Dimitar Popov Zeina Muallem

Transcription

1 Dimitar Popov Zeina Muallem

2 Auto-IDs serve to provide information about people, animals, goods, etc. Used in purchasing, distribution logistics, industry, manufacturing companies. Storage capacity, data transfer are most important issues. Example: barcodes. Problem: low storage capacity. RFIDs contactless ID system that transfer data and power. Disadvantages radio waves are absorbed by water and are bounced-off by metal

3 One of the fastest growing markets in radio technology industry. 900 million dollars in year 2000 global sales 600 million tags sold in 2005 Total about 2397 million tags from Mostly in transportation sector. Expected to grow to 3.1 billion dollars by 2008 Reasons why RFIDs have not been in greater use: technology is new, standards were not established until recently. Other reason: cost! (RFID reader costs 1000 dollars, one tag about 20 cents) Experts say though that the price of RFID tags may never drop to 5 cents.

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5 Barcode systems Binary code stored by a filed of bars and gaps Range 0-50cm Optical character recognition High density of information can be stored and data can be read visually in case of emergency. Used in production, service and administrative fields. High price and complicated readers Range < 1cm

6 Biometric procedures Biometry the science of body measurement procedures Recognition of individuals by fingerprinting, voice identification, retina identification Smart cards Can be protected against undesired access and manipulation Services related to financial transactions or information utilize smart cards Data transfer through galvanic contact

7 Components Transponder located on the object to be identified Reader the read/write device. Example:

8 ! Advantages: Data that can be stored very high capacity No influence of dirt or damp Does not wear out easily Very fast reading speed Large distances between reader and transponder Good security Disadvantages: Relatively expensive to use Metal and moisture can have negative effects, if RFID is not designed properly Privacy issues

9 # RFID systems operate according to full duplex(fdx)/ half duplex(hdx) or sequential (SEQ) procedures FDX/HDX when reader s RF field is ON, transponder broadcasts Sequential field form reader is switched off at regular intervals, transponder transmits at this times Data capacities from a few bytes to several kilobytes. 1-bit transponders are exception. Used in Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS). Read-only transponders and writable transponders. Memory EEPROM, FRAM, SRAM used. Passive transponders powered by the field of the reader. Active battery for supplying the chip. Frequencies ranges: LF 30 to 300kHz, HF/RF 3 to 30 MHz and UHF 300 MHz to 3 GHz, microwave - >3GHz. "

10 &'( )*( # RFID systems operate at different frequencies typically from 135 khz to 5.8 GHz. Coupling can be achieved by electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields. Ranges are typically between a few millimeters to 15 m. Close coupling systems both electric and magnetic fields used to couple them. Remote coupled systems up to 1m range usually inductively coupled below 135kHz or 13.56MHz. Long-range systems above 1m. UHF and microwaves used for transmission. 868MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (USA), at microwave 2.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz. $%

11 & # ( LF: 135 khz used for animal tracking, access control. Price: $3-$10. Reader is inexpensive. Low data rate. Low memory capacity 64bytes. No multiple tags desirable at the same time. No reflection problems. HF: MHz used for contact less smart cards, smart labels, access control, etc. 0.50$ - 5$. Reader is not very expensive. High data rate. High memory capacity to 256K. Can communicate with more than one tag. Metal and fluid tolerance. UHF: 868 to 928 MHz used in supply chain management, toll collection, vehicle. Higher range. Very expensive reader. Employs anti-collision schemes. Fluids and metals pose a problem. Microwave: 5.8 GHz in development. Good noise immunity. High range. Problem: pose health problems. $$

12 # ( Low-end systems EAS (Electronic Article Surveillance systems), read-only systems Mid-range systems memory size to 100KByte EEPROM or SRAM, anti-collision procedures, authentication High-end systems with microprocessor and a smart card OS. $

13 )*# $

14 * ) # Depending on the field of application different technical parameters are required Possible fields of application: Ticketing Animal identification Industrial automation Access control $

15 +,** # ( Navigation for blind people RFID tag RFID reader $

16 # Finkenzeller, Klaus. RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification. John Wiley & Sons Security Aspects and Prospective Applications of RFID Systems. Federal Office for Information Security. Willis, Scotter. A passive RFID Information Grid for location and Proximity Sensing for the Blind User. University of Florida. Technical report number TR RFID tag sales in 2005 how many and where. RFID Journal. The World s RFID Authority. RFID $