Electronics Technologies and Trends in Automotive field. D. Albero Diesel & Hybrids Controls & Software Dept. FPT R&T

Transcription

1 Electronics Technologies and Trends in Automotive field D. Albero Diesel & Hybrids Controls & Software Dept. FPT R&T Torino,

2 Agenda Automotive Today Needs Technology Solutions in Electronics Field: Highlights Powertrain: : Key Technologies and Electronics Trends Software Challenges Automotive Forum

3 Automotive Today Needs Automotive Forum

4 Automotive Today Needs Safety and Reliability Innovation (new functions and services) Environmental care Fuel Consumption Reduction Comfort Cost Reduction at the same quality level Automotive Forum

5 Technology Solutions in Electronics Field: Highlights Automotive Forum

6 Technology Solutions: Highlights Driving Assistance and Safety Intelligent Parking Assist Fiat-Valeo, 844 (New Lancia), 2008Q4 Lane Warning/Keeping IVECO, Stralis, since 2006 Fiat-TRW, 844 (New Lancia), 2008Q4 Ultrasonic systems C-MOS based systems Electric Steering Systems Automotive Forum

7 Technology Solutions: Highlights Driving Assistance and Safety Side Assist Collision Mitigation C-MOS based systems 24 GHz short range radar 3D C-MOS based systems 77 GHz long range radar Laser scanner Automotive Forum

8 Technology Solutions: Highlights Chassis Regenerative Braking FIA, 60 kw systems, 2009 Infotainment &Telematics Blue & Me Fiat-Microsoft, Grande Punto, since 2006 Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS) Nomadic Devices Integration Automotive Forum

9 Centralized Architecture or Distributed Architecture? On going debate among Vehicle Manufacturers for a Centralized vs a Decentralized Architecture Centralized Distributed Cost effective Saves spaces and weight Reduces failures and bugs Reduces number of suppliers for OEMs Simplifies tuning stage Bugs and Failures are isolated Spreads processing demand around vehicle Customers do not pay for systems/functions they do not want Increases modularity and scalability (options) Automotive Forum

10 Domain-related interconnected architecture Application Domains Interconnections among automotive functional domains are more effective than traditional overloaded networks. Every domain can use a dedicated network protocol, in order to fulfill ad-hoc needs (e.i. CAN, FlexRay, MOST, LIN, etc.) A backbone communication can link all network together, to exchange data between systems. ECU 1 ECU 2 ECU 3 ECU 1 ECU 2 ECU 3 Domain 1 Gateway1 Backbone Gateway2 Backbone Gateway3 Domain 3 Domain 2 ECU 1 ECU 2 ECU 3 Automotive Forum

11 Powertrain: : Key Technologies and Electronics Trends Automotive Forum

12 What have Electronics enabled to do till now? Fuel consumption reduction Fuel consumption trends Increased average fuel economy Reduced emissions (Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), particulates (PM)) A new car today is about 30 times cleaner than a new car in the early 80 s Source: Strategy Analitics Automotive Forum

13 Emission targets A world wide challenge NOx and PM emissions European emission Standards are, today, mainly focused to improve European cities air quality and to improve fuel economy. In order to achieve above mentioned goals, OEMs are developing innovative technologies to meet emission target without penalizing performance and consumptions Automotive Forum

14 Diesel NOx Reduction Low Temperature Combustion Tech. The reduction of in-cylinder NOx formation through lower combustion temperature is the most cost-effective approach for passenger cars. Automotive Forum

15 Diesel Soot and NOx Reduction Premixed Combustion Fundamentals Automotive Forum

16 Diesel Soot and NOx Reduction Premixed Combustion Control An internal chamber pressure sensor is needed. ECU acquires and filters internal chamber pressure signal. ECU calculates the 50% of Mass Burnt Fraction (50%MBF, the barycenter of combustion) in real-time, and regulates the injections accordingly. Automotive Forum

17 Gasoline performance and driveability needs Fun-to-drive Multiair Technology for Gasoline RICHIESTA COPPIA ECU MULTIAIR Gestione Solenoid Valves Aria Solenoid Valve (ON-OFF) Accumulatore Olio Pompante ATTUATORE ELETTRO-IDRAULICO UNIAIR Bilanciere a Basso Attrito Φ1 Φ2 Camera di Alta Pressione Modulo di Attuazione Valvola (Pistone + Freno + Punteria Idraulica) Asse a camme (Aspirazione + Scarico) Combustibile Accensione A focus on torque increasing at low rpm, instead of the enhancement of power at high rpm Automotive Forum

18 Global Engine Trend In 2015 the 68% of sold vehicles estimated to run Gasoline,, 26% Diesel, and 6% Hybrid Vehicles Source: Frost & Sullivan Automotive Forum

19 Hybrids and Alternative Fuel Micro Hybrid: Stop&Start using an integrated starter generator Full Hybrid: IC Engine + electrical motor Source: Robert Bosch Corp. FIAT produces CNG vehicles since 2000 (Multipla, Punto, Panda) IVECO focuses on Diesel Hybrids (Daily) Hydrogen and Fuel Cell not usable technology until now for high production cost and difficulties in distribution Automotive Forum

20 New safety requirements IEC61508 and new ISO Today there is not a safety standard the automotive industry will comply with. Anyway, legally the industry has to comply at least with what is considered the state of technology IEC61508 standard is considered the state of technology, so automotive industry has to refer to it. A new safety standard, expecially applicable to automotive systems, will arrive soon: ISO Engine control is considered safetyrelevant. Automotive Forum

21 ISO Functional Safety Functional Safety is part of the overall safety that depends on a system or equipment operating correctly in response to its inputs. (IEC TR , September 2005). It is the Absence of unacceptable risk due to hazards caused by mal-functional behaviour of E/E systems. Correctly with regard to: Specification, implementation or realization errors failure during operation period reasonably foreseeable operational errors reasonable foreseeable misuse ISO addresses hazards caused by safety related E/E systems due to malfunctions, excluding nominal performances of active and passive safety systems ISO adopts a customer risk-based approach for the determination of the risks at vehicle level, provides automotivespecific analysis methods to identify the safety integrity level (ASIL) associated with each undesired effects, which ASIL establishes product process and methods tailoring Automotive Forum

22 ISO Product Development Process Concept phase Initiation (new development, derivative, change, ) Hazard analysis and risk assessment (ASIL identification) Product development system Specification of technical safety concept (Measure with associated system reactions, redundancy items independence, ) System design (HW / SW reqs allocation, ASIL decomposition, ) Functional safety assessment Integration & Test Production and operation Production Operation, service and decommissioning Functional safety Concept (warnings, redundancies, degradation, ) Product development HW HW requirements analysis HW architecture design Quantitative requirements for random HW failures Measures for avoidance and control of systematic HW failures Safety HW integration and verification Qualification of parts and components Overall requirements for HW-SW interface Product development SW Initiating SW development SW safety requirements specification SW architecture and design SW implementation SW unit test SW integration and test SW safety acceptance test Automotive Forum

23 Dual core platforms: Twice the Brain without the Drain * Multicore architecture: Two or more independent processors into a single package, often a single integrated circuit Multicore solution allows to boost overall performance, without applying clock speed increasing, that implies power consumption and heat generation, which forces expensive cooled packaging. Tests on dual-core MCU in some PC applications have shown that same performance can be achieved by a dual core MCU at 200 MHz withrespecttoa single core MCU at 500 MHz. In particular in Powertrain applications, the faster clock requires faster memories, which does not fulfill cost requirements due to the power consumption and the working ambient temperature range needs (from -40 degc to 125/150 degc). Moreover, Multicore architecture enables the parallelism for Safety requirements Source: Freescale Semiconductors Source: Infineon Technologies *By Freescale TM Semiconductor Automotive Forum

24 Software challenges: Parallel Programming Model Two basic techniques: Co-processor approach: one core designed as the master (runs the OS, manages data, executes program), the others compute a task in a reserved data set. Sync via interrupt or another sync mechanism. Multi-process OS Multiple instances (each core has own OS) Ideal for Safety Applications Expensive for OS licenses costs Single instance (only one OS) Suitable for fully distributed process Overhead for intra-core comm. and sync Not recommended for Safety Tools: Tools for automatic CPU load balancing are required. To maximize parallelism benefits the Application split and the resources sharing techniques are to be developed. Powertrain application deployment has to face re-validation effort as a rearrangement of the partition may influence the whole system design. Automotive Forum

25 Software challenges: complexity management, quality increasing, reducing time Model-based approach to develop control functions Verification along all software development process: software requirements verification software design verification unit testing static analysis, testing formal methods integration testing verification testing in lab verification testing in engine bench verification testing in vehicle Automotive Forum

26 Software challenges: Formal Methods integration in SW development process Formal methods (FM) refer to mathematically rigorous techniques and tools for the specification, design and verification of software and hardware systems. Software for complex applications requires a more mathematical approach. Formal methods can introduce greater rigor and improve SW development process, but in industry software engineering community are not fully convinced of their usefulness. The first reason is that FM are difficult to understand: the mathematics of FM is based on notations and concepts not familiar to end-users. The second reason is that only one notation does not fit and does not address all aspects of a whole complex system. A combination of methods is required. FM classification includes: Formal specification Formal development Formal verification Automotive Forum

27 Formal verification using Abstract Interpretation Design Coding AI analysis Unit Test Integration Test Verification Test C programming language, widely used to develop software for critical on-board embedded systems, is modeled by means of a mathematical theory (semantics) in such a way the execution of the related program can be virtualized and its behavior can be predicted. The Abstract Interpretation (AI) represents the software analysis, related to the previous model, able to simulate the software dynamic behavior, without executing it, in order to find run-time errors at the source code level, before the executable verification stages. Detected run-time errors include non-initialized variables, access conflicts for unprotected shared data in multi-thread applications, invalid arithmetic operations, out of bounds for array access and pointers, illegal type conversion, overflow/underflow, unreachable code. Verifying software artifacts in early stage of the process saves time and costs! Automotive Forum

28 Thank you for your kind attention! Automotive Forum