The government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-

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1 Class Notes to be written in Geography Notebook Map Works must be submitted in Geography Notebook Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy Types of Roads-Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways - 6 lanes The government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata- Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are part of this project. The major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India. These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). Types of Roads- National Highways 1.The NHs link extreme parts of the country and provide connectivity between different States of India. 2, They have been planned to meet the requirements of fast movement of traffic in the country. 3. A number of NHs run in North-South (Srinagar to Kanyakumari)and East-West (Silcher to Porbander) directions. 4.They connect most of the important towns and cities of the country. 5.The NHs are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). NH 1 N H 2 N H 7 Learn Map Question where to where State Highways: Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories. District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad. Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classifiedunder this category. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan MantriGrameen Sadak Yojana. Under this scheme special provisions are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season motorable road (pucca road).

2 Border Roads: Border Roads Organisation constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. BRO was established in For the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and north eastern border areas. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain And have helped in the economic development of these areas. Advantages of Roadways when compared to Railways Road transport is more useful than railways on account of its following merits: a. Construction and maintenance cost of roads is much lower than that of railways. b. Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. They can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and can traverse mountainous regions such as the Himalayas. They can reach remote villages and hilly regions where railway tracks cannot be constructed. c. Roads provided door to door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower. d. Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport, for example, they provide a link between railway stations, airports and ports. They link the villages, towns and cities to the railway stations. They provide linkage between ports and markets and trading centres Why is road transport more useful than other means of transport? Give four reasons. Roadways are the most important means of transportation in India. India has one of the largest networks of roadways in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million km at present. Road transport has preceded railways and still have an edge over it in view of the ease with which it can be built and maintained. Other means of transport like pipelines have limited application and waterways are localized in rivers and water bodies while airways are costly and out of reach of common people. Service upto Door step roads Mountainous steep areas - roads RAILWAYS The railways are more than 164 years old in India. First railway started in The total length of railways is about km. India has the second largest network in Asia and sixth largest railway network after USA, Russia, Canada, Germany and China The Indian Railways carry lakh passengers and 4000 lakh tones of goods a year. Three Gauges of the Railways: Gauge means width of rail line Broad gauge (1.675m), Meter gauge (1.000m) and Narrow gauge (0.762 m and m)

3 Unigauge System of Railways: (uniform width of rail line that is having all broad gauge lines) has larger capacity, higher speed, cheaper transportation and reduction in trans-shipment. At present, 70.72% of rail routes are broad gauge, 23.92% meter gauge and 5.36% narrow gauge. Improvement in Railways Meter gauge lines are being converted to broad gauge. Steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electric engines. Other improvements are being made in the areas of track replacement, introduction of fast-moving trains and providing public amenities at the railway stations. Northern Plains : Obstacles for Railway growth Large Number of Rivers in the plains So, construction of bridges required. Himalayan Region: Obstacles for Railway growth High Relief Sparse Population Lack of Economic Opportunities India has 12 major sea ports and 187 medium and minor seaports. SEAPORTS Major Ports on the West Coast Kandla, Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru (Nhava Sheva), Marmagao, New Mangalore, Cochin. Major Ports on the East Coast Kolkata, Haldia, Paradip, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin. Biggest Port: Mumbai Deepest and Landlocked sea port: Visakhapatnam Seaports and Foreign Trade India s 95% of foreign trade volume is handled by major sea ports. Mumbai port is the biggest sea port. Ranks first in handling large volume of trade goods. Kandla port is established to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port. Handles exports and imports of granary and industrial products from J & K, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Marmagoa premier iron ore exporting port and accounts for 50% India s iron ore export. New Mangalore Iron ore from Kudremukh is exported through this sea port. Kochchi trading goods via this port Tuticorin- it has rich hinterland and flourishing trade handling a large variety of cargoes to India s neighboring countries. Chennai oldest port. Second highest in terms of the volume of trade and cargo. Vishakhapatnam sea port for exporting iron ores Paradwip specialized in the exports of iron ore. Kolkata serves a very large and rich hinterland of Ganga and Brahmaputra basin. Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.

4 INLAND WATERWAYS Waterways are a fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transportation. The boats and steamers, even if mechanized, consume much lesser fuel and do not pollute the surrounding. The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the Government: i. National Waterway No.1.- The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km) ii. National Waterway No.2. - The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) National Waterway No.3 - The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapuram-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara Canals 205 Km) PIPE LINES (NEW ARRIVAL OF TRANSPORT) to transport petroleum and natural gas 3 Major Pipeline Networks in India: a) From oil fields in Upper Assam to Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri. b) From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandar in Punjab via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali in Gujarat, Chakshu and other places. c) Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Bijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh. ROLE OF PIPE LINES IN INDIA The pipelines have played a significant role in the development of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat at far inland locations, away from producing areas to cater to the demand of the inland markets. The development of gas-based fertiliser plants in agricultural regions away from petroleum-producing areas has also been possible due to pipeline transport. AIRWAYS The air transport in India was nationalised in Indian Airlines and Air India Private airlines also operate in India Air travel is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. It can cover very difficult terrains like High mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and long oceanic stretches with great ease. Disadvantage: Poor people cannot afford to travel. It is costly. HELICOPTER SERVICE Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. Provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off- shore operations, To inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand Explain why is air transport preferred in North-Eastern States of India? Difficulties in North Eastern Region: Frequent floods in NE International boundaries Dense forest

5 Dissected relief Big rivers So, Air Transport is preferred. Roads and Railways cannot be laid in NE Region so easily. COMMUNICATION The means of communication are divided into two categories: Personal and Mass Communication. Personal communication includes postcards, letters, telegrams, telephones and internet. Mass communication includes handbooks, journals, magazines, newspapers, radio, television and films. They are of two types: i. Print Media ii. Electronic Media. Personal Written Communication Indian Postal Network: 1.5 lakh post offices in India. First-Class Mail Mail that is airlifted between stations. Second-Class Mail Mail that is carried by surface covering land and water transport. 6 channels by Indian Post Service for delivery of letters and parcels: 1. Green Channel 2. Metro Channel 3. Periodical Channel 4. Bulk Mail Channel 5. Rajdhani channel 6. Businees Channel INTERNATIONAL TRADE Trade between two countries is called the international trade. Whereas Trade is: Exchange of goods between two parties such as people, and states International Trade is an Economic Barometer of a country. Balance of Trade: The difference between imports and exports of a country. Favourable Balance of Trade: If the value of exports is more than the value of imports. Unfavourable Balance of Trade: If the value of imports is more than the value of exports International Trade has undergone a change in the last fifteen years: Change From selling of goods and commodities to selling of softwares, information. Thus, now India earns foreign exchange by selling IT softwares and information in international trade. TOURISM Tourism is a Trade. Tourism promotes national integration and develops an international understanding. It supports local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in Tourism in India. Foreign tourists arrivals in the country witnessed an increase of 11.8% during the year 2010 as against the year 2009, thus contributing Rs crore of foreign exchange Foreigners visit India for: Heritage Tourism Eco-tourism Adventure Tourism Cultural Tourism Medical Tourism Business Tourism