Means of transport Over half as many private cars as inhabitants Road motor vehicles 5.8 m 212 Change +71% Private cars 4.3 m 212 Goods vehicles.4 m 212 Motorcycles.7 m 212 Tractive railway vehicles 2, Aircraft registered in Switzerland 3, The pool of road motor vehicles has grown by just over two thirds since 198 to 5.8 million. Around three quarters of them are private cars. Statistically speaking, therefore, one person in two owns a car; whereby the vehicle density varies depending on the canton. Moreover, for some time a trend towards four-wheel drive vehicles and diesel-powered vehicles has been observed. There has been a particularly strong increase in motorcycles: their number has almost quintupled since 198. In 21, 69% of all households owned at least one bicycle. Pool of road motor vehicles Vehicles Mopeds Motorcycles Industrial vehicles Agricultural vehicles Goods vehicles Passenger vehicles Passenger cars Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Roads Office 8

9 Number of cars and bicyles per household 1% 8% No car/bicycle 1 car/bicycle 2 or more cars/bicycles 6% 4% 2% % Cars Bicycles Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Office for Spatial Development Level of motorisation 212 by canton SH BS TG JU BL AG ZH AR AI VD NE FR SO BE LU OW NW ZG UR SZ GL SG GR TI GE VS Passenger cars per 1 inhabitants < CH: 535 Source: Federal roads office, ThemaKart, Neuchâtel 213 9

10 Passenger cars by engine capacity and fuel 1% 8% Cubic capacity % 2% Proportion of diesel vehicles 22. 6% % % % 2% % 5% % up to 1399 cc from 2 to 2499 cc from 14 to 1799 cc 25 cc and over from 18 to 1999 cc Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Roads Office Lorries by payload 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % < 5 tonnes 5 < 1 tonnes 1 < 15 tonnes 15 < 2 tonnes 2 tonnes and over Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Roads Office 1

11 6 Use of means of transport Passenger transport by rail shows strongest increase Kilometre performance of private motor vehicle traffic 53,591 m veh.-km 211 Average occupancy of passenger cars 1.6 pers. 21 Kilometre performance of road transport of goods Domestic transport as a percentage of heavy road transport of goods Takeoffs and landings in scheduled and charter air traffic 6,63 m veh.-km % , Traffic jams on highways 19,921 hours 212 Mobility needs can be met in various ways. The choice of transport means and vehicle occupancy influences road and rail traffic and affects the impact on infrastructure and environment. In passenger transport, transport performance by rail has increased by 4% since 1995 and by road (private motor vehicles) by 25%. The kilometre performance of road transport as a whole also increased by 25% over the same period. In heavy goods transport, there was a shift towards semi-trailers. The development of air transport can be gauged more easily on the basis of takeoffs and landings in Swiss airports instead of covered distances. The reason for this is that scheduled and charter traffic originating and terminating in Switzerland largely involves routes over foreign territory. Movements at the three national airports (Zurich, Geneva and Basel-Mulhouse) more than doubled between 197 and 212. Kilometre performance Index 1995= Source: Federal Statistical Office Rail train-kilometres passenger trains Public road transport timetable kilometres Private road passenger transport vehicle-kilometres Bike vehicle-kilometres Air transport Scheduled and charter traffic movements Rail train-kilometres goods trains Road transport of goods vehicle-kilometres 11

12 Kilometre performance or transport performance? Kilometre performance is measured in vehicle-, train- or timetable-kilometres and is useful for gauging the impact on infrastructure and environment. This would hardly be possible with the transport performance indicator, measured in person- or tonne-kilometres, because a particular transport performance, depending on the occupancy and load, is achieved with a varying number of vehicles. Transport performance does, however, show the demand for mobility as well as the services actually provided by the transport system. Kilometre performace in road transport Million vehicle-kilometres resp. timetable kilometres Source: Federal Statistical Office Bikes Public road transport (tramways, trolley buses, buses) and private coaches Heavy goods vehicles Light goods vehicles Motorcycles (incl. mopeds) Passenger cars Occupancy of passenger cars in 21 (by trip purpose) Passengers by car Total Commuting to work Education/ training Shopping Travel on business, official travel Leisure Service and escort Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Office for Spatial Development 12

13 Takeoffs and landings in civil aviation (National and regional airports) Movements Scheduled flights Charter flights Other commercial flights Non-commercial flights Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Office of Civil Aviation Takeoffs and landings in civil aviation, 211 Basel-Mulhouse Bressaucourt Birrfeld Zürich St.Gallen- Altenrhein La Chaux-de-Fonds - Les Eplatures Grenchen Bern-Belp Lausanne- La Blécherette Ecuvillens Samedan Genève Sion Lugano- Agno Number of flight movements Type of movements Scheduled flights Charter flights Other commercial flights* Non-commercial flights *excluding commercial pleasure flights Sources: FSO; FOCA, ThemaKart, Neuchâtel

14 7 Passenger transport performance Three quarters of transport performance is covered by private motor vehicles Transport performance by rail and road (incl. non-motorised traffic) bn pkm 211 Change +19% Share of public transport 2% 211 Air passengers in scheduled and charter flights (local and transfer passengers) 44.4 m 212 The sum of all the distances covered on road and rail by residents and foreigners in Switzerland was 122 billion person-kilometres in 211 (including non-motorised traffic). This represents an increase of 19% compared to 2. 74% of transport performance in 211 was accounted for by private motorised transport, 2% by public transport and 6% by non-motorised transport (by foot and by bicycle). In 212, Swiss airports and regional airports registered a total of 44 million passengers in scheduled and charter flights (local and transfer passengers), 29% more than in 2. Passenger transport performance Million person-kilometres Non-motorised transport Public road transport Railways and cable railways Private motorised road transport Source: Federal Statistical Office 14

15 Transport performance by means of transport in Person-kilometres per year (millions) Private cars Public Motorcycles Bicycles Walking Railways Special road railways transport Public ships Source: Federal Statistical Office Air passengers scheduled and charter flights 5 Local and transfer passengers (millions) Scheduled flights Charter flights Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Office of Civil Aviation 15

16 Passenger traffic flows in 211 Passenger traffic flows in 211 Private motorised transport Private (cars) motorised transport (cars) Persons per year Persons per year (in millions) (in millions) <1 <1 <5 <5 < 1 < 1 < 2 < 2 < 3 < Public transport by rail and road Public transport by rail and road Persons per year Persons per year (in millions) (in millions) <1 <1 <5 <5 < 1 < 1 < 2 < 2 < 3 < Sources: FSO GEOSTAT; ARE INFOPLAN; DETEC traffic modeling (ARE) Sources: FSO GEOSTAT; ARE INFOPLAN; DETEC traffic modeling (ARE) 16 ; ARE 213 ; ARE 213

17 8 Travel behaviour of the population Half the distance around the world is covered per person every year Average daily distance per person (in CH) 36.7 km 21 Change +5% 2 21 Share of motorised private transport 66% 21 Share of leisure traffic 4% 21 Average daily travel time (including waiting and transfer times) 91.7 min. 21 Annual mobility per person (in CH and abroad) 2,5 km 21 On average, each Swiss resident covered a daily distance of just under 37 km within Switzerland in 21, 5% more than in 2. The daily distances (66% in 21) are largely covered by private motorised transport. Leisure activities account for the main trip purpose with 4% of distances, followed by commutes to work with 24%. In a comparison of population groups, men, young people aged between 18 and 24 and residents of rural communities cover the longest daily distances. Typically, one and a half hours every day are spent on travel. On average, Swiss residents undertake 2.4 trips with overnight stays per person per year. After Switzerland, the most popular destinations are the neighbouring countries Germany, Italy and France. The total distance covered by a person resident in Switzerland during trips within Switzerland and abroad in 21 added up to around 2,5 km on average. This is equivalent to half the distance around the world. Average daily distance by means of transport Kilometres per person in CH Other transport means Public transport Motorised private transport - Non-motorised transport (Total 31.3) (Total 35.) (Total 35.2) (Total 36.7) Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Office for Spatial Development 17

18 Average daily distance by means of transport in 21 5% 6% 24% 5% Commuting to work (8.9 km) Education/training (2. km) Shopping (4.7 km) Travel on business/official travel (2.5 km) Leisure (14.7 km) Service and escort (1.8 km) Others (2.1 km) 4% 13% 7% Total (Daily distance per capita in CH): 36.7 km Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Office for Spatial Development Average daily distance by trip purpose in 21 Kilometres per person in CH Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Office for Spatial Development 18 Total Men Women 6 17 years years years years years 8 and more years Inhab. of agglomeration core communes and isolated cities Inhabitants of other agglomeration communes Inhabitants of rural communes

19 Commuters according to starting and end point of their commute to work, in % 14% Urban area Urban area Urban area Rural area Rural area same urban area another urban area rural area urban area rural area 5% 55% 14% 1 The percentages were calculated based on a sample in which persons with missing commute data were not considered. Source: Federal Statistical Office Journeys with overnight stays according to destination in journeys per person 15% 34% 9% 43% 1% 23% 9% 26% 2% 6% 5% Lake Geneva region Espace Mittelland Northwestern Switzerland Zurich Eastern Switzerland Central Switzerland Ticino Switzerland Neighbouring countries Rest of Europe Destinations outside Europe Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Office for Spatial Development 19

20 9 Goods transport performance The share of goods transport by rail has considerably decreased since 198 Goods transport performance 27.7 bn t-km 211 Change +9% Rail transport share 37% 211 Transalpine trips by heavy goods vehicles (through Switzerland) 1.21 m 212 Change +287% Rail share of goods transport in trans alpine goods transport (through Switzerland) 63% 212 In 211, the goods transport performance amounted to around 27.7 billion tonnekilometres. The highest previously recorded value was 28.2 billion tonne-kilometres in 28. Up to 211, goods transport did not completely manage to recover from the decrease following the financial and economic crisis. If the entire period from 198 to 211 is considered, transport performance increased by 9%. The rail share of goods transport fell from 53% to 37%. The number of transalpine trips through Switzerland by heavy goods vehicles increased fivefold between the opening of the Gotthard tunnel in 1981 and the year 2. Since 21, the values have decreased slightly. In 212, a total of 37.5 million net tonnes of goods were transported by road and rail over Swiss alpine passes; 63% by rail. Its share in transalpine transport has decreased since 1981 but is still considerably greater than in Austria and France. Goods transport performance Million tonne-kilometres Road Rail Source: Federal Statistical Office 2

21 Domestic and international transport performance by road and rail in 211 Million tonne-kilometres Transit Export Import Domestic transport Road 1 Rail 2 1 Heavy goods vehicles only 2 Including the proper weight of good vehicles (incl. trailers) containers and swap bodies in mulitmodal transport Source: Federal Statistical Office Domestic and international transport performance by road Heavy goods vehicles Index 1993= Transit Export Import Domestic transport Total Source: Federal Statistical Office 21

22 Transport performance by road by vehicle type Heavy goods vehicles million tonne-kilometres Heavy semi-trailers and articulated lorries foreign vehicles Lorries foreign vehicles Heavy semi-trailers and articulated lorries domestic vehicles Lorries domestic vehicles Source: Federal Statistical Office Transalpine goods transport by road (number of trips by heavy goods vehicles in Switzerland) 1 vehicles Domestic vehicles Foreign vehicles Sources: Federal Office of Transport, Federal Roads Office 22

23 Transalpine goods traffic volumes (Mt. Cenis/Fréjus-Brenner alpine arc) 5 45 Million tonnes France 5 45 Switzerland 5 45 Austria Rail Road Source: Federal Office of Transport Railway share of transalpine goods traffic (Mt. Cenis/Fréjus-Brenner alpine arc, % basis: transported tonnage) 1% 9% 8% Switzerland Austria France 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Source: Federal Office of Transport 23

24 Goods traffic flows in 211 Goods traffic flows in 211 Road Road Tonnes per year Tonnes per year (in millions) (in millions) <1 <1 < 2.5 < 2.5 <5 <5 < 7.5 < < < Rail Rail Tonnes per year Tonnes per year (in millions) (in millions) <1 <1 < 2.5 < 2.5 <5 <5 < 7.5 < < < Sources: FSO GEOSTAT; ARE INFOPLAN; DETEC traffic modeling (ARE) Sources: FSO GEOSTAT; ARE INFOPLAN; DETEC traffic modeling (ARE) 24 ; ARE 213 ; ARE 213

25 1 Accidents 8% decrease in the number of people killed on the road since 197 Road traffic Persons killed Persons seriously injured 4, Persons slightly injured 18, Rail traffic: Persons killed (excluding suicides) Air traffic: Persons killed in Switzerland people in total were killed on Swiss roads in 212 8% less than in 197. This downward trend is due to technical, legal and educational reasons. However, the coach accident in Sierre (VS) on 13 March 212 led to an increase in the number of road deaths compared to the previous year. Since 197, the percentage of persons seriously injured in road traffic has fallen almost as much as that of people killed. Slight injuries in road traffic showed a different trend: Their number has also fallen since 23, but had been rising for a long time before that year. Accidents with killed and injured occur much more rarely in other transport modes. In the case of railways, they mainly involve persons trespassing on railway property. Victims of road accidents Index 197= Killed Seriously injured Slightly injured Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Roads Office 25

26 11 Energy consumption and effects on environment Transport consumes more energy than the household Transport s share of energy consumption (final consumption) 36% 211 Transport s share of CO 2 emissions 38% 211 Growth rate of transport s CO 2 emissions 12% The benefit of mobility (Chapters 7 to 9) comes at the cost of undesirable effects. Apart from accidents, these also include the use of scarce energy resources as well as noise, air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Transport accounts for 36% of domestic energy sales. It is therefore the largest energy consumer group, ahead of the households and industry. As 96% of transport energy requirements are covered by petroleum products, its share of total petroleum consumption is as high as 65%. A large proportion of air pollution and the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) comes from the road and air transport. Road transport is also the main source of nitrogen oxide (NO X ), a precursor substance of low-level ozone and a contributory cause of acid rain. Road transport also releases large amounts of health-damaging particulate matter (PM1, see info box on the right). Thanks to technological advances such as diesel-particulate filters and catalytic converters, air pollutant emissions caused by transport have been markedly reduced in recent years. However, the limit values set for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and fine particulate matter are in some cases still being greatly exceeded. Energy consumption from transport Final consumption in TJ, without gas and other energies Source: Swiss Federal Office of Energy % 1% 22% 42% 33% Total: TJ Petrol Diesel Kerosene Electricity (rail and public road transport) Gas and other energies

27 CO 2 emissions from transport In millions of tonnes of CO Transport (not incl. internat. air transport) International air transport Source: Federal Office for the Environment 211 (not incl. internat. air transport) Private cars Delivery vans Lorries/ buses Motorcycles 1.5% Petrol tourism Rail.2% Shipping.7% National air traffic.8% Pipelines.3% 14% 5% 9% 68% Total: 16.1 m tonnes PM1 exhaust emissions from motorised road transport Tonnes Coaches Scheduled bus services Heavy commercial vehicles Delivery vans/light commercial vehicles Private cars Source: Federal Office for the Environment Fine particulate matter (PM1) Fine particulate matter (PM1) refers to particulates with a diameter of less than one 1th of a millimetre. These can penetrate deep into the lungs and lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The carcinogenic components of emission from diesel engines are particularly harmful. 27

28 12 Costs The costs of road transport are about six times that of rail transport Passenger transport Costs of private road transport CHF 51.3 bn 25 Costs of public passenger transport CHF 9 bn 25 Goods transport Costs of goods transport by road CHF 16.3 bn 25 Costs of goods transport by rail CHF 2 bn 25 The economic costs of road and rail transport, that is the actual sums paid by causers, the state or third parties, as well as the non-monetary costs such as damage to the environment and noise, totalled CHF 82 billion in 25. In comparison, the GDP then stood at CHF 479 billion. Thus, the costs of mobility exceeded those of, for example, health care or the public education system. Road transport accounted for about six times more than rail transport of the total mobility costs of CHF 82 billion. Over a tenth of the total costs were external costs that were borne by people other than the causers (see info box on the right). 9% of these costs were caused by road transport. Economic costs of traffic in CHF billion 51.3 Environment Safety Infrastructure Transport means Private passenger transport 2.9 Public passenger transport Source: Federal Statistical Office Goods transport 6.5 Passenger transport Road Rail Goods transport 1 Rail: not including 2.4 billion CHF 1 ancillary businesses and 1 inter-company invoicing 28

29 External costs of transport People choose their mode of transport on the basis of the cost they have to bear themselves (fuel, maintenance and depreciation of their own vehicles, the price of tickets and season tickets, payments to transport companies). However, the so-called external costs, which are borne by third parties (often the community as a whole), are not taken into account. These include in particular the consequential costs in the form of damage to the environment and health, as well as damage to buildings and loss in value. In passenger transport, travelling with one s own car causes many more external costs than travelling by public transport. The same applies to goods transport by road compared with rail. Most transport in Switzerland is by road. The result is transport structures which impose great burdens on the community and do not achieve an economic optimum. External costs of transport in 29 CHF million Road Rail 1 Goods transport Passenger transport 1 Passenger transport including third parties Source: Federal Office for Spatial Development Road 8459 CHF milion 9% 11% 14% 4% 23% 25% 15% Rail 494 CHF milion 5% 24% 17% 2% 4% 1% 29% Accidents Noise Health Buildings Climate Other environmental areas Nature and landscape 29

30 GLOSSARY Daily distance Average distance travelled per person per day in Switzerland. External costs Costs which are not borne by the causer but by other users or by the general public (inter alia: part of the costs of accidents, noise, airpollution etc.). Goods transport performance Variable to describe performance in goods transport, which takes account both of weight of goods and the distance they are transported. The transport distance is expressed in tonne-kilometres, a tonne-kilometre referring to the transport of one tonne over one kilometre. International economic interdependence Average value of imports and exports of goods and/or services as a percentage of GDP. Kilometre performance Distance covered by vehicles within a specific period of time. Kilometre performance is specified in vehicle kilometres (veh.-km), train or timetable kilometres. Local passengers An airport s local passengers start or end their flight at the relevant airport. Means of transport group Inclusion of different means of transport in the categories of public, private and nonmotorised traffic. Modal split Distribution of transport service among various transport modes (e.g. road, rail). Non-motorised traffic On foot, bicycle. Person-kilometres Unit used to measure the transport performance where one passenger-kilometre is a kilometre travelled by one person. Tonnne-kilometres, tkm Unit used to measure the transport performance which refers to the transport of one tonne over one kilometre. This is calculated including the weight of the packaging directly surrounding the goods. Unless otherwise specified, the weight of the vehicle and transport containers is not considered. Transport mode Infrastructure or the mediums by which means of transport move (road, rail, water, air). Transport modes are also used to group the means of transport. Transport performance Total distance covered by persons in one year, measured in kilometres per person. Transfer passengers An airport s transfer passengers are in transit and continue their journey with another flight. These passengers are counted twice, once on arrival and again on departure. 3

31 Websites Transport statistics (summaries) Transport policy (summaries) Roads Public transport Aviation Finances Accidents Energy Environment Imprint Publisher: Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Neuchâtel Information: Telephone: Order number: Published in German, French, Italian and English As a PDF on the Internet Telephone: Fax: Editing and production: Cover graphics: order@bfs.admin.ch Katharina Schnorr, Ferenc Biedermann, FSO FSO; Concept: Netthoevel & Gaberthüel, Biel; Photograph: Robert Kneschke Fotolia.com

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