A Transport Snapshot From Europe March 2010:

Transcription

1 A Transport Snapshot From Europe March : Wireless Vehicular Communications Christopher J Skinner BSc(Eng) MEngSc MIET MIEAust MACS CPEng Principal, DISplay Pty Ltd Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies, The University of Sydney cjskinner@acslink.net.au DISplay Pty Ltd Transport 1 ABSTRACT: Chris Skinner recently returned from a week visiting four EU countries that included a residential seminar on Computational Transportation Science in the Saarland of Germany, the Cooperative Mobility Showcase and InterTraffic Exhibition in Amsterdam and experience of road, rail and air travel in continental EU and UK. The talk will focus on the latest developments in Wireless Vehicular Communications [WVC] and Co operative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems [CVIS] and discuss the implications for Australia. No matter how this domain develops, the deployment will extend over more than a decade and must be undertaken within a heterogeneous vehicle population and a time of significant ifi change in telecommunications, i energy and consumer technologies and societal policies. Issues and possible directions for this extraordinary revolution will be raised for discussion and action within the engineering profession and general community. Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 1

2 EU Cooperative Systems (1) Reference: Deployment Challenges for Cooperative Systems (-03-26) White Paper by: Lina KONSTANTINOPOULOU (ERTICO-ITS ITS EU) CVIS Zwijnenberg HAN (TNO) SAFESPOT Susanne FUCHS & Doris BANKOSEGGER (HiTec Marketing) COOPERS CVIS: Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems; 41 million; 60 partners; 12 countries SAFESPOT: Cooperative systems for road safety; 38 million; 51 partners; 12 countries COOPERS: COOPerative systems for intelligent Road Safety; 16.8 million; 37 partners; 14 countries Transport EU Cooperative Systems (2) White Paper is in three parts: Identification of the challenges Actions for stakeholders to overcome the challenges Visions on the deployment of cooperative systems It discusses: 1. Technology 2. Standardisation & Interoperability 3. Liability 4. User Acceptance 5. Privacy & Security 6. Business Modelling & Organisation 7. Political 8. Deployment & Operation Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 2

3 Technology CVIS goal is to develop technologies allowing vehicles to communicate with roadside infrastructure and other vehicles, and to share data about the traffic status and the immediate road environment. SAFESPOT goal is to design cooperative systems for road safety based on vehicle to vehicle [V2V] and vehicle to infrastructure [V2I] communication. The project aims to develop and test technology that will enable such cooperation... That will increase the amount of information available to drivers. COOPERS connect vehicles... with road infrastructure on motorways, for data exchange relevant for the specific road segment to enhance road safety and enable Co-operative Traffic Management. Transport Standardisation & Interoperability Interoperability and standardisation is necessary for cooperative systems deployment At least three standardisation organisations [SDO] are developing standards for 5.9GHz Intelligent Transport Systems [ITS] band ETSI TC ITS ISO TC204 WG16 CALM WG18 Cooperative Systems with CEN TC278 WG16 IEEE p and 1609 WAVE An Architecture Task Force is collecting and consolidating i requirements and defining an architectural framework for EU Common approach to Field Operational Testing [FOT] Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 3

4 Liability UNECE Convention on Road Traffic (the Vienna Convention) states the driver must control his/her vehicle at all times Cooperative systems are complex and incorporate many parties, responsibilities and competences. Growing technical interdependences between vehicles and infrastructure may lead to failures and thence questions on financial liability and compensation which are governed by other than contract law Use cases have been developed and analysed. Actor liabilities have been examined creating contractual matrices, and involving the law of tort. Tools being considered include: model contracts, insurance, codes of practice, standardisation, certification, validation, alternative dispute resolution [ADR], without prejudice restoration funds, and risk sharing pools. Transport User Acceptance Cooperative systems that connect vehicles... will only be successful if accepted, implemented and ultimately used by consumers. Willingness to pay is an important aspect eg 100 per 10,000km, or 100 per year, would be readily accepted The user acceptance of the CVIS system was investigated through a driving simulator study, in scenarios such as: rerouting; speed advice with green wave, infotainment. Installing systems in cars as standard equipment is seen as the most useful means to promote cooperative systems. Other important t approaches include Field Operational Testing [FOT] and cooperative research To optimise CVIS diffusion preferable to use dual approach: government role for common rules, standards and infrastructure, market driven vehicle deployment Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 4

5 Privacy & Security ITS applications and services are based on the collection, processing and exchange of a wide variety of data, from both public and private sources, including information on traffic and accidents but also personal data, such as driving habits and journey patterns. A number of EU-funded projects to look at privacy and the related issue of security. Approaches: Privacy by design Clarification of responsibilities of the various actors involved Safeguards on the use of location technologies Use cases under consideration include: Speed alert & profiles Pay-as-you-drive / road user pricing Parking and hotel reservations Transport Business Modelling & Organisation Cost model based on four main cost objects: On-board unit [OBU] Road-side unit [RSU] Traffic (Information) & Control Centre Communications Life cycle costing [LCC] used Benefits based on reduction of costs by CVIS services: Safety Efficiency Vehicle operation Environment CVIS models cover: Public safety and efficiency Commercial freight and fleet services Personal traffic information services Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 5

6 Political To translate the findings from a literature review and an interactive session into practical policy for the deployment of CVIS, fifteen key policy-makers and advisors from ten EU countries were interviewed There will be a conflict if efforts concentrate only on private vehicles Development of CVIS could be an iterative process of: Gaining more experience by conducting tests Exchanging knowledge among participants Scaling up from previous work A road-map would be useful, with a timeline Target oriented approach recommended Socio-economic studies needed Effective public-private partnership [PPP] approach needed Transport Deployment & Operation Assumed vehicle installations start in 2015 (5 year from now) Assumed fleet penetration less than 10% by 2020 (a further 5 years) Benefit /cost ratio for V2V is neutral to positive ( ) BCR for V2I is negative, mainly due to high investment costs to achieve wide coverage (like, say, the coverage of VICS in Japan which exceeds 90% of all main roads) (The first estimate for USA was 300,000 RSU) Alternative approach for V2I is: WAVE coverage of accident black spots Use of existing 3G telecommunications elsewhere to achieve benefits of driver traffic information but without the real-time safety-critical benefits Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 6

7 AGENDA (1) Introduction Road Safety in Australia Vision Vson Zero Road Efficiency in Australia Convergence of Technologies Wireless Technologies in Vehicles Communications Access for Land Mobile [CALM] Wireless Access for Vehicle Environment [WAVE] Vehicle Infrastructure Integration [VII] Transport 13 AGENDA (2) Wireless Communications in the 5.9GHz band Activity in Australia AustRoads, Standards Australia [IT-023] AutoCRC, QUT, UniSA Cohda Wireless, AusDSRC TWCAE, NICTA ACMA Road Safety stakeholders Wireless Vehicular Comms National Trial Map Conclusions and Questions Transport 14 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 7

8 Introduction ( Two Billion Cars: Transforming a Culture, Daniel Sperling and Deborah Gordon. TR News 259 Nov-Dec 2008 US Transportation Research Board) Transport 15 Road Safety in Australia per capita (Aust Govt 2008) Transport 16 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 8

9 Road Safety in Australia per VKT (Aust Govt 2008) Transport Vision Zero Vision Zero (road deaths) - first proposed by Vagverket - Swedish Road Administration in Responsibility for road injuries shifted to road mgrs, vehicle mfrs, road transport carriers, politicians, public employees, legislative authorities, police. (Vagverket 1995) EU vision for road deaths is -50% by, -75% by 2020, 0 by Approaches required to achieve e Vision Zero WAVE Improving the infrastructure to prevent crashes enabled Reducing impact speed. vehicles & infrastructure Transport 18 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 9

10 Vision Zero Requires a Systems approach.. System components mutually adapted d Cars, roads and the traffic system co-designed and developed (Vagverket 2001) Vehicle Road Safety Road User Road Infrastructure Ref: L. Wadhwa, 2001 Transport 19 Vision Zero Scenarios for Safety Improvement using Autonomous Systems WAVE technology enables high safety & high acceptance Ref: FURORE 2003 Transport 20 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 10

11 Transport 2 1 Active Safety with C2C Communication VRC (using dedicated band) Transport 22 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 11

12 Road Efficiency & Environmental Impact Transport DISplay Pty Ltd World Energy Council 2007 Statement Transport is one of the major global consumers of energy, currently representing between 20% and 25% of aggregate energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Strong growth in energy consumption to 2050 is projected in all sectors, with the transport proportion projected to remain stable up to Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 12

13 Technologies for reducing consumption A number of measures are projected which can improve the efficiency of mobility systems. These include physical infrastructure measures such as urban planning, enhanced public transport links and operability as well as improved roads to reduce congestion. Behavioural options are also available, which include alternative work scheduling to reduce commuting, encouragement of the use of existing public transport and encouraging more efficient driving styles. Innovative measures also hold potential, such as the implementation and use of intelligent transport systems relying on vehicle-to- vehicle/vehicle-to-infrastructure communications and new transportation concepts such as personal rapid transit. (WEC 2007) Transport Convergence of Technologies Intelligent Transport Systems [ITS] a range of systems and services, based on Information and Communications technologies [ICT], including processing, control, positioning, communication and electronics, that are applied to a road transportation system (EC 2008) (Vehicle)Telematics the use of computers and telecommunications to enhance the functionality of motor vehicles, for example, wireless data applications in cars, trucks, and buses Transport 26 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 13

14 Convergence of Technologies ITS Telematics Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems [CVIS] Transport QoS Time span A incident/ accident B To be enhanced via Enhanced Driver Awareness Quality of service A reactive manoeuvre B A planned manoeuvre B To be enhanced via Cooperative Traveller Assistance A navigation B A journey planning B Transport Process / reaction time 28 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 14

15 Wireless Technologies in Vehicles Transport DISplay Pty Ltd 2 9 Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System [CVIS] (AustRoads 2008) Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 15

16 Transport 31 Transport 32 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 16

17 Transport 33 System Architecture for ITS in Japan - Subsystem Interconnect Diagram ( Transport 3 4 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 17

18 Communications Access for Land Mobiles [CALM] Transport DISplay Pty Ltd 3 5 Communication Scenario - CALM GPS, GALILEO Terrestrial Broadcast RDS, DAB UMTS GSM WiMAX RSE to RSE Beacon CALM-IR CALM-M5 DSRC Hot-Spot (Wireless LAN, WiFi) Variable Message Sign RFID 50 vehicle to vehicle (IR, M5, MM) Broadcaster Transport 36 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 18

19 Transport CALM Architecture Source: ISO TC 204 (see: Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 19

20 Vehicle Infrastructure Integration [VII] Transport DISplay Pty Ltd VII Vision Linking vehicles and the transportation infrastructure into an integrated, nationwide system has been a vision of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) for almost two decades. VII technologies, network and services are designed to support applications facilitating three major goals: Safety, Mobility and E- Commerce Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 20

21 VII Concept E-payment VII Infrastructure Network Private Sector Uses Real Time Network Data Situation Relevant Information Safety Communications Signal Phase and dtimingi Probe Data Engineers Australia, Sydney Instrumented Division Transport Roadside 41 VII National Architecture Framework Wireless communications uniquely til tailored dfor vehicular environment Secure communications between service providers and vehicles Architecture designed around DSRC, however extendable to other wireless communications technologies Data collection / message distribution functions common to many applications are provided as core services enabling rapid applications development Private Mobile Users Driver On Board Vehicle Equipment Interface Public Service Mobile Users Driver On Board Vehicle Equipment q p Interface Traffic Signal Controllers Roadside Infrastructure Users Local Transaction Processors VII Network Enterprise Network RSE s Operations Center (ENOC) backhaul Service Certificate Delivery Authority Node (SDN) ) GPS DGPS Reference Signals Correction Maps External Data Sources Other, Roadside Sensors Network Users Data Subscribers Advisory Message Publishers Private Applications 4 2 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 21

22 Transport 43 The RFI says, inter alia... Explore opportunities for expanded, innovative partnerships, within the private sector, the public sector, or a combination, that more fully involve the consumer electronics and communications industries, in addition to the motor vehicle industry. Reconsider roles and responsibilities for the Federal Government, State and local governments, and the private sector. Quantify VII-enabled market opportunities and potential revenue streams that may provide a basis for private or public financing of initial investment and ongoing operations and maintenance costs.... Assess the extent to which the private sector can structure market strategies that would generate sufficient revenues to warrant substantial investment in VII infrastructure deployment, operations, and maintenance.... Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 22

23 Wireless Access Vehicle Environment [WAVE] Transport DISplay Pty Ltd Wireless Access for Vehicle Environment [WAVE] Transport 46 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 23

24 Reference: IEEE P1609.3D20, page 9, Figure 1, WAVE Standards, July 2006 quoted in IEEE DSRC Application Services (P1609) Status Report by Tom Kurihara dated IEEE , et al UPPER LAYERS WAVE NETWORK IEEE SECURITY IEEE LAYER SERVICES IEEE IEEE p LOWER LAYERS MEDIUM Note: The figure from IEEE P1609.3D21 is shown to illustrate the relationship among the IEEE 1609 and IEEE standards Transport IEEE Std Resource Manager [RM] Transport 4 8 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 24

25 IEEE Std IEEE TRIAL-USE STANDARD FOR WIRELESS ACCESS IN VEHICULAR ENVIRONMENTS WAVE Short Message format Transport IEEE Std SECURITY SERVICES FOR APPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT MESSAGES Signed WSM Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 25

26 IEEE P1609.3/D21, November 2006 The WAVE protocol stack Transport The WAVE Service Information Element (WSIE) IEEE P1609.3/D21, November 2006 Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 26

27 Distribution System (DS) Portal at RSU IEEE P1609.3/D21, November 2006 Figure 5 Transport 44 Figure 10 WBSS initiation sequence chart IEEE P1609.3/D21, November 2006 Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 27

28 Figure 1 The reference model relevant to IEEE IEEE P1609.4/D09, August 2006 Transport Figure 4 Reference architecture of the MAC with channel coordination IEEE P1609.4/D09, August 2006 Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 28

29 Figure 7 Sync interval, guard interval, CCH interval and SCH interval IEEE P1609.4/D09, August 2006 Transport Figure 8 Transmit process flow IEEE P1609.4/D09, August 2006 Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 29

30 Figure 9 SAP interfaces relevant to IEEE IEEE P1609.4/D09, August 2006 Transport Figure 10 Timing Information field IEEE P1609.4/D09, August 2006 Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 30

31 Figure 11 Guard interval, sync tolerance and max channel switch time IEEE P1609.4/D09, August 2006 Transport Figure 18 Management for communications with two different providers (Part 1) IEEE P1609.4/D09, August 2006 Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 31

32 Figure 19 Management for communications with two different providers (Part 2) IEEE P1609.4/D09, August 2006 Transport Wireless Communications in the 5.9GHz band Activity in Australia AustRoads, Standards Australia [IT-023] AutoCRC, QUT, UniSA Cohda Wireless, AusDSRC TWCAE (Warren Centre), NICTA ACMA Road Safety stakeholders Transport 64 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 32

33 AustRoads (Australasian federation of road authorities) Austroads purpose is to contribute to improved Australian and New Zealand transport outcomes by: providing expert advice to SCOT and ATC on road and road transport issues facilitating collaboration between road agencies promoting harmonisation, consistency and uniformity in road and related operations undertaking strategic research on behalf of road agencies and communicating outcomes promoting improved and consistent practice by road agencies. Transport 65 Action in Australia (at July 2008) Australia s relatively small market means that the international harmonisation of the technology, standards and devices is of prime importance for rapid and efficient implementation. Achieving this will require Australia to adopt similar radio spectrum arrangements that are currently in the process of being applied in Europe and America. This will require a submission from the transport industry seeking approval for spectrum allocation from the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA). To achieve this will require a national policy, management model and deployment strategy. In the interim AustRoads is negotiating with ACMA to place an embargo on the spectrum until this work is undertaken. Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 33

34 Transport Inter-dependency of CALM Standards, according to ISO (CALM Architecture) Transport 6 8 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 34

35 In February 2008, AutoCRC/QUT organized the Inaugural Strategy Planning Workshop for the proposed Australian Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Cluster in Melbourne. This event highlighted the importance of reserving radio-frequency spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for dedicated Road Safety, Traffic Efficiency and Traveller Information services. Special emphasis was given to the many activities and dependencies involved in the initiative. Dr Gary White Research Manager Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Automotive Technology Ltd (AutoCRC) Transport 69 Cohda Wireless DSRC Field Trials Cohda Wireless has completed more than 300 DSRC trials, for 15 distinct t DSRC usecase scenarios, in the USA, Italy and Australia. These trials covered over 3000 km, during which 40GB of random data was transmitted. The results show that DSRC systems using WiFi chipsets are severely challenged by the combination of mobility and multipath. In contrast, the Cohda Radio provides a robust communications link with valuable time to deploy counter measures, and the potential to avoid a collision altogether. Mobility and Multipath: Challenges for DSRC DSRC standards are based upon WiFi standards, and it is the prevailing wisdom that WiFi chipsets can be used to build DSRC radios. However, DSRC radios must perform extremely well under harsh outdoor, mobile conditions, and WiFi chipsets have been designed with benign indoor, stationary conditions in mind. In order for DSRC radios to deliver on their promise of saving lives they must be designed from the ground up to perform exceptionally well in the conditions expected out on the road. Transport 70 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 35

36 Connectivity Performance: Safe Vehicles Connectivity Performance : Connected Vehicles By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 36

37 Cohda Wireless Demo System Positions exchanged 10x/second Hardware Cohda DSRC Radios ST Cartesio App. Proc. GPS DSRC Antennas Software Communications Protocols V2V & V2I Applications Human-machine interface Transport Australian Dedicated Short Range Communications (AusDSRC) Cluster DISplay Pty Ltd Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 37

38 Australian Communications & Media Authority [ACMA] Manages spectrum allocation and monitors for abuse (interference) Licensing authority three approaches: Spectrum licence eg cellular phone network Apparatus licence eg radio transceiver Class licence eg cellular phone handsets Pro-active approach for vehicular wireless communications Discussion papers Inclusion in RadComms09 Agreement to embargo GHz until DSRC application is decided Transport 75 Spectrum Allocations Frequency Allocations for Cooperative Vehicle Initiatives (DSRC) ITU-R I ndustrial S cientific M edical Band Fixed Fixed Satellite (Earth to Space) Mobile Radiolocation USA Europe Japan ?? Australia???? Frequency (G Hz) Europe USA Japan Control Control p1 First Generation DSRC Service Critical Road Safety p1 Reserved Road Safety and Traffic Efficiency Draft p2 Second Generation DSRC Non-safety- related Draft p2 Transport 76 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 38

39 Summary of International Transport Options for licensing in Australia ACMA plans to release a consultation paper on Intelligent Transport Systems in the coming months... On-Board units ACMA believes that class licensing OBU s may be the most appropriate (equivalent to US and European license exempt/unlicensed arrangements) OBU s are ubiquitous in nature and will be included in imported vehicles Cumbersome to individually apparatus license Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 39

40 Options for licensing in Australia Road-side units Type Interference Operational Quality of How it would work kfor ITS management overhead Service (QoS) Apparatus Device-based, shared High High Fee involved Coordination Class Spectrum Generic, shared Parameter based property right Low No guarantee No interference protection Could have user-coordination Low (varies) Absolute A governing ITS body would manage the spectrum 7 9 EU Frequency Spectrum Plan Vic Police Vic Police Australian fixed links Transport 80 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 40

41 The Business Case for Australian V2V (AustRoads 2008) Transport 81 Wireless Vehicular Communications Architecture DISplay Pty Ltd Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 41

42 Wireless Vehicular Communications [WVC] Australian National Trial needs to be considered within a framework that reflects all the entities and their interfaces Safety Assurance is essential failure to carry this out is professionally negligent and may even be criminally negligent Transport Road network and signage, designers and operators HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES Human Operators of Vehicles and Networks Vehicle designers and on board systems integrators WVC Australian National Trial Map ICT Researchers & Telecommunications Network Designers, Integrators and Service Providers INDEPENDENT SAFETY ASSESSOR Cyclic process of calibration of the modelling and distributed simulation, run the models dland simulation i engines and then validate the results with realworld experiments. Continuous assessment of functional safety. 6 degrees of freedom modelling and simulation that includes vehicles, drivers, and environments especially radio frequency Engineers effects Australia, Sydney Division Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 42

43 Road network and signage, designers and operators HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES Vehicle designers and on board systems integrators Human Operators of Vehicles and Networks ICT Researchers & Telecommunications Network Designers, Integrators and Service Providers Transport 85 Road network and signage, designers and operators HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES Vehicle designers and on board systems integrators Roads Road networks Standards AS/NZS Signage & road marking Active Systems Traffic lights ISAR Safe-T-Cam Incident management ETC Human Operators of Vehicles and Networks ICT Researchers & Telecommunications Network Designers, Integrators and Service Providers Vehicles CAN bus GPS Driver interfaces Standards <= SAE Active Systems Cruise control Hands free voice Driver alert Signals visual / audible Transport 86 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 43

44 Roads Sensors Coordination Incident Management Emergency Services ICT IP based addressing Wireline Fibre-opticp 3G GPRS 2G (GSM) DSRC /WAVE CALM systems integration Standardisation ISO, IEEE Spectrum availability Quality of Service [QoS] Transport 87 Road network and signage, designers and operators HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACES Human Operators of Vehicles and Networks ICT Researchers & Telecommunications Network Designers, Integrators and Service Providers Vehicle designers and on board systems integrators Human Machine Interaction [HMI] Latency Reliability Accuracy Availability Data fusion Cognitive load Policies & Standards Transport 88 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 44

45 Vehicles ICT Road Networks Cyclic process of calibration of the modelling and distributed simulation, run the models and simulation engines and then validate the results with real world experiments. Continuous assessment of functional safety. 6 degrees of freedom modelling and simulation that t includes vehicles, drivers, and environments especially radio frequency effects Transport 89 IEC Functional Safety of Electrical / Electronic / Programmable Electronic Safety- Related Systems Staged process: 1. Perform software risk analysis 2. Determine software Safety Integrity Level [SIL; ranges from SIL1 (low) to SIL4 (high) or may not require SIL (typically called SIL0) based on hazards, causes, likelihood, severity 3. Define software Safety Integrity Requirements 4. Define Software Functional Safety Requirements in Software Safety Requirements Specification 5. Initiate risk control measures 6. Assess residual risk Transport 90 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 45

46 Perform Verification and Validation Accepted methods for V&V: Inspection Analysis Demonstration Test Simulation Modelling By analogy read across (extrapolation) Transport Human Machine Interaction [HMI] Cognitive systems engineering is starting to be recognised as an essential means for systems integration that gives full consideration of HMI factors HMI comprises: Transport By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 46

47 Conclusions and Questions 6 months ago: CALM including WAVE & DSRC is relevant for Australia CALM provides the essential framework DSRC is the commonly used tag to describe the 5.9GHz band use for V2V and V2I ACMA is pro-actively involved Industry and academia are actively involved Standards Australia is only just starting to become involved Engineers Australia is barely aware of what is happening => Transport and ITE work together Enormous potential in CALM(WAVE+DSRC) Now: There are profound risks involved in what is being proposed A formal approach is needed that provides comprehensive functional safety assessment and risk mitigation The application of cognitive systems engineering is needed to ensure effective HMI Transport 93 References: Aust Govt 2008: International Road Safety Comparisons: The 2006 Report. A comparison of road safety statistics in OECD nations and Australia. Australian Government. Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, August 2008 AustRoads 2008 AP-R330/08 Intelligent Vehicles and Infrastructure: The Case for Securing 59GHz 5.9 ISBN July 2008 EC 2008: RSCOM08-41 RADIO SPECTRUM COMMITTEE Working Document. Subject: Draft Commission Decision on the harmonised use of radio spectrum in the MHz frequency band for safety related applications of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) WEC 2007: Transport Technologies and Policy Scenarios to Executive Summary. World Energy Council 2007 Herrmann, Debra S. Software Safety and Reliability. IEEE Computer Society 1999 Transport 94 By Christopher J Skinner, DISplay 47