EcoProduction. Environmental Issues in Logistics and Manufacturing

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2 EcoProduction. Environmental Issues in Logistics and Manufacturing For further volumes:

3 About the Series The EcoProduction Series is a forum for presenting emerging environmental issues in Logistics and Manufacturing. Its main objective is a multidisciplinary approach to link the scientific activities in various manufacturing and logistics fields with the sustainability research. It encompasses topical monographs and selected conference proceedings, authored or edited by leading experts as well as by promising young scientists. The Series aims to provide the impulse for new ideas by reporting on the state-of-the-art and motivating for the future development of sustainable manufacturing systems, environmentally conscious operations management and reverse or closed loop logistics. It aims to bring together academic, industry and government personnel from various countries to present and discuss the challenges for implementation of sustainable policy in the field of production and logistics.

4 Paulina Golinska Marcin Hajdul Editors Sustainable Transport New Trends and Business Practices 123

5 Paulina Golinska Poznan University of Technology Strzelecka Poznan Poland Marcin Hajdul Institute of Logistics and Warehousing Estkowskiego Poznan Poland marcin.hajdul@ilim.poznan.pl ISSN e-issn ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

6 Preface The transport is traditionally connected with the speed of economic growth. The European economy has been undergoing radical changes in recent years. The effects of the financial worldwide crisis and the slowing down of economies of many enterprises have become visible. Companies have faced the need to seek for new ways of costs reduction. It is worth remembering, that price of the finished product offered by manufactures or distributors depends also on the level of incurred logistics costs. Transport expenditures might constitute in many cases over the 50% of total logistics cost. Frequent and prompt deliveries require more means of transport, whereas the absence of co-operation among companies and processes coordination results in involving many carriers. These actions cause the traffic, worsening of the road safety, or also a growth of harmful substances emission. Enterprises are part of the wider system. There is direct correlation between way of organizing transport processes and situation in the transport system of the region. Therefore it is necessary to take into account a strong correlation between the organization of transport processes in enterprises and the environment in which they operate. Improvement of transport processes should be done using the concept of sustainable development. It is capable to meet current needs, in such a way that it does not eliminate the possibility of implementing the same or other purposes by the entity in the future. It involves balancing of three areas: economic, ecological and social development. The aim of this monograph is to present the emerging environmental issues in organization and management of transport. The scope of book includes solutions which show the different stakeholders viewpoints on sustainability. It points out how the transport operations organized and conducted in the companies and regions might be consistent with the concept of sustainable development. The scope of monograph takes into consideration trade-off relations between actors directly and indirectly involved in transport networks. Therefore, authors present, in individual chapters, innovative approach to eco-friendly organization and coordination of transport processes, as well as management of transport networks. v

7 vi Preface In this monograph the emphasis is placed on four main areas: 1. shift from traditional transport to a sustainable one (on the way to sustainability in the transport sector); 2. collaboration models for sustainable transport; 3. information systems and information management supporting sustainable transport; 4. intermodal transport and models for CO 2 reduction. The aim of the first chapter is to provide the review of current issues in European Transport Policy. The emphasis is placed on the development of the sustainable transport system. Authors identify main barriers for the sustainability of transport operations and describe main challenges for development of sustainable transport system. The next chapter aims to overview of interconnectivity issues in the area of passenger transport in the context of sustainable transport development in the EU. At present the European Transport Networks role as integrated international networks is compromised by poor interconnectivity. Authors present tools and solutions for improvement of interconnectivity. The chapter A structured approach for assessing sustainable best practices in supply chains contains solutions for the evaluation process of select supply chain practices that can help to reduce the negative impact of transport, while improving long-term economic performance. The final chapter in the first part focuses on sustainable development through implementation of logistics and spatial policy. Region EmiliaRomagna is presented as the case of successful implementation of such policy. Special attention has been paid to one of the tools of logistics and spatial policy of this region Ecologically Equipped Industrial Areas. The second part of the book presents models for coordination of transport processes especially within small and medium size companies. The emphasis is placed on the role of collaboration among companies in order to reduce the number of ineffective routes and to increase the load factor of particular vehicles. Author in the chapter Coordination model of transport processes based on sustainable development concept presents new business model for vertical and horizontal cooperation between logistics services clients (consignees, consignors) and logistics services providers (SMEs). The aim of cooperation is to increase the load factor and to reduce transport costs. Moreover the model allows exploiting co-modality concept, understood as use of different modes separately and in combination, in order to obtain an optimal and sustainable utilization of resources. Author identifies interfaces between activities of enterprises and the transport system of the region, taking into account the economic, social and environmental impacts. The idea of sustainable development emphasizes the rationalization of the demand for transport services. The key element in rationalization of freight transport is increased use of vehicle capacity. In the case of small and medium size

8 Preface vii enterprises, initiatives that aim to aggregate the demand for transport services are promoted. The chapter presents an information tool which facilitated integration of small and medium size enterprises to fulfil the goals of sustainable development policy. Authors in subsequent chapter introduce the simulation approach in logistics as an effective work method. Then they describe the functionality of a running simulation tool, the variables it considers, the logic of the simulation algorithm, the quantitative indicators it produces. The third part of the book focuses on the information technologies, which play an important role in transport management. The big number of different systems applied in particular European countries causes problems in interoperability and information exchange. The opening chapter in this part presents the one common framework which allows interoperability between companies and communication to authorities and transportation network responsible. It supports better utilization of the available transportation infrastructure, provides appropriate security, and supports compliance requirements. The common framework approach lowers the cost for companies to electronically connect in transport and logistics. In the next chapter authors addressed issues related to ICT support for intermodal transport chain development. The chapter describes approaches of intermodal transport chain development tools and gives an outlook about the necessary next steps. The execution of UE Transport Policy requires the development of number of plans like e.g. the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans. Authors of the successive chapter have proposed a standardized methodology to develop Sustainable Transportation Plan that includes an information system and decision support system. Also, a decision support system based on socio-economic indicators, mobility, energy and environmental indicators has been design and integrated to aid in the evaluation and strategies selections. The last part of the monograph covers two important topics, namely development of the intermodal transport and CO 2 reduction. The intermodal transport is recently strongly promoted by European Commission. Therefore, the presentation of the best practices can be found in chapter entitled Supporting intermodal transport solutions in selected European countries case studies. Authors present the role of public authorities in creation of efficient transport infrastructure for intermodal haulages. Chapter Development of intermodal train concepts as a method for sustainable regional development presents the problems which arise by establishment of the more environmental friendly freight transport solutions in order to address regional goals like accessibility, economic development and reducing emissions. Authors highlight the economical dimension and present a methodology how to design new, cost-effective freight train services. The subsequent chapter examines innovative and alternative transport systems for freight transportation and benchmarks them in accordance to their fitness to application in ports and terminals. The chapter overviews new technologies and

9 viii Preface transport systems under development, which are not applied to practice yet. This chapter gives an overview of currently emerging innovative systems for freight transportation in port regions. All stages of development, from visions to market ready solutions have been researched. Technologies which are applicable for the usage in ports and terminals have been filtered and assessed against economic, social and environmental criteria in the benefit analysis. The final chapter presents model for road traffic CO 2 emissions control by means of tradable permits. The chapter overviews the theoretical aspects of tradable permits, compares tradable permits and tax schemes and explains options of initial allocation systems. The opportunities and threats of the potential introduction of tradable permits for fuel at the micro- and macro-economic level are assessed. A model for road traffic emissions control by means of tradable permits is presented for the case of Slovenia. This monograph provides a broad scope of current issues important for the development of the sustainable transport system in local, regional and international scale. Authors of individual chapters describe the practical examples of number of EC initiatives, mainly in the 6th and 7th Framework Programme. The advantage of this book is holistic approach to organization and management of sustainable transport systems. Paulina Golinska Marcin Hajdul

10 Contents Part I On the Way to Sustainability in the Transport Sector European Union Policy for Sustainable Transport System: Challenges and Limitations... 3 Paulina Golinska and Marcin Hajdul Passenger Transport Interconnectivity as a Stimulator of Sustainable Transport Development in the European Union Monika Bak, Przemyslaw Borkowski and Barbara Pawlowska A Structured Approach for Assessing Sustainable Best Practices in Supply Chains Wojciech Piotrowicz and Richard Cuthbertson Competitiveness of EU Region and Sustainable Development Policies Measures in Logistics: Experiences of Emilia Romagna Piotr Nowak Part II Collaboration Models for Sustainable Transport Coordination Model of Transport Processes Based on Sustainable Development Concept Marcin Hajdul Integration of the Demand for Transport Processes According to the Concept of Sustainable Development Case Study Marcin Hajdul and Paulina Golinska Sustainable Transport Models by Simulation Flavio Bonfatti, Luca Martinelli and Paola Daniela Monari ix

11 x Contents Part III Information Systems and Information Management Supporting Sustainable Transport One Common Framework for Information and Communication Systems in Transport and Logistics: Facilitating Interoperability Jan Tore Pedersen ICT Support for Intermodal Transport Chain Development Christine Behnke and Bertram Meimbresse Design Methodology and an Integrated Decisions Support System for Sustainable Transportation Plans Jesús Racero, Marta Hernández, Fernando Guerrero and Gregorio Racero Part IV Intermodal Transport and Models for CO2 Reduction Supporting Intermodal Transport Solutions in Selected European Countries: Case Studies Maciej Mindur and Ireneusz Fechner Development of Intermodal Train Concepts as a Method for Sustainable Regional Development Philip Michalk and Bertram Meimbresse Innovative Freight Transport Systems for Ports and Terminals René Schönemann and Timo Plattner Model for Road Traffic CO 2 Emissions Control by Means of Tradable Permits Stane Božičnik

12 Part I On the Way to Sustainability in the Transport Sector

13 European Union Policy for Sustainable Transport System: Challenges and Limitations Paulina Golinska and Marcin Hajdul Abstract Modern society is characterized by high mobility. Moreover globalization of trade stimulates growth of the international freight of goods between continents and countries. Changes in commerce and personal travel patterns have increased the importance of a reliable, efficient and environmental friendly transport system. The aim of this chapter is to provide the review of current issues in European Transport Policy. The emphasis is placed on the development of the sustainable transport system. Authors identify main barriers for the sustainability of transport operations. Authors describe main challenges for development of sustainable transport system, which are identified in the new 2011 White Paper on Transport Policy. Keywords Transport policy Sustainable development Sustainable transport system 1 Introduction Transport system is nowadays important factor for economic growth. It supports the peoples everyday quality of life. Nowadays mobility is a must at every welldeveloped economy. Average mobility per person in the EU, measured in P. Golinska (&) Poznan University of Technology, Strzelecka 11, Poznan, Poland paulina.golinska@put.poznan.pl M. Hajdul Institute of Logistics and Warehousing, Estkowskiego 6, Poznan, Poland marcin.hajdul@ilim.poznan.pl P. Golinska and M. Hajdul (eds.), Sustainable Transport, EcoProduction. Environmental Issues in Logistics and Manufacturing, DOI: / _1, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

14 4 P. Golinska and M. Hajdul passenger-kilometre per inhabitant, had increased by 7% between 2000 and It is caused mainly through higher motorization levels, which is accompanied by the development of high-speed rail and the rise of cheap airlines. Over the last decade also freight transport demand has continued to grow by more than GDP. The only exception from this trend was the years of the crisis 2008 and The growth of freight is caused by new business practices like: concentration of production to reap economies of scale; off-shoring; just-in-time deliveries; development of reverse logistics (including growth of transport of waste recycling sites). The transport industry accounts for about 7% of GDP and for over 5% of total employment in the EU of which 4.4% corresponds to transport services and the rest to transport equipment manufacturing, while 8.9 million jobs correspond to transport services and 3 million to transport equipment (Future of Transport 2009). Transport comprises several elements like: infrastructure, transport vehicles and equipment, ICT applications, network services, and operational and administrative procedures. It is a very complex system that depends on many factors as: pattern of human settlements; consumption; location of production sites; availability of infrastructure. The transport policy is performed in long-term periods, because it takes long time to build appropriate infrastructure and to stimulate new users behaviour patterns. The European Union has made a big step since 1992 regarding development of the transport system. European Union Council of Ministers of Transport (2004) defined the sustainable transport system, features as: it allows the basic access and development needs of individuals, companies and society to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and promotes equity within and between successive generations; it is affordable, operates fairly and efficiently, offers a choice of transport mode and supports a competitive economy, as well as balanced regional development; it limits emissions and waste within the planet s ability to absorb them, uses renewable resources at or below their rates of generation, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the rates of development of renewable substitutes, while minimizing the impact on the use of land and the generation of noise. The Renewed Sustainable Development Strategy of the European Union adopted by the European Council in June (2006) defines a sustainable transport as a system that meets society s economic, social and environmental needs whilst minimizing its undesirable impacts on the economy, society and the environment (RDS 2006). The undesirable effects are:

15 European Union Policy for Sustainable Transport System 5 congestion; oil dependence; accidents; emissions of GHG and of other pollutants; noise; land fragmentation caused by infrastructure. The main goal of the transport policy is secure, safe and environmentally friendly mobility. Since 2006 the concept of co-modality has been introduced, which requires efficient use of different modes on their own and in combination, resulting in an optimal and sustainable utilization of resources. This approach offers possibility to achieve at the same time a high level of both mobility and environmental protection. The challenge is still the integrated, technology led, user- and environment- friendly Single European Transport Area. A number of document of the European Commission are published regarding the development of common transport. The most important among them are: White Papers of 1992, 2001, 2011 (2011); Keep Europe Moving (2006); Logistics: Keep Freight Moving (2007); Greening Transport (2008); Maritime Transport Strategy 2018 (2009); Future of transport (2009). Ex post evaluation of the White Papers 2001 undertaken by the Commission, has shown that, efficiency, safety and security of transport system has improved a lot. The main problem is still the high dependency on fossil fuels and the dominance of road transport (both in freight and passengers). The experts announce a significant need for shift in the current transport paradigm in order to reduce unsustainable trends: growing GHG emissions; oil dependency; growing congestion. In the next section authors describe in detail the main problems in the development of sustainable transport system in Europe, as well as the root causes of current situation. 2 Barriers to the Development of Sustainable Transport The current policy of the European Commission requires that transport system should be able to develop without serious negative consequences in the form of environmental, economic and social costs. There are still obstacles on the way to