ENERGY DEMAND TRANSPORT 10

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1 ENERGY DEMAND TRANSPORT 1 AT A GLANCE Roads Passenger and freight traffic The modal share of road transport in freight traffic measured in tonne-kilometre increased from an estimated 61% in to 63% in 29/1. The share in passenger transport in terms of passengerkilometre increased from 81% to 87% during the same period. The total number of registered vehicles in India increased from 81.5 million in 25 to million in 211. Railways The Indian Railways registered a 7.5% increase in passenger traffic, from 7651 million in 21/11 to 8224 million passengers in 211/12. Passenger-kilometres increased by 7.2% from 979 billion in 21/11 to billion in 211/12. Revenue earning freight traffic handled by the Indian Railways during 211/12 was million tonnes (MT), registering a 5.1% increase, compared to MT in 21/11. Revenue earning freight traffic measured in terms of net tonne-kilometres increased by 6.7% from billion in 21/11 to billion in 211/12. Port and shipping Total traffic handled at all ports increased from MT in 21/11 to MT, registering a growth of 3.2%. Total traffic handled at major ports declined from 57.9 MT in 21/11 to MT in 211/12; however, the traffic handled at non-major ports # increased from MT in 21/11 to MT in 211/12. The total shipping tonnage increased from 9.39 million gross tonnage (GT) in 29 to 1.1 million GT in 21. Aviation Scheduled domestic passenger traffic increased by 13% from 53.8 million in 21/11 to 6.8 million in 211/12. Scheduled domestic cargo traffic decreased by 5.1% from tonnes in 21/11 to tonnes in 211/12. Transport energy consumption The road sector consumed MT of high speed diesel (HSD), 14.2 MT of motor spirit, and.223 MT of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in 21/11 as compared to 33.7 MT of HSD, 12.8 MT of motor spirit, and.225 MT of LPG in 29/1. The total electricity consumption by the Indian Railways for traction use increased by 4.3% from GWh in 21/11 to GWh in 211/12. The total HSD consumption by the Indian Railways for traction use was million litres in 211/12 compared to million litres in 21/11, registering a 7.5% growth in consumption. The shipping sector consumed.54 MT of HSD,.2 MT of light diesel oil (LDO), and.37 MT of furnace oil in 211/12 compared to.56 MT of HSD,.38 MT of LDO, and.77 MT of furnace oil in 21/11. The consumption of aviation turbine fuel was 5.78 MT in 211/12 compared to MT in 21/11, registering an increase in consumption by 9.8%. # A major port is any port that the central government may declare by notification in the Official Gazette, or may have declared under the law for the time being in force to be a major port.

2 Energy demand Introduction The transport system in India is one of the largest in the world and serves a land area of 3.3 million km 2 and a population of over 1.21 billion. The rapid growth of economic activity in India has led to increased trade and market participation in both the urban and the rural centres of the country. As a result, demands for mobility and related energy used for transport within the country have increased. The transport sector has become pivotal for ensuring continued economic development of the nation. About 5.7% of the country s gross domestic product (GDP) in came from transport, and it further increased to 6.6% in 21/11. 1 This is also evident from the growth rates of both freight and passengers achieved in the road and rail sectors. However, the growth in volume of both freight and passengers, was much steeper in the road sector than the growth rate achieved by the Indian Railways. Between 1986/87 and 27/8, freight moved by road increased from 224 million tonnes (MT) to 1559 MT (596%). During the same period, freight traffic carried by the Indian Railways went up from MT to only MT (21%) (RITES 212). This has been largely due to the rapid nationwide development of India s national highways network, which has grown from 52 1 km in 2/1 to km in 211/12, achieving a 48% growth (MoRTH 212a). Compared to this, India s rail network grew at only 2.3% during the same period. The road sector is responsible for 4.7% share of the country s GDP, and the Indian Railways for less than 1% (MoRTH 212d). Between 1951 and 29, the vehicle population in the country has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of close to 1.8%. There has been a steep rise in the number of private vehicles (both two and four wheelers) in the last decade, mainly in the cities. Key trends in the consumption of energy in the transport sector The transport sector consumed 34.24% of the total volume of petroleum products consumed in India in 29/1 (MoPNG 212). Of all the products Thousands (tonnes) consumed within the sector, high speed diesel (HSD) consumption was the maximum. Out of the total consumption of MT of HSD in India in 29/1, the transport sector s consumption was 59.1% (33.74 MT) (MoPNG 212). This kind of energy consumption pattern clearly reveals the heavy dependence of the transport sector on petroleum products. Road transport has been the major consumer of HSD over the years as shown in Figure 1, followed by the railways and shipping. The use of alternative fuels in the transport sector remains relatively modest. Of the total energy consumed in the sector, 98.5% is met through petroleum products and the rest 1.5% by electricity (TERI 28). Transport sector in India Roads 25/6 26/7 27/8 28/9 29/1 Road transport Aviation Shipping Railways Figure 1 Consumption of high speed diesel in different modes (' tonnes) Source MoPNG (212) Brief overview of sector India has the second largest road network of 4.69 million kilometers in the world, comprising National Highways, Expressways, State Highways, Other PWD roads, Rural Roads, Urban roads and Project Roads (MoRTH, Basic Road Statistics, 213). In India, roads play a significant role carrying 65% of the freight and 8% of the passenger traffic (NHAI website 2 ). During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, 944 km of national highways was completed 1 Details available at < 2 Details available at < >; last accessed on 17 January TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 213/14

3 Transport Table 1 Length of different road categories in India (212/13) Road type Length of road (km) National highways (including expressways) 7 934* State highways Other PWD roads Rural roads Urban roads Project roads Total *76,818 kms as on 31 March 212 Source MoRTH (213) under the National Highway Development Plan (NHDP). The target for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan is to reach a national highway network length of 85 km by the end of the plan period. It has also been planned to develop 1 km of expressways under NHDP Phase IV and another 5 km (with 2 km through budgetary allotments and 3 km through public private partnership [PPP] mode) (MoRTH 212c). Also keeping in mind the importance of an adequate and well-defined rural road network and its impact on economic development, the Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana on 25 December 2 as a 1% centrally sponsored scheme. In 211/12, more than 45 habitations were connected and nearly 915 km of road length upgraded/renewed (Government of India 212). The lengths of different types of roads in India are given in Table 1. India had million registered motor vehicles as of 211 (MoRTH 212d). Personalized modes constituting mainly two-wheelers and cars accounted for about 85% of the total number of motor vehicles in the country. Further break-up of motor vehicle population reflects the dominance of two-wheelers with a share of 71.8% in the total vehicle population, followed by passenger cars at 13.6%, buses at 1.1%, goods vehicles at 5%, and other vehicles (a heterogeneous category including three-wheelers, trailers, and tractors) at about 9.5% in 211 (as on 31 March 211). In contrast to personal vehicles, the per cent share of buses in the total number of registered vehicles has declined from 11.1% in 1951 to 1.1% during 21/11, indicating slow growth in public transport modes (MoRTH 212d). Even though the share of public in 'million Figure 2 Registered motor vehicles (') ( ) Source MoRTH (213) transport buses has been decreasing when compared to the other personal modes, the number of buses has been increasing steadily. The rise in the number of buses in recent years can be mainly attributed to the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The number of registered vehicles in five metropolitan cities, namely, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Pune, accounted for 49.3% of the total registered vehicles among the 35 million plus cities (MoRTH 213). Pune recorded the highest CAGR of 12.94% in the growth of vehicles during 21 11, followed by Hyderabad and Chennai, which recorded CAGRs of 12.3% and 1.64%, respectively. The growth in the number of total registered motor vehicles (') from 1951 to 211 is shown in Figure 2. Key trends in petroleum products consumption in road sector Within the transport sector, the road sector is the largest consumer of energy from petroleum products. As roads have emerged as the dominant means of transportation, both in terms of passenger traffic and in terms of freight traffic, the sector has started to account for the largest share (72%) of HSD (Figure 3) consumption in India (MoPNG 212). The consumption of HSD in the road transport sector increased from MT in 29/1 to MT in 21/11. The consumption of motor spirit in 21/11 was 14.2 MT compared to MT in 29/1 (MoPNG 211). A TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 213/14 227

4 Energy demand recent phenomenon has also been the increased consumption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (excluding compressed natural gas), owing to the increased use of the cleaner fuel in autorickshaws. The consumption of LPG by the transport sector during 29/1 was.225 MT, a share of 1.7% of the overall LPG consumption in the country; consumption has remained almost the same in 21/11 (MoPNG 212). Urban transport National urban transport policy The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) was formulated by the Ministry of Urban Development in 26 with an aim to guide state-level action plans to meet the ever-increasing mobility needs of the urban population. The objective of the NUTP is to ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, reliable, and sustainable access to the growing numbers of city residents. The policy document emphasizes on the need for integrated land use and transportation planning, increased priority to public transport, non-motorized transport, and improving parking facilities. The policy envisages the set up of unified metro transport authorities in cities with a million-plus population. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Motor spirit (28%) LPG (%) HSDO (72%) Figure 3 Share of consumption of different petroleum products in the road transport sector Source MoPNG (211, 212) To fast-track planned infrastructure development in the mission cities and hence improve the quality of life in these cities, JNNURM was launched in 25 for a seven-year period (up to March 212) as a reform-based programme. Under JNNURM, 21 bus rapid transport system projects in 1 cities across six states have been taken up at the cost of `52.4 billion. In addition, 2 transport infrastructure-related projects such as parking facilities, intelligent transport systems, traffic infrastructure, and transit management centres have also been sanctioned under this scheme at the total cost of `16.66 billion. The mission has also sanctioned another 97 projects for the improvement of road infrastructure across 23 cities at a cost of `81.22 billion (MoUD 211). The phase I is ending and currently phase II is starting. The second phase of JNNURM with a 1-year duration period will have enhanced focus on Nagar Palikas and Nagar Panchayats, that is, on smaller towns and cities. There will be a transition period of 2 years beginning 212/13 to complete the approved projects under JNNURM phase I and to implement the pending reforms at the state and urban local body levels. To avail themselves of funds under JNNURM phase II, the state governments must set up dedicated municipal cadres, and the government is planning to allocate `175 billion under this phase. Railways Brief overview of sector The Indian Railways is one of the largest rail networks in the world. As on 31 March 212, the Indian Railways had a network of 64 6 routekilometres with a running track length of km (MoR 212a) (Table 2). The rail network consists of largely broad gauge (86.6%), followed by metre gauge (9.8%), and narrow gauge (3.6%). The metre gauge system and a part of the narrow gauge system are gradually converted to broad gauge under the unigauge programme. Over 31% of the total rail network equivalent to routekilometres is electrified (MoR 212a). The Indian Railways has a fleet size of passenger service vehicles, wagons, and 9549 locomotives carrying an average over million passengers and 2.67 MT of freight per day through 7547 stations (MoR 212a). During 211/12, the railways carried 8224 million passengers as against 7651 million passengers in 228 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 213/14

5 Transport Table 2 Length of traction (in km) of railways by gauge Gauge Route (km) Running track (km) Total track (km) Broad gauge (1676 mm) Metre gauge (1 mm) Narrow gauge (762 mm and 61 mm) Total Source MoR (212b) 21/11, thus registering a volume growth of about 7.5%. Passenger-kilometres grew by 7.2% from 979 billion in 21/11 to billion in 211/12 (MoR 212a). As seen in Figure 4, there has been a steady increase in passenger traffic output in terms of the number of total originating passengers. The total freight tonnage carried by the Indian railways was MT in 211/12 of which the revenue earning freight traffic was MT (MoR 212a). The Indian Railways carried billion net tonne-kilometres of total freight in 211/12 (Figure 5). The freight earnings amounted to ` billion in 211/12. The market share of railways has been decreasing gradually because of the capacity constraints faced by the Indian Railways, which is aggravated by lack of investments. The other main reason for the declining share in freight traffic has been the high freight rates that are driving away customers. The high freight rates have been imposed to make up for the low passenger fares in the railways. The total investment in the railways for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan stood at `233 billion, which was `299 billion less than the planned outlay at the beginning of the plan. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan has projected an investment of `5192 billion in railways between 212 and 217. Key trends in energy consumption in railways Rail transportation is more energy efficient and more economical than road transport sector. Diesel rail traction is more than two times and electric rail traction has more than four times less energy consuming when compared to the operational energy consumption of a long distance diesel bus in terms of kj/pkm (TERI 212). The social cost in terms of environmental damage or degradation is significantly lower in rail transportation. The amount of electricity consumed for traction use was GWh in 211/12 compared to GWh in 21/11. For other than traction purposes (including manufacturing units), GWh of electricity was used in 21/11, which decreased to GWh in 211/12 (MoR 212b). The consumption of HSD for locomotive services increased from million litres in 21/11 to million litres in 211/12. For purposes other than locomotive services, consumption of HSD in the Million /81 199/91 2/1 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 28/9 29/1 21/11 211/12 No. of originating passengers (in millions) BPKM BPKM Figure 4 Trend of originating passenger and passenger kilometre growth in railways (millions) Source MoR (212a) Million /81 199/91 2/1 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 28/9 29/1 21/11 211/12 Total originating freight traffic (in millions) BPKM BNTKM Figure 5 Trend of originating freight traffic and freight tonne kilometres growth in railways (millions) Source MoR (212a) TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 213/14 229

6 Energy demand railways was 29. million litres in 21/11 and decreased to 24.8 million litres in 211/12 (MoR 212a). Direct consumption of coal by the railways is almost negligible on account of the phasing out of steam locomotives. The consumption of coal for locomotive services was.1 MT in 211/12 (MoR 212a). Figure 6 shows the trend in the consumption of electricity and high speed diesel for locomotive services. The Indian Railways has been striving and trying to bring environment-friendly initiatives and save fuel over the years. As a result of these initiatives, the locomotives have been upgraded with various innovative technologies such as microprocessor control, roller suspension bearing, auxiliary power unit, and low idle features to reduce the amount of fuel consumed. Other initiatives include the Common Rail Direct Injection on diesel engines, Electronic Fuel Injection System, adoption of Remote Monitoring and Management of Locomotives and Trains systems, and Guidance for Optimized Locomotive Driving systems to reduce fuel consumption, decrease emissions, and for better control (MoR 213). Figure 6 Growth in consumption of electricity and high speed diesel by the railways for locomotive services (GWh) Source MoR (212a) Ports, shipping, and inland water transport Brief overview of sector Maritime transport handles over 9% of the volume and 7% by value of India s trade. There are 12 major ports and 2 minor/intermediate ports along the 7517 km long coastline of the country. 3 The major ports handled a total traffic of MT in 29/1, 57.9 MT in 21/11, and MT of cargo in 211/12. The non-major ports handled about MT in 29/1, MT in 21/11, and MT in 211/12 (MoS 213a). While traffic handled remained stagnant at major ports, the traffic at non-major ports increased at a rate of more than 11%. The Indian ports handled a total of million passengers during 21/11 as compared to million passengers in 29/1. In 21/11, the major ports handled about 344 passengers and the minor ports handled about million passengers (MoS 213a). The Eleventh Five-Year Plan had an outlay of `33 billion for the ports sector, but the total expenditure was only `63 billion. The outlay for Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the port sector is `158 billion. New ports are coming up in the private sector, and the government is not building any new ports. Shipping India has one of the largest merchant shipping fleets among developing countries, it is ranked eighteenth in the world in terms of Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT) (MoS 213b). It had a fleet strength of 1153 vessels with gross tonnage (GT) of 1.41 million in 212 compared to 1122 vessels and 11.6 gross register tonnage (GRT) in 211. Of the total fleet, 349 ships with 9.33 million GT cater to India s overseas trade and the rest to coastal trade (MoRTH 212b). The GRT under the Indian flag (including coastal and overseas) has been increasing in the last decade. It increased from 6.95 million GRT in 2 to 8.24 million GRT in 25 and further to 1.16 million GRT in 21 (MoRTH 212b). The shipping sector has an outlay of `15 billion in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and against 3 Details available at < 23 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 213/14

7 Transport ' GRT No. of vessels GRT (') Figure 7 Growth of Indian shipping tonnage (' GRT) Source MoRTH (212b) this the expenditure was `98 billion. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan has an outlay of `11 billion for the shipping sector. Figure 7 shows the trend in the growth of Indian shipping tonnage. Inland waterways India has about 14 5 km of navigable waterways, which comprise rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, and so on. Although the inland water transport (IWT) mode is the most cost-effective, fuelefficient, and environment-friendly mode of transportation for bulk cargo, its modal share in freight traffic is only.28% (TERI 29). In the last few years, the movement of cargo by IWT in the organized sector increased from 1.63 billion tonne-kilometre (tkm) in 23/4 to 3.6 billion tkm in 28/9 (IWAI 29). The total cargo movement on India s waterways (comprising the three national waterways and waterways in Goa and Maharashtra) decreased from MT in 21/11 to 7.48 MT in 211/12. The tonne-kilometres also decreased by 5.4% in 211/12 when compared to 21/11 (MoRTH 212e). The Inland Waterways Authority of India is undertaking projects for making national waterways 1, 2, and 3 (Ganga, Brahmaputra, and West Coast Canal) fully functional by providing navigational channels of 3 m/2 m/1.5 m depths for about 33 days a year. Key trends in energy consumption in the sector Water transport is one of the most environmentfriendly, cost-effective, and efficient modes of transportation. During 21/11, the shipping sector consumed.56 MT of HSD,.4 MT of light diesel oil (LDO), and.78 MT of furnace oil (MoPNG 212). During 211/12, the shipping sector consumed.54 MT of HSD,.2 MT of LDO, and.37 MT of furnace oil (Figure 8). Aviation Brief overview of sector The aviation sector in India has seen phenomenal growth in the recent years even though there were signs of slowdown in passenger traffic in 28 due to the steep rise in fuel costs coupled with the global economic recession. The scheduled domestic passenger traffic volume declined from 44.4 million in 27/8 to 39.5 million in 28/9 and the total domestic cargo traffic volume declined from tonnes to tonnes during the same period (DGCA 212). Signs of recovery were visible in the second half of 29. The number of scheduled domestic passengers travelling went back to 53.8 million in 21/11 and the total domestic cargo went up to tonnes in the same year. In 211/12, the number of scheduled domestic passengers was 6.8 million, registering a 13% growth over the previous year. The total domestic cargo carried in 211/12 was MT as against MT in 21/11. Figure 9 shows the trend in the growth of domestic passengers and cargo. As of 211/12, there were nine domestic scheduled airlines and 76 international airlines operating in India. In 212, 147 companies were HSD, 54 (6%) LDO, 2 (%) Furnace oil, 367 (4%) Figure 8 Share of consumption of petroleum products in shipping Source MoPNG (212) TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 213/14 231

8 Energy demand Million Tonnes /3 holding non-scheduled operator s permit (as on 31 December) compared to 134 companies in 211 (MoCA 213). The contribution of civil aviation and its ancilliary sectors to India s GDP amounted to about 1.5% in 29. The sector is also estimated to generate about 9.95 million jobs within the country (MoCA 212). Airports 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 28/9 29/1 21/11 211/12 Scheduled passengers (in million) Total domestic cargo carried (tonnes) Figure 9 Trend in the growth of domestic passengers and cargo in the aviation sector Source DGCA (212) The Airports Authority of India (AAI) manages a total of 125 airports, which include 68 operational airports (11 international airports, 8 customs, and 49 domestic airports), 26 civil enclaves (3 international, 4 customs, and 19 domestic), and 31 non-operational domestic airports. The AAI also provides air traffic management services over the entire Indian air space and adjoining oceanic areas with ground installations at all airports and 25 other locations to ensure the safety of aircraft operations. Total passengers handled at Indian airports in the last five years between 25/6 and 21/11 grew at an average rate of 11.5% and cargo grew at an average annual rate of 11%. The passenger-handling capacity grew threefold from 72 million in 25/6 to 233 million in 21/11. Four international airport projects were successfully completed through the PPP mode greenfield development of Hyderabad and Bengaluru International Airports and modernization of Delhi and Mumbai International Airports. Key trends in energy consumption in aviation sector The overall consumption of aviation turbine fuel (ATF) by the aviation sector grew from 3.3 MT in 25/6 to 5.8 MT in 21/11 (MoPNG 211). ATF consumption has increased rapidly from 2/1, when the sector experienced phenomenal growth in passenger traffic (MoPNG 212). The percentage growth rate of consumption of ATF during 29/1 21/11 was 9.8%. The use of AFT in the sector increased from 4627 MT in 29/1 to 579 MT in 21/11 (MoPNG 211). Key legislations and regulations Roads Road Transport Corporation Act 195 National Highways Act 1956 National Highways Rules 1957 Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (under amendment) Central Motor Vehicle Rules 1989 National Highways Act 1995 National Highway Authority of India Act 1998 Central Road Fund Act 2 Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act 22(1) National Highways Tribunal Rules 23(1) Carriage by Road Act 27 National Highways Fee (Determination of Fee and Collection) Rules 28 Carriage by Road Rules 211(1) Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill Railways Railway Claims Tribunal Act The Railways Act 1989 Railways (Amendment) Act 28 The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act 1978 Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act 22 The Indian Railway Board Act Details available at < 5 Details available at < 232 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 213/14

9 Transport Ports, shipping, and inland water transport Indian Ports Act 198 The Inland Vessels Act 1917 Merchant Shipping Act 1958 Major Ports Trust Act 1963 Inland Waterways Authority of India Act 1985 Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act 1993 Amendment of Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act 1993 Indian Maritime University Act 28 Major Ports Regulatory Authority Bill 29 Shipping Trade Practices (STP) Bill 21 Civil aviation Aircraft Act 1934 Aircraft Rules 1937 Airport Authority of India Act 1994, as amended by the Amendment Act 23 Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act 1994 The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act 28 Appellate Tribunal (Forms for Application and Appeal and Fee) Rules 21 Aircraft (Security) Rules 211 Airports Authority of India (Major Airports) Development Fees Rules Bangalore bus day The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), a government agency operating the public bus service in Bengaluru, started Bus Day in February 21 to encourage private vehicle users to take public transport for a day every month. The first-hand information and feedback was Green also utilized Focus for bringing improvement in public transport system. The city now observes Bus Day on the fourth day of every month. For the first Bus Day, the BMTC added about 3 buses (AC and non-ac buses) on some major corridors such as the Electronic City and ITPL (Whitefield) routes to attract professionals and other citizens into the programme and make them realize that using public transport is easy. About 6 buses were deployed for additional 15 trips, and it was estimated that an additional 1 people took buses on the specified routes on Bus Day. Bus Day sees a reduction in the number of vehicles on city roads by approximately 8 on an average, and the amount of pollutants in the air decreases by about 1%. According to studies conducted by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, particulate matter (below 1 microns) reduced by at least 1%, sulphur dioxide by 13.2%, nitrogen oxide by 9%, carbon monoxide by 1.5%, and respirable suspended particulate matter by 13.3%. The BMTC has also benefitted since revenues have increased by 1% 2% on Bus Days. As a result of this initiative, about 65 extra buses have been put into service along the Electronic City route, which has added about 1 new passengers as regular bus travellers per annum. According to BMTC officials, Bus Day has also been responsible to a great extent for the manifold (7%) increase in the sales of Volvo passes, indirectly reducing private vehicles and congestion on roads. The main objective behind the initiative, for reduction in the use of private vehicles, has materialized to some extent, thereby reducing congestion and pollution levels in the Garden City of India. Source Anand (213); Francis (211); TOI (211, 213); Vittal (21) 6 Details available at < ctrl-state=okp1f4wzg_4> TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 213/14 233

10 Energy demand References Anand, C.G Bus-based public transport in Bangalore: BMTC experience. Details available at < G%2Anand.pdf> DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation) Time Series Data of Domestic Traffic Carried by Indian Operators in the Last 25 Years. New Delhi: DGCA Francis, M Bus Day cuts Bangalore s pollution levels by 1%, but it ain t enough. DNA, 5 October 211. Details available at < Government of India UPA Report to People 211/12. New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India Indian Railways Statistical Summary. New Delhi: Ministry of Railways IWAI (Inland Waterways Authority of India). 29. Annual Report 28/9. New Delhi: IWAI, Government of India MoCA (Ministry of Civil Aviation) Annual Report 211/12. New Delhi: MoCA, Government of India MoCA (Ministry of Civil Aviation) Annual Report New Delhi: Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas) Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics 29/1. New Delhi: MoPNG, Government of India MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas) Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics 21/11. New Delhi: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas) Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics 211/12. New Delhi: MoPNG, Government of India MoR (Ministry of Railways). 212a. Indian Railways Annual Report and Accounts 21/11. New Delhi: MoR, Government of India MoR (Ministry of Railways). 212b. Indian Railways Year Book 21/11. New Delhi: MoR, Government of India MoR (Ministry of Railways) Indian Railways Annual Statistical Statements Ministry of Railways, Government of India MoRD (Ministry of Rural Development) Working Group Report on Rural Roads for the 12th Five-year Plan. New Delhi: Planning Commission MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). 212a. Basic Road Statistics of India 28/9, 29/1, and 21/11. New Delhi: MoRTH, Government of India. Details available at < in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/file839.pdf> MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). 212b. Indian Shipping Statistics 212. New Delhi: MoRTH, Government of India MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). 212c. Report of the Working Group on the Central Roads Sector. New Delhi: MoRTH, Government of India MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). 212d. Road Transport Year Book 29/1 and 21/11. New Delhi: MoRTH, Government of India MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). 212e. Statistics of Inland Water Transport 211/12. New Delhi: MoRTH, Government of India MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways) Annual Report 212/13. New Delhi: MoRTH, Government of India MoS (Ministry of Shipping). 213a. Basic Port Statictics of India New Delhi: Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Shipping MoS (Ministry of Shipping). 213b. Annual Report New Delhi: Ministry of Shipping, Government of India MoSPI (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation). 29. Energy Statistics 28. New Delhi: MoSPI, Government of India MoSPI (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation). Various Years. National Accounts Statistics. New Delhi: MoSPI, Government of India MoUD (Ministry of Urban Development) Annual Update 21/11. New Delhi: Planning Commission NHAI National Highways Authority of India. Details available at last accessed on August 16, 213 RITES Total Transport System: system study on traffic flows and modal costs (highways, railways, airways, and coastal shipping). New Delhi: Planning Commission TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute). 28. Pathway to a low carbon economy. New Delhi: TERI TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute). 29. The Energy Data Directory and Yearbook 29. New Delhi: TERI TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) Executive Summary Life cycle analysis of transport modes. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute TOI (Times of India) Bus Day boon: pollution at junctions dip. Times of India, 3 January 211. Details available at < ticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ / bangalore/ _1_hennur-road-bus-days-bmtc-officials> TOI (Times of India) Can the revival of Bus Day solve traffic woes? Times of India, 11 August 213. Details available at < ticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ / bangalore/ _1_bus-day-bangalore-metropolitantransport-corporation-bmtc-buses> Vittal, V. 21. Bengaluru s first Bus Day gives fillip to public transport. Citizen Matters, 5 February 21. Details available at < bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/1761-bus-day-a-moderatesuccess> 234 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 213/14