BALTIC BULK YEARBOOK 2013/14 steadily bulking up. PREVIEW To read the full publication, subscribe to printed BTJ

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1 BALTIC BULK YEARBOOK 2013/14 steadily bulking up

2 Dear Readers, During the Baltic dry bulk volumes remained fairly stable at a level of approx mln tn; last year, however, handlings of this cargo group increased clearly for the first time (+1.2% year-on-year). The Top 20 Baltic dry bulk harbours noted an even higher growth of 4.3% (155.3 mln tn handled). Although dry bulk uses clear-cut tools in the transport & logistics chain, namely a belt conveyor, a rail car without a top, open-air storage, a bulk carrier, as well as simply gravity, the vast diversity of the group, leading among others to terminal and equipment specialization, makes detailed research on this sector a complicated task. Regarding oil, the case is much simpler. We included in our research those harbours which handle crude oil and/or oil products. Ports were divided according to their annual volumes in international & domestic traffic. Our statistics show the growing role of Russian ports in the Baltic Sea s total oil handlings, including the Port of Ust-Luga rising to 2 nd place in this cargo category, in addition to its dry bulk rankings. Last year, Baltic Sea region ports handled mln tn of crude oil and oil products (-1.6%) and here the Top 20, with their mln tn handled, were also on the rise (+2.5%). You will find more enlisted on the pages of this publication, including information on Baltic trade dynamics, port handlings statistics, terminals specifications and maps, among others. We hope the Baltic Bulk Yearbook will be a helpful tool in improving your daily operations as well as performing a further examination of bulk market developments within the BSR countries. Big thanks to all of you who helped us during the works on our study. Please feel free to contact us with suggestions or ideas on how we can fully exploit the potential of our publications in the future. We wish an enjoyable reading to you all, Lena Lorenc, Editor-in-chief 2013/14 Baltic Bulk Yearbook 3

3 Baltic bulk market Baltic bulk market Photo: Port of Kokkola 2013/14 Baltic Bulk Yearbook 9

4 Baltic bulk market DRY BULK Structure of the dry bulk sector 10 Baltic Bulk Yearbook 2013/14 Dry bulk seems to be the simplest of the freight segments, primarily involving basic tools in the transport/logistics chain a bulk vessel, a belt conveyor, an open rail car and some open storage space. Here, the carriers are not only means of transport but packages at the same time, with cargo actually being unitised in ships holds and load-carrying bodies for carriage and further de-unitised for transhipment, storage and consumption. But in reality the sector consists of an almost endless list of products having little or nothing in common with each other. We have raw materials taken directly from mines on one side and final products for the agricultural or chemical industries on the other. These usually need packaging in closed vehicles and closed storage, afterwards they are handled in a much more similar manner to liquids than traditional dry bulk. This of course results in a specialization of port terminals and their equipment, as handling of coal, cement, grain and sugar differs in almost every technical and organizational aspect. Additionally, dry bulk causes numerous difficulties for everybody working in a port, terminal or in a statistical office who wants to count it precisely, particularly if dry bulk freight can be temptingly transformed to break-bulk by using bands, pallets, small or big bags as countable (cargo) units. Similar problems arise if one class of product occurs in many forms. For instance wood is carried as logs, chips, sawn timber, pellets or can fall under the biomass category, whereas metals come as pig iron, coils, rolled steel and packets of cut tin, etc. Furthermore, in many statistics dry bulk and break-bulk are not separated which diminishes results in both categories. The Swedish state statistics are a good example here. According to Trafikanalys, in 2013 in Swedish ports dry bulk cargo amounted to 26.5 mln tn, but the so-called other cargo group to 20.7 mln tn. This means that for dry bulk the margin of error is approx. 30%, the highest among the four categories listed by Trafikanalys (liquid bulk, dry bulk, containers and ro-ro). Wood distorts the actual dry bulk turnover even in ports covered by detailed national statistics like in Denmark or Finland. The Finnish Transport Agency does at least keep sawn wood separate, nonetheless, its statistics combine timber together with wood chips (in our opinion round timber definitely needs stowage, so it should generally be classed as break-bulk).

5 Baltic bulk market Most of the dry bulk in the region is handled in universal ports serving hinterlands with a rich spectrum of industries, even if this hinterland is a relatively small area. Actually, even small ports manage different kinds of goods. Of course, large ports feature a much wider list of commodities. Among its total 21.3 mln tn in 2013, the region s dry bulk leader Riga (see Tab. 3) reported not only coal, ores, and grains, but also chemicals (incl. fertilisers), wood chips, ferroalloys, peat, construction materials, metals and scrap. Although such classes as chemicals and construction materials feature a wide spectrum of products themselves, an additional 2.8 mln tn of Riga s dry bulk turnover (13.3%) was mentioned as other bulk. This reveals a significant lack of precise and unified classification/nomenclature. Tab. 1. Baltic ports dry bulk turnover in by countries 1 [thou. tn] Country Total cargo 2013 Total cargo 2012 Yoy Total dry bulk Total dry bulk Yoy Coal (incl. Coke) 2013 Coal (incl. Coke) 2012 Yoy Ores (incl. Concentrates) 2013 Ores (incl. Concentrates) 2012 Yoy Agrobulk (Grains + feedstuff) 2013 Agrobulk (Grains + feedstuff) 2012 Yoy Country Denmark 88,048 87, % 31,217 30, % 10,200 9, % % 5,254 5, % DK Estonia 42,908 43, % 6,482 7, % % % EE Finland 105, , % 33,970 34, % 5,359 4, % 10,016 10, % % FI Germany 51, , % 13,230 12, % 900 1, % n/a 5,500 3, % DE Latvia 70,480 75, % 34,600 37, % 21,412 23, % 1, % 2,657 4, % LV Lithuania 42,385 43, % 14,034 14, % 0 1, % 3,157 2, % LT Poland 64,104 58, % 28,432 25, % 11,814 8, % 2, % 5,352 4, % PL Russia 215, , % 37,736 32, % 23,078 19, % % 1,300 1, % RU Sweden 161, , % 26,510 29, % 1,649 3, % 8,271 7, % 1,868 2, % SE Total 842, , % 226, , % 74,532 69, % 23,861 21, % 26,256 25, % Total 1 Feat. both international and domestic traffic 2 Due to many inaccuracies in national statistics and port statistics (mostly due to different classification and measuring methods); the volumes in the presented freight categories do not necessarily equal a country s total output 3 Incl thou. tn in the ports of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and 25.9 thou. tn on the Baltic coast of Schleswig- Holstein (excl. the Port of Rendsburg) Baltic at a glance 12 Baltic Bulk Yearbook 2013/14 Photo: T. Urbaniak/Port of Gdynia Baltic dry bulk volumes remained fairly stable at a level of approx mln tn from 2009 till In 2013, dry bulk handlings increased clearly for the first time by 1.2% year-on-year. This has in turn reversed the (slow going) downward trend of dry bulk losing its share in the Baltic ports total turnover, returning to 26.9%, noted back in It is now close to the share of the three main dry bulk commodities in global maritime trade, where coal, iron ore and grain together constitute a constant 27% of the whole international exchange. However, the Baltic Sea region comes with its own peculiarities, as here the sum of the abovementioned Big Trio equals 14% of the total ports turnover, and this would not even be achieved if it weren t for the help of other metals and bulk fodders. Furthermore, the world s leader (iron ore) with a global share of 12% has not only been overtaken by coal (2 nd in the world with an 11% share) but also crude minerals (incl. construction materials) and dry chemicals. Coal leads the Baltic chart with a share of 8.5%, whereas all ores made 2.8%, i.e. four times less than the world s result for iron ores only. So, the Baltic s Big Trio is then coal (over 71 mln), crude minerals (approx. 50 mln tn) and chemicals (approx. 40 mln, incl. fertilisers). This difference has its rationale, but generally we can pinpoint two main causes standing behind the whole mystery. The Baltic ports are not the only gateways serving the region s countries. In Germany, for instance, about 72% of bulk cargo volumes pass via North Sea ports, while in Russia the share of other seas surrounding the country is even higher 76% (excluding transit). A similar case is found in Sweden thanks to iron ore exports going through Norway s port in Narvik; here the volume is over three times higher than the one sent via national ore terminals. Another factor diminishing all dry bulk coefficients is the intra-baltic and intra-eu exchange which includes more manufactured goods carried between ports than the world average.

6 Baltic bulk market OIL Crude oil reserves and production As the majority of Baltic countries have meagre crude oil reserves, they have very little or no domestic crude oil production, except for Denmark. Russia is of course a separate case holding the world s eighth-largest crude oil resources being at the same time the second-largest manufacturer in the world. According to the latest BP Statistical Review of World Energy at the end of 2013, the country's proved assets totalled 12.7 thou. mln tn, accounting for 5.5% of the world s total volumes. Tab. 1. Total crude oil production in the BSR 1 [thou. tn] Country Change 2013/12 Denmark 12,903 12,157 10,941 10,304 8, % Estonia % Germany 2,768 2,486 2,627 2,601 2, % Lithuania % Poland % Russia 500, , , , , % Total excl. Russia 16,902 15,897 14,860 14,289 12, % Total with Russia 517, , , , , % 1 Includes crude oil and shale oil 2 Finland, Latvia and Sweden no production 3 Only shale oil Sources: Eurostat (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden), Statistical Office of Estonia (Estonia), and BP (Russia) 24 Baltic Bulk Yearbook 2013/14 Crude oil reserves in other Baltic countries were estimated at around 165 mln tn at the end of 2013 (1.3% of all Russian resources). Of that amount about 110 mln tn belong to Denmark, 30 mln tn to Germany and 20 mln tn to Poland. In 2013, crude oil production in these countries decreased by 9.6% and totalled 12.4 mln tn (excl. shale oil); however, Germany and Poland both marked increases (nevertheless, in Germany the 2013 s 2.6 mln tn result of crude oil extraction was still a far cry from the 8 mln tn reached annually in the early 1970s). The production in Denmark, exclusively coming from offshore installations in the North Sea, has been noting continuous declines since 2004 and in 2013 the country s production fell down below 10 mln tn for the first time. Denmark is drying up, to put it vividly, as the majority of its fields have already produced the bulk of their anticipated recoverable oil. Poland has onshore fields as well as one offshore field in the Baltic Sea. Start-up of the new oil and gas facility in Lubiatów (the LMG project) has increased inland extraction up to 840 thou. tn (+75%) and raised its share in the country s overall production to 87% (in 2012 onshore fields gave 70%).

7 Ports & terminals Terminal Port of Grenaa Coal Ore Grain Other Grenaa Havn X X 11 No. of quays (berths) Quay: length [L], draft [D]; Ship: length [Lmax], draft [Dmax], beam [Bmax] and dwt L: 1486 m, D: 11 m, Lmax: 230 m, Dmax: 10.7 m Efficiency/equipment Grab size up to 24 m 3 4 high efficiency bulk cranes Storage capacity Silo capacity No limit 37,000 12,800 m 2 Warehouse capacity Copenhagen Merchants X X n/a L: 500 m, D: 11 m 500 tn load-/unloading per h 35,000 tn n/a 10,000 m 2 Horsens Havn X X X n/a D: 6.9 m n/a n/a n/a n/a Port of Kalundborg Copenhagen Merchants (Kalundborg Bulk Terminal) Port of Køge X X Quay No. 12 Quay No. 13 Køge Havn X X X 10 quays Port of Korsør Korsør Havn Port of Næstved X Quay No. 2 (America Quay) Quay No. 3 (Inner Harbour North) Næstved Havn X Mellemkaj Port of Nakskov Nakskov Havn X X X 7 berths Port of Nyborg Thomas Wang X 2 Quay No. 12 L: 220 m, D: 9.6 m Quay No. 13 L: 230 m, D: 11.6 m Lmax: 235 m, Bmax: 32 m D: 7 m Lmax: 140 m, Bmax: 26 m, Dmax: 6.7 m Quay No. 2 L: 460 m, D: 8 m Quay No. 3 L: 220 m, D: 7 m L: 180 m, D: 6 m Lmax: 119 m, Dmax: 5.6 m, Bmax: 12.2 m Berth 3 L: 150 m, D: 6.3 m Berth 4 (scrap) L: 100 m, D: 6.3 m Berth 5 L: 150 m, D: 8.5 m Berth 8 (bulk & molasses) L: 230 m, D: 6.3 m Berth 9 (stone & gravel) L: 70 m, D: 5.5 m Berth 12 L: 120 m, D: 7.5 m Berth 13 L: 200 m, D: 7.5 m Max 10,000 dwt Berth no L: 260 m, D: 11.0 m, Lmax: 200 m, Dmax: m, Bmax: 35 m Berth no 21 L: 240 m, D: 8,0 m, Lmax: 200 m, Dmax: 7,75 m tn/h (depending on commodity) 8-10,000 tn/day (grain) 110,000 tn 19,000 m 2 n/a n/a n/a DLG Silo 5,900 m 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 9,700 m 2 Mobile shore crane max lifting cap 45 mts grab 12 cbm handling bulk commodities abt 500 mts/hr 150 m transportable conveyors; max cap 500 mts/hr 12,000 m 2 3,000 m 2 Port of Odense Blue Water Shipping X X X X n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 4,000 m 2 Port of Randers Randers Stevedore X X X n/a Lmax: 145 m, Bmax: 19 m, Dmax: 7 m n/a n/a n/a n/a Port of Rønne Rønne Havn X X 4 quays Quay 13 (coal) L: 200 m, D: 7 m Quay 15 (broken stone) L: 150 m, D: 7 m Quays 28 and 29 (sand, cement, grain, n/a n/a n/a n/a foodstuff, fertilizers, agricultural lime) L: 265 m, D: 7 m Port of Skagen Skagen Havn X X n/a Lmax: 150 m, Bmax: 25 m, Dmax: 9 m n/a n/a n/a n/a Port of Studstrupværket Studstrupværket (DONG Energy) X X n/a n/a n/a 800,000 tn n/a 90,000 m 2 Port of Thyborøn Thyborøn Havn X X 6 berths 1 L: 200 m, D: 9 m; 2 L: 180 m, D: 9 m 3 L: 150 m, D: 6.0 m 4 L: 120 m, D: 6.0 m 5 L: 50 m, D: 8.0 m 7 L: 160 m, D: 4.5 m Lmax: 180 m n/a 300,000 m 2 n/a ESTONIA Port of Roomassaare Roomassaare Sadam X n/a Lmax: 120 m, Dmax: 4.7 m n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,500 m 2 (7,500 m 3 ) and 2,000 m 2 (10,000 m 3 ) with freezing option 2013/14 Baltic Bulk Yearbook 41

8 Maps BALTIC OIL PORTS Top 2013 Baltic oil ports in each country: DK Fredericia (8.2 mln tn) EE Tallinn (19 mln tn) FI Sköldvik (22 mln tn) DE Rostock (2.5 mln tn) LT Būtingė (9 mln tn) LV Ventspils (15.6 mln tn) PL Gdańsk (11 mln tn) RU Primorsk (63.9 mln tn) SE Gothenburg (20.6 mln tn) DK 11 EE 4 FI 11 DE 2 LT 1 LV 1 PL 3 RU 5 SE 23 TOTAL 61 OIL PORTS 2013/14 Baltic Bulk Yearbook 67

9 Annexes Annex 6. Intra-BSR trade of aggregates in 2013 [thou. tn] Exporting country PARTNER Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Sweden Russia Total BSR Denmark Estonia Finland Germany , ,906 Importing country Latvia Lithuania Poland ,211 Sweden Russia TOTAL BSR 1, , ,736 1, ,359 Annex 7. Intra-BSR trade of cement in 2013 [thou. tn] Exporting country PARTNER Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Sweden Russia Total BSR Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Importing country Latvia Lithuania Poland Sweden Russia ,409 TOTAL BSR ,914 Photo: Port of Pori 2013/14 Baltic Bulk Yearbook 79

10 What s inside Analysis and statistics of regional production, consumption, trade and transport Maps of ports, terminals, refineries and pipelines, incl. a wall-map poster (100 x 70 cm) Technical info on terminals & storage capacities Bunkering options across the BSR