Transporte marítimo y puertos: Competencia en el sector y desafíos para la regulación. SELA, Octubre 2018,

Transcription

1 Transporte marítimo y puertos: Competencia en el sector y desafíos para la regulación SELA, Octubre 2018, Jan.Hoffmann@UNCTAD.org

2 Example: Hoffmann Shipping : Owner: German Flag: Antigua and Barbuda Freight agent: Netherlands Seafarers: Poland Crewing agent: Cyprus Cargo: Turkey to Canada Fuel: Spain Insurance: United Kingdom Shipyard: Portugal Captains favourite drink: Ireland

3

4 Costos del transporte internacional Consolidación entre las líneas navieras América Latina y el Caribe: La situación en el 2018

5 Costos del transporte internacional Consolidación entre las líneas navieras América Latina y el Caribe: La situación en el 2018

6 Source: UNCTAD RMT 2017

7 Different trends on different routes 7 Clarksons, CIM September 2018

8 Container freight rates from China Source: Clarksons Research, CIM September 2018

9 Qué es lo que explica estas diferencias? (perspectiva del usuario)

10 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

11 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

12 Freight rates and Distance in the Caribbean 3,500 3,000 y = x R 2 = ,500 Freight rate 2,000 1,500 1, ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Distance Source: Hoffmann, Wilmsmeier, MEL 2008

13 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

14 Economies of scale Clarksons Research, Dry Bulk Monthly, septiembre 2018

15 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

16 Imbalances Journal of Commerce, April 2015

17 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

18 Merchandize type and value Increase the value by 1% implies an increase of transport and insurance costs by around %

19 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

20 3'500 3'000 Competition between carriers Case study Caribbean Freight rate 2'500 2'000 1'500 y = e x R 2 = ' Number of Carriers providing direct services Source: Hoffmann, Wilmsmeier, MEL 2008

21 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

22 Dependent variable: maritime transport costs per tonne of containerizable cargo Maritime transport costs = ocean freight, surcharges, and THC in importing country Port reform Wilmsmeier, Hoffmann, Sanchez, in: Porteconomics, 2006

23 Dependent variable: maritime transport costs per tonne of containerizable cargo Better port infrastructure reduces maritime transport costs

24 Dependent variable: maritime transport costs per tonne of containerizable cargo Better (perceived) port efficiency reduces maritime transport costs

25 Dependent variable: maritime transport costs per tonne of containerizable cargo Port privatization in the exporting country reduces maritime transport costs

26 Dependent variable: maritime transport costs per tonne of containerizable cargo Trade facilitation in the importing country reduces maritime transport costs

27 Dependent variable: maritime transport costs per tonne of containerizable cargo Better connectivity / more competition among carriers reduces maritime transport costs (shippers perspective)

28 (Arvis et al, 2013) Higher Liner Shipping Connectivity leads to lower trade costs

29 (Bernhofen et al, 2013) Introducing containerization leads to more trade

30 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

31 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

32 Components of UNCTAD s Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) Average for 160 countries Maximum ship size TEUs Ships Liner companies Sourse: UNCTAD RMT 2018, on the basis of data from MDS Transmodal

33 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

34 Differences in freight costs depend on 1) Distances 2) Economies of scale 3) Imbalances 4) Type and value of goods 5) Competition 6) Port characteristics

35 Costos del transporte internacional Consolidación entre las líneas navieras América Latina y el Caribe: La situación en el 2018

36 Components of UNCTAD s Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) Average for 160 countries Maximum ship size TEUs Ships Liner companies Sourse: UNCTAD RMT 2018, on the basis of data from MDS Transmodal

37 Consolidation in the container market Mergers and Acquisitions As of January 2018, the top 15 carriers accounted for 70.3% of all capacity. Their share has increased further with the completion of the operational integration of the new mergers in 2018, with the top 10 shipping lines controlling almost 70% of fleet capacity as of June 2018.

38 Alliances

39 Alliances of global carriers were restructured in 2017 to form 3 larger ones: 2M, the Ocean Alliance and The Alliance. This reshuffling resulted in a highly concentrated market structure, mainly in the main trade lanes, where the 3 alliances collectively account for around 93 % of the East West routes. 7 East West trade lanes Asia Europe trade lanes Transatlantic trade lane Trans-Pacific trade lane Ocean Alliance "The" Alliance 2M Other

40 Vertical integration: e.g. Buenos Aires

41 Challenges for Small Islands

42 Challenges for Small Islands

43 Costos del transporte internacional Consolidación entre las líneas navieras América Latina y el Caribe: La situación en el 2018

44 Liner supply in 2018 UNCTAD, with data from MDS Transmodal UNCTAD, with data from MDS Transmodal

45 Liner supply in 2018 UNCTAD, with data from MDS Transmodal

46 Liner supply in 2018 UNCTAD, with data from MDS Transmodal UNCTAD, with data from MDS Transmodal

47 Liner supply in 2018 UNCTAD, with data from MDS Transmodal UNCTAD, with data from MDS Transmodal

48 Ship sizes UNCTAD, with data from MDS Transmodal UNCTAD, with data from MDS Transmodal

49 Leading providers for Brazil Source: UNCTAD, Datamar with data from MDS Transmodal

50 Costos del transporte internacional Consolidación entre las líneas navieras América Latina y el Caribe: La situación en el 2018

51 Transporte marítimo y puertos: Competencia en el sector y desafíos para la regulación SELA, Octubre 2018, Jan.Hoffmann@UNCTAD.org