Contents 1 Introduction to Pricing

Transcription

1 Contents 1 Introduction to Pricing Introduction Definitions and Notations High- and Low-price Strategies Adjustable Strategies Market Segmentation (or Price Discrimination) Strategy Discount Strategy Price Skimming Penetration Pricing Yield Management (Revenue Management) Margin, Price, and Selling Level Notations Basic Relation Equilibrium Point Items Sold with Regard to Price (Margin Being Constant) Price Versus Sales Volume: the Selling Curve Introduction Cost-plus Method Price Testing Estimation Made by Experts Market Analysis Customer Surveying Conjoint Measurement Introduction and Definitions Profile Method Two-factor Method Clustering for Market Segmentation Price Strategy in Oligopoly Markets Reactions of Competitors Decreasing Prices Increasing Prices Conclusion...37 References...38 Further Reading... 38

2 xii Contents 2 Dynamic Pricing Models Introduction Time-dated Items: a Deterministic Model Problem Setting Solving the Problem: Overall Approach Solving the Problem: Example for a Given Price Function Remarks Dynamic Pricing for Time-dated Products: a Stochastic Model Problem Considered Solution to the Problem Probability for the Number of Items at a Given Point in Time Remarks Stochastic Dynamic Pricing for Items with Salvage Values Problem Studied Price as a Function of Inventory Levels: General Case Price as a Function of Inventory Levels: a Special Case Concluding Remarks Reference Further Reading Outsourcing Introduction Outsourcing Process Vendor Selection and Evaluation Model Model Formulation Solution Approaches Strategic Outsourcing Case D 0,0 < D 1, Case D 1,1 < D 0, Pros and Cons of Outsourcing A Country of Active Offshore Vendors: China Recent History Consequences Chinese Strategy to Acquire Know-how and Technology Offshore Outsourcing: a Harmful Strategy? Introductory Remarks Risk of Introducing Innovations Abroad How Could Offshore Outsourcing Be Harmful to Some Groups? How Could Offshore Outsourcing Be Harmful to a Country? How Could Offshore Outsourcing Be Harmful to the World? Conclusion References Further Reading...107

3 Contents xiii 4 Inventory Management in Supply Chains Introduction Inventories in Supply Chains Definition of a Supply Chain Inventory Problems in a Supply Chain Bullwhip Effect Stochastic Inventory Problems Newsvendor (or Newsboy) Problem Finite-horizon Model with Stochastic Demand (R, Q) Policy (s, S) Policy Echelon Stock Policies Introductory Remarks Material Requirements Planning (MRP) Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP2) Production Smoothing: Lot-size Models Discrete Monoproduct Problem Continuous Monoproduct Problem Multiproduct Problem Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Pull Control Strategies Kanban Model Base Stock Policy Constant Work-in-progress (CONWIP) Generalized Kanban Extended Kanban Conclusion References Further Reading Radio-frequency Identification (RFID): Technology and Applications Introduction Technical Overview Global Description Properties Parameters of Importance when Selecting Tags Auto-ID Center at MIT Succinct Guideline for RFID Deployment Choice of the Technology Analysis of Problems that May Happen Matching RFID with IT RFID Applications...171

4 xiv Contents Application to Inventory Systems RFID Systems in Supply Chains Various Applications Related to Movement Tracking Some Industrial Sectors that Apply RFID Retail Industry Logistics Pharmaceutical Industry Automotive Industry Security Industry Finance and Banking Industry Waste Management Processed Food Industry Advantages when Applying RFID Technology to Supply Chains Expert Opinion on the Matter Economic Evaluation of the Use of RFID in Supply Chains Current Situation How to Proceed? Privacy Concerns Main Privacy Concerns How to Protect Privacy? Authentication Conclusion References Further Reading X-manufacturing Systems Introduction Mass Production Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) What Does Flexibility Means? Definition of FMS Advantages and Limitations of FMS Agile Manufacturing Systems (AMS) Definition Agile Versus Lean Agile Versus Flexible Cost Stability During the Life of an AMS Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (RMS) Motivation RMS Definition Reconfiguration for Error Handling A Problem Related to RMS Lean Manufacturing Systems (LMS) Definition

5 Contents xv How to Eliminate Wastes? Six Core Methods to Implement Lean Manufacturing Conclusion References Further Reading Design and Balancing of Paced Assembly Lines Simple Production Line (SPL) and Simple Assembly Line (SAL) Simple Assembly Line Balancing (SALB) Problem SALB Common Sense Approach COMSOAL Algorithm Improvement of COMSOAL RPW Method Kilbridge and Wester (KW)-like Heuristic Branch and Bound (B&B) Approaches Mathematical Formulation of a SALB-1 Problem Problem SALB Heuristic Algorithm Algorithm Based on Heuristics for SALB Mathematical Formulation of Problem SALB Using Metaheuristics Simulated Annealing Tabu Search Genetic Algorithms Properties and Evaluation of a Line-balancing Solution Relationship Cycle Time/Number of Stations/Throughput Evaluation of a Line-balancing Solution Concluding Remarks References Further Reading Advanced Line-balancing Approaches and Generalizations Introduction Single Type of Product and Triangular Operation Times Triangular Density of Probability Generating a Random Value Assembly-line Balancing Particular Case: Gaussian Operation Times Reminder of Useful Properties Integration Using Tchebycheff s Polynomials Algorithm Basis Numerical Example Mixed-model Assembly Line with Deterministic Task Times...290

6 xvi Contents Introduction Ratios are Constant Ratios are Stochastic Mixed-model Line Balancing: Stochastic Ratio and Operation Times Introduction Evaluation of an Operation Time ALB Algorithm in the Most General Case Numerical Example How to React when the Loads of Stations Exceed the Cycle Time by Accident? Model Model Model Introduction to Parallel Stations Particular Constraints A Set of Operations Should be Assigned to the Same Station Two Operations Should be Assigned to Different Stations Line Balancing with Equipment Selection Specific Systems with Dynamic Work Sharing Bucket-brigade Assembly Lines U-shaped Assembly Lines Concluding Remarks References Further Reading Dynamic Scheduling and Real-time Assignment Introduction and Basic Definitions Dynamic Scheduling Reactive Scheduling: Priority (or Dispatching) Rules Predictive-reactive Scheduling Real-time Assignment with Fixed Previous Assignments Problem Formulation Case of a Linear Production Control of the Production Cycle Control of the Production Cycle and the WIP Assembly Systems Real-time Assignment with Possible Limited Adjustment of Previous Assignments Setting the Problem Basic Relations Real-time Algorithm in the Case of Adjustment Case of a Linear Production Conclusion References Further Reading...369

7 Contents xvii 10 Manufacturing Layout Introduction Static Facility Layouts Basic Layout Models Selection of a Type of Layout Layout Design Design of Manufacturing Entities Location of Manufacturing Entities on an Available Space Layout Inside Manufacturing Entities Balancing of the Manufacturing Entities Facility Layout in a Dynamic Environment Changes in the Needs of Manufacturing Systems Robust Layouts Dynamic Facility Layout Conclusion References Further Reading Warehouse Management and Design Introduction Warehouse Types and Usefulness Warehouse Taxonomies Warehouse Usefulness Basic Warehousing Operations Receiving Storage Automated Systems Warehouse Management Warehouse Functions Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) Design: Some Remarks Warehouse Overview Storage in Unit-load Warehouse Warehouse Sizing Warehouse-location Models Introduction Single-flow Hierarchical Location Problem Multiflow Hierarchical Location Problem Remarks on Location Models Conclusion References Further Reading...446

8 xviii Contents A Simulated Annealing B Dynamic Programming C Branch-and-Bound Method D Tabu Search Method E Genetic Algorithms Authors Biographies Index

9