Analysis of Potential of Inbound Tourism for Major Sources of Tourists and Influencing Factors in China

Transcription

1 Amercan Journal of Appled Mathematcs 0; (): - do: /j.ajam.000. ISSN: 0-00 (Prnt); ISSN: 0-00X (Onlne) Analyss of Potental of Inbound Toursm for Major Sources of Toursts and Influencng actors n Chna Wenrong Pan, Yng Lu, Jang Tong School of Statstcs, Jangx Unversty of nance and Economcs, Nanchang, Chna Emal address: Correspondng author To cte ths artcle: Wenrong Pan, Yng Lu, Jang Tong. Analyss of Potental of Inbound Toursm for Major Sources of Toursts and Influencng actors n Chna. Amercan Journal of Appled Mathematcs. Vol., No., 0, pp. -. do: /j.ajam.000. Receved: July, 0; Accepted: August, 0; Publshed: August, 0 Abstract: Snce 0, the nbound vstors of most sources of toursts such as Japan, Russa and Malaysa n Chna have been on a growng decrease. Whle the nbound vstors of some sources of toursts such as the Unted States, Germany and Thaland have only shown some subtle changes. Therefore, Chna s nbound toursm s facng an ncreasngly great downward pressure. On the bass of exstng researches, ths paper screens ndcators n lght of the economc development of the source of toursts, the appeal of Chnese culture, the economc and trade exchanges wth Chna and transportaton costs n Chna. In consderaton of cultural appeal, ths paper establshes a new ndcator system to evaluate the potental of nbound toursm of major sources of toursts. It fnds out the problems n the process of ther development and fgures out some solutons n order to mprove the compettveness of Chna s toursm. At the same tme, ths paper utlzes the prncpal component analyss to evaluate the potental of nbound toursm for nneteen sources of toursts wth the help of cross-secton data n 0. It also ranks n a comprehensve way the major nfluencng factors of ther potental of nbound toursm wth drect oblmn. The rankng n order of mportance s the rate of outbound toursm, the per capta natonal ncome, the proporton of the - age group, the number of Confucus Insttutes, the number of overseas students n Chna, as well as nvestment n Chna. The evaluaton result shows that South Korea, the Unted States and Inda are the sources of toursts wth the hghest potental n Chna. These countres such as Sngapore, Germany, Russa, the Unted Kngdom, Australa, Canada, and rance have certan potental to be the sources of toursts. Moreover, Phlppnes, Indonesa, and Mongola are at the end of the rankng. Keywords: Inbound Toursm, Cultural Appeal, Prncpal Component Analyss, Drect Oblmn. Introducton As one of the countres wth rchest toursm resources n the world, Chna s pretty attractve to toursts from all over the world. Snce the reform and openng up, Chna's nbound toursm has acheved remarkable achevements. By 0, the foregn exchange ncome from toursm has reached. bllon dollars, whch was. tmes than that n. However, n 0, the number of nbound toursts was. mllon, down from.0 mllon n 00. The downward pressure on nbound toursm contnued to ncrease. Chna s n an urgent need to make great strdes n ts nbound toursm [,, 0]. Thus, accurate locaton and analyss of the sources of toursts play a postve and sgnfcant role n toursm compettveness, revenue and development. Most of scholars at home and abroad started ther researches on the factors of nfluencng the nbound toursm from the prospectve of the economc development of the source of toursts, economc and trade exchanges wth Chna, and transportaton costs n Chna. They usually chose ndcators such as the per capta natonal ncome, the level of urbanzaton, trade and nvestment and transportaton costs to conduct ther researches [-]. However, Chna has a profound culture. Aganst the background of boomng nternatonal toursm, the dentty and belongng towards the Chnese culture are served as reasons for foregners to travel to Chna. There s no doubt that culture exerts a sgnfcant nfluence on the development of Chna s nbound toursm. It advances the development of tradtonal Chnese culture on

2 Amercan Journal of Appled Mathematcs 0; (): - the one sde, and bulds a platform for the world to know about Chna on the other sde [,, ]. or nstance, Chna has set Confucus Insttutes over the globe. Under the appeal of Chnese culture, the number of foregn students s on a great ncrease. rom the perspectve of the source of toursts, ths paper embraces cultural appeal nto the ndcator system, evaluates the potental of nbound toursm for major sources of toursts wth prncpal component analyss, and fnds out the factors that nfluence the evaluaton of nbound toursm wth drect oblmn. At the begnnng of the paper, t analyses the current stuaton of nbound toursm n Chna to ntroduce the theme. It gves a detaled explanaton over the ndcator system and the source of the data. At the same tme, t evaluates the potental of the sources of toursts and fnds out the factors whch nfluence the evaluaton results n Chna. At the last part of ths paper, t arrves at some conclusons. There are two nnovatve ponts n ths paper. One s that t embraces the cultural appeal nto the ndcator system. The other s that t fnds out the major factors of nfluencng the potental of nbound toursm for these countres wth drect oblmn.. The Constructon of Indcator System and Data Sources Based on the former researches, ths paper bulds a new ndcator system to evaluate the potental of nneteen countres of toursts, ncludng South Korea, USA, Inda, Sngapore, Germany, Russa, UK, Australa, Canada, rance, Japan, Netherlands, Thaland, New Zealand, Malaysa, Italy, Indonesa, Mongola and Phlppnes. In Table, the prmary ndcators are set on the bass of the economc development of the source of toursts, cultural appeal, economc and trade exchanges wth Chna, and transportaton costs n Chna. The reasons for settng the secondary ndcators are as follows: n terms of the economc development of the source of toursts, the rate of outbound toursm can reflect the comprehensve level of a naton travelng abroad. The - age group s regarded as the best age of travelng abroad n Table. Evaluaton ndcator system and symbols. that the average rate of toursts concernng nbound toursm at ths age accounts for seventy percent. Wth respects to cultural appeal, the number of Confucus Insttutes n other countres reveals Chna's cultural communcaton to these countres and the nfluence of Chnese culture on these countres to a great extent. At the same tme, the number of foregn students n Chna reflects ther dentty towards Chnese culture. The number of Confucus Insttutes and foregn students has a representatveness and objectvty over the research on Chnese cultural appeal n other countres. Concernng economc and trade exchanges wth Chna and transportaton costs n Chna, the total volume of the trade shows how open a country s towards Chna. The transportaton costs have a great account on the total expense of toursm. The data n ths paper manly comes from the Internatonal Statstcal Yearbook 0, Chna Statstcal Yearbook 0 and relevant news reports. In addton, the data of transportaton costs such as avaton, shps, ralways, and hghways are derved from the sellng prces on major webstes n the current year. In the calculaton of transportaton costs, most toursts choose to travel by arplane to Chna. However, there are dstance dfferences between dfferent countres. Calculatng the transportaton costs to Chna, ths paper puts enough focus on the round-trp ar tckets prce from each country to Chna. In order to ensure the relablty and valdty of the data, the prce of ar tckets n dfferent years s adjusted n conjuncton wth the Consumer Prce Index (CPI). Due to the quarterly dfference n tcket prces, the weghted value of each quarter s set on the bass of the number of vstors from each country n Chna and the tcket prce s aggregated n order to obtan the fnal transportaton costs. Snce the raw data of the per capta natonal ncome, nvestment n Chna and total trade volume are calculated n US dollars, the data are all exchanged nto RMB accordng to the average exchange rate of. n 0 to unfy the unts. Thus, the ndcator system to evaluate the potental of the country of toursts s bult n Table. In consderaton of the dfferent varable unts, all varables are standardzed before data processng. Prmary ndcators Secondary ndcators Symbols The economc development of the source of toursts Cultural appeal Economc and trade exchanges wth Chna and transportaton costs n Chna The per capta natonal ncome (Yuan/person) The level of urbanzaton (%) The rate of outbound toursm (%) Household consumpton rate (%) Average years of schoolng (year/person) The proporton of the - age group (%) Unemployment rate (%) Number of Confucus Insttutes Number of overseas students n Chna (person) Investment n Chna (Yuan) Total trade wth Chna (Yuan) Transportaton costs (Yuan) X X X X X X X X X X0 X X

3 0 Wenrong Pan et al.: Analyss of Potental of Inbound Toursm for Major Sources of Toursts and Influencng actors n Chna. Evaluatng the Potental of Inbound Toursm for Major Sources of Tourst and Analysng Influencng actors.. Prncpal Component Analyss of the Evaluaton... Emprcal Analyss Process Accordng to the ndcator system, ths paper uses Table. Prncpal component extracton and varance contrbuton rate. SPSS.0 for analyss. The test result tells that the value of P n the Bartlett s test of sphercty s close to It supposes that the sgnfcance level a s 0. In ths sense, the null hypothess should be rejected. At the same tme, the value of Kaser-Meyer-Olkn (KMO) s. It s reasonable to arrve at the concluson that the orgnal varables are sutable for prncpal component analyss accordng to the KMO. Prncpal component Characterstc value Varance contrbuton rate (%) Accumulated varance contrbuton rate (%) Table shows that the accumulated varance contrbuton rate of the frst four prncpal components has reached.0%, whch ndcates that these components contan most of the nformaton of the twelve orgnal evaluaton ndcators and they are rrelevant to each other. In the meantme, t avods the nformaton overlaps between ndcators, therefore, the four components can be used to evaluate the potental of nbound toursm for the nneteen sources of toursts. Table. Compound matrx of prncpal component ndcators. Evaluaton ndcators The per capta natonal ncome (X) The level of urbanzaton (X) 0-0 The rate of outbound toursm (X) Household consumpton rate (X) Average number of years of schoolng (X) 0 0 The proporton of the - age group (X) -0 0 Unemployment rate (X) - - Number of Confucus Insttutes (X) - Number of overseas students n Chna (X) - Investment n Chna (X0) 0 - Total Trade wth Chna (X) Transportaton costs (X) Table shows that n the prncpal component, ndcators such as the per capta natonal ncome, the average years of schoolng, the level of urbanzaton, and the transportaton costs account for a large proporton, whch means puts ts focus on the economc development of the source of toursts and the transportaton costs n Chna. As to the prncpal component, the household consumpton rate, the proporton of the - age group, and the rate of outbound toursm account for a large proporton. It can be nferred that manly represents the wllngness of toursts comng from these countres. Concernng the prncpal component, the number of Confucus Insttute, the number of overseas students n Chna s relatvely large. It means that manly represents the nfluence and appeal of Chnese culture on these countres. Wth regards to the prncpal component, only the nvestment n Chna accounts for a large proporton, whch represents the trade level between the source of toursts and Chna. our calculaton expressons can be obtaned accordng to the lnear combnaton formula of the extracted prncpal components. a a ak = X X Xk,( =,,,m) λ λ λ () rst prncpal component 0X = X X X 0 0X X 0X X X 00X X X () Second prncpal component

4 Amercan Journal of Appled Mathematcs 0; (): - X = 0X X X 0 X 0X X X 0X X X 0X () Thrd prncpal component X = 0X 0X 0X 0 X X X 0X 0X 0X 0X X () ourth prncpal component X = X 0X X 0 0X X 0X 00X X X X X () Substtutng the standardzed data nto equatons ()-(), the scores of the four prncpal components of nneteen countres are obtaned. The weghted average s calculated based on the contrbuton rate of prncpal components, as shown n Table.. %. %. %. 0% = (). 0%. 0%. 0%. 0% Table. Evaluaton results of potental of nneteen countres of toursts. Countres Comprehensve rankng Korea USA Inda Sngapore Germany.0-0. Russa Brtan Australa Canada rance Japan Netherlands Thaland New Zealand Malaysa Italy Mongola Indonesa The Phlppnes Countres wth the Hghest Potental of Inbound Toursm Table shows that South Korea s ranked frst. South Korea s adjacent to Chna and the transportaton n terms of water, land and ar s extremely convenent. Most of the ctes n Chna have drect flghts to South Korea, whch greatly facltates the travel of South Korean toursts. Snce ancent tmes, Chnese culture, such as characters, poltcal system and agrcultural technology, Taosm, and Chnese Buddhsm has had a profound nfluence on South Korea n ts language, deology, socal structure and the development of productvty. Moreover, Chnese culture has a great appeal to South Korean toursts n cultural dentty. Snce the 0s, the South Korean government has mplemented an "exportorented" economc strategy. Wthn a few decades, t has become a medum-developed country. Its natonal lvng standards and the trade volume wth Chna have been mproved and ncreased n a sgnfcant fashon. Thus, South Korea wll have great potental as a source of toursts n the future. The Unted States s ranked second n the evaluaton result. As the only superpower n the world, the Unted States has strong economc strength. The people n ths country normally choose to have an overseas trp after gettng certan wealth. Snce the establshment of dplomatc relatons between Chna and the Unted States, both countres have deepened ther economc exchanges and Chna has become the largest tradng partner of the Unted States. As the largest developng country and the largest developed country respectvely, Chna and the Unted States mantan close tes n cultural exchanges, economy and poltcs. As a naton of mmgrants, the Unted States has always been a multcultural country. Chnese culture s also one of the mportant carrers of Amercan multculturalsm. Accordng to statstcs, Chna has establshed 0 Confucus Insttutes n

5 Wenrong Pan et al.: Analyss of Potental of Inbound Toursm for Major Sources of Toursts and Influencng actors n Chna the Unted States so far. rom 0 to 0, the number of Chnese students studyng n the Unted States has exceeded 0,000, accountng for.% of the total number of nternatonal students n the Unted States. All of these are served as the guarantee that the Unted States has a huge potental to be a source of toursts. Inda s ranked thrd n ths lst. As one of our largest neghbors, Inda has a huge tourst source market thanks to ts large populaton. Chna has always been Inda's second largest tradng partner. Inda s one of the fastest growng countres n the world. Its rapd economc growth offers huge potental for the development of ts tourst market. In addton, as two ancent cvlzatons n the world, Sno- Indan culture has a long hstory. Chnese Buddhsm s ntroduced from ancent Inda. The number of Indan students studyng n Chna s ncreasng year by year and Chnese culture has an ncreasng nfluence n Inda. Thus, Inda has great potental to be a source of toursts n the future.... Countres wth Hgh Potental of Inbound Toursm Table shows that the fnal scores of Sngapore, Germany, Russa, the Unted Kngdom, Australa, Canada, and rance are all postve. Therefore, these seven countres have certan potental to be the sources of toursts to varous degrees. Sngapore s located n Southeast Asa and s adjacent to Chna. It s a multcultural naton of mmgrants. The Chnese account for.% of ts total populaton. Moreover, Chnese s one of Sngapore's offcal languages. In the formaton of ts culture, Chnese culture has exerted a sgnfcant nfluence on Sngapore. Consequently, most Sngaporeans have a great dentty towards Chnese culture. Wth respects to ts unque locaton, Sngapore s one of the rchest and most open countres, and t has become No. n terms of nvestment n Chna n recent years. Concernng the above-mentoned, t has a great potental to be a source of toursts [, ]. Russa s bordered by the north of Chna and has always mantaned a frendly and cooperatve atttude towards Chna n dplomacy. As the same tme, Chnese culture s attractve to Russa to a great extent. Every year, the number of Russan students s ncreasngly growng n Chna. As one of the BRIC countres, lke Chna and Inda, Russa has a relatvely fast economc growth rate. Snce 00, Chna has always been Russa's largest tradng partner. In ths sense, t s beleved that Russa has the potental to be a source of toursts. Germany, the Unted Kngdom, and rance as old developed countres, they all have hghly developed economc systems, advanced scence and technology, and a sound socal securty system. The resdents n these countres have a strong ablty and desre to travel. Wth the development of Chna's economy, Chna has strengthened ts trade wth Europe. Moreover, Chnese culture has exerted an ncreasng nfluence n there. Accordng to statstcs, there are Confucus Insttutes n Europe, ranked frst among all contnents. Thus, the UK, Germany and rance stll have certan potental to be sources of toursts. Australa and Canada, as two new countres of mmgrant, adopt a compatble and nclusve atttude towards cultures around the world. As a result, Chnese culture has a certan market n these two countres. As developed countres, both of them boast the rapd economc growth and wellestablshed socal welfare system. Ther peoples have the economc ablty to have an overseas trp. It s worthwhle to tap ther potentals to be sources of toursts.... Other Countres The evaluaton results show that the remanng countres get negatve scores. Compared wth the above countres, they have no strong potental to be the sources of toursts. Japan s hghly representatve. As Chna's largest martme neghbor, Japan has been deeply nfluenced by Chnese culture snce ancent tmes n language, wrtng, archtecture, clothng, food and thought. However, the Japanese rght-wng forces have rsen n recent years. The terrtoral dspute over the Daoyu Islands and the Prme Mnster payng a blatant homage to the Yasukun Shrne has made Sno-Japanese dplomatc relatons tense. The appeal of Chnese culture n Japan has also been greatly reduced. In terms of economc and trade exchanges, Chna s an mportant tradng partner and compettor of Japan. In summary, hstorcal and poltcal ssues, terrtoral dsputes, and economc frctons have complcated Sno-Japanese dplomacy and played a negatve role for Japan to be a source of toursts Malaysa, Indonesa, the Phlppnes, Mongola and Thaland are all developng countres wth low natonal ncome. They don t have strong ablty and desre to travel. Ther trade wth Chna s far worse than that of developed countres such as the Unted States and the Unted Kngdom; and none of the above fve countres belong to the East Asan cultural crcle. The nfluence of tradtonal Chnese culture on these countres s far less than that of on Japan and South Korea. Consequently, they lack certan potental to be the sources of toursts. As to Italy, the Netherlands and New Zealand, they are located n Western Europe and Oceana respectvely. Wth a small populaton base, they are far from Chna and have hgh transportaton costs. Consequently, ther potental of beng a source of toursts are greatly lmted [, ]... The Influencng actors of Evaluatng the Potental of Inbound Toursm for Major Sources of Toursts... Drect Oblmn Results In Table, the rankngs and comprehensve scores of man components n dfferent countres are varous from each other. ndng out the factors that nfluence the score of prncpal components plays a bg role n drectng the development of nbound toursm n Chna. In order to make the man nfluencng factors more clear, ths paper rotates the compound matrx of prncpal components wth the drect oblmn. Settng the value of δ as zero, as shown n Table, a new compound matrx can be obtaned after seventeen rotatons. The factors wth hgher matrx on each prncpal component are the per capta natonal ncome, the rate of outbound toursm, the proporton of the - age group, the

6 Amercan Journal of Appled Mathematcs 0; (): - number of Confucus Insttutes, the number of oversea students n Chna, and nvestment n Chna. Multplyng the absolute value of the above factors matrx by the correspondng prncpal component contrbuton rate, the comprehensve matrx of each factor can be obtaned. The results show that the sx factors n order of mportance are the rate of outbound toursm, the per capta natonal ncome, and the proporton of the - age group, the number of Confucus Insttutes, the number of oversea students n Chna, as well as nvestment n Chna. Table. actors compound matrx after rotaton and ts comprehensve matrx of man factors. Correspondng contrbuton rate comprehensve load Rankng X X X X - -0 X X 0-0 X X -0 X - - X X - - X Analyss of Influencng actors for Major Sources of Toursts Accordng to Tables and, South Korea s ranked frst, manly because t has the largest number of students studyng n Chna and has a strong centrpetal force towards Chnese culture. The number of Confucus Insttutes n South Korea s, ranked second only to the Unted States and the Unted Kngdom, whch means the Chnese culture has great nfluence on the country. The proporton of the - age group s as hgh as.%. The per capta natonal ncome s also far ahead and the wllngness of the South Korean to travel abroad s strong. It has a close relaton wth Chna n economy and ts nvestment n Chna s as hgh as. bllon RMB. The number of Confucus Insttutes n the Unted States s as hgh as 0, accountng for 0% of the total number of Confucus Insttutes around the world. The number of ts students n Chna s on a yearly ncrease and s second only to South Korea, ranked second among the major countres. In ths sense, Chnese culture has a strong nfluence and appeal to the Unted States. The per capta natonal ncome of the Unted States s ranked second among nneteen countres. It has a sound socal welfare system and has a strong economc capablty. The people of the country have a strong wllngness to travel. Moreover, the country tops n terms of nvestment n Chna. As to Inda, t has a certan rate of outbound toursm and has a larger populaton base than other countres. Therefore, Inda has a decent number of people who are wllng to have a foregn trp. In terms of the number of foregn students, Inda s ranked fourth among countres, second only to South Korea, the Unted States and Thaland, whch ndcates that t has a hgh degree of recognton towards Chnese culture. Moreover, Inda plays a leadng role n terms of nvestment n Chna and the proporton of the - age group. By comparson, Japan s ranked th n terms of outbound toursm. Although Japan s per capta natonal ncome s relatvely hgh, ts work pressure s far greater than other developed countres due to ts specal natonal condtons. The wllngness of the Japanese to travel abroad s not strong enough. The proporton of the - age group accounts only for.%, rankng the bottom of the lst. It s a country wth a large agng populaton, whch undoubtedly greatly ncreased the work pressure of young people. As a result, t reduced ther wllngness to travel abroad. Recently, the number of Japanese students has reduced year by year. Therefore, Japan got a low score over ts potental to be a source of tourst. As for the Phlppnes, Indonesa, and Mongola, the per capta natonal ncome of the three countres s relatvely low and ther rankngs are behnd, whch mples to a certan extent that they lack the economc foundaton needed for outbound toursm. In addton, ther number of Confucus Insttutes, the number of overseas students n Chna, and the nvestment n Chna rank at the end of the sequence of major countres.. Concluson Accordng to the study on the potental of major sources of toursts and ts nfluencng factors, ths paper concludes that the countres of toursts wth the hghest potental of nbound toursm are South Korea, the Unted States, and Inda respectvely. The countres wth hgh potental of nbound potental are Sngapore, Germany, Russa, the Unted Kngdom, Australa, Canada and rance. In addton, Indonesa, Mongola, and the Phlppnes are at the end of the rankng. The man factors n order of mportance are the rate of outbound toursm, the per capta natonal ncome, the proporton of the - age group, the number of Confucus Insttutes and oversea students n Chna, as well as nvestment n Chna. Among them, ndcators such as the rate of outbound toursm, the per capta natonal ncome, the proporton of the - age group, reflect the economc development of the countres of toursts, on the other hand, they are the man factors nfluencng the travel of these countres to Chna. The rate of outbound toursm s the ablty of outbound toursm

7 Wenrong Pan et al.: Analyss of Potental of Inbound Toursm for Major Sources of Toursts and Influencng actors n Chna and the wllngness to travel abroad. The per capta natonal ncome can reflect the natonal affluence of the country of toursts n that outbound toursm s a relatvely extravagant consumpton that requres a certan economc foundaton as a support. In general, both of them complement each other to some extent and are the most mportant factors nfluencng the nbound toursm n Chna. In the age dstrbuton of all foregn toursts n Chna, the - age group accounts for the largest proporton. People under years old are manly chldren and students and over years old are senors. They all lack certan wllngness to travel abroad. Generally speakng, the hgher the proporton of the - age group n a country, the more people are wllng to travel abroad. In ths sense, the proporton of the - age group s also an mportant factor nfluencng the nbound toursm n Chna. Ths paper pays attenton to the number of Confucus Insttutes and the number of overseas students n Chna. The rankng results tell that cultural appeal has exceeded the factors such as economc and trade exchanges wth Chna and transportaton costs n Chna. Havng the economc ablty and wllngness to have a foregn trp, t s normal for people to take the destnaton nto major consderaton because countres and regons n the world boast ther own unque human hstory and natural scenery. oregners choose to travel to Chna because of the unque charm of Chnese culture. In general, the more the number of Confucus Insttutes n a country, the greater the nfluence and appeal of Chnese culture on t. The more students of a country studyng n Chna, the greater the dentty t has towards Chnese culture and the wllngness to travel to Chna. Thus, the number of Confucus Insttutes and the number of overseas students n Chna consttute mportant factors nfluencng a country to be source of toursts. References [] Ten Pham, Leo Jago, Ray Spurr and Justn Marshall (0). The Dutch Dsease effects on toursm: The case of Australa. Toursm Management, 0-. [] Ender Demr and Gray Gozgor (0). What about relatve corrupton? The mpact of the relatve corrupton on the nbound toursm to Turkey. Internatonal Journal of Toursm Research, -. [] Jewoo Km and Choong-K Lee (0). Role of toursm prce n attractng nternatonal toursts: The case of Japanese nbound toursm from South Korea. Journal of Destnaton Marketng & Management, -. [] Hassan. Gholpour, Reza Tajaddn and Jeremy Nguyen (0). Happness and nbound toursm. Annals of Toursm Research, -. [] Joan Catherne Henderson (0). Destnaton Development: Trends n Japan s Inbound Toursm. Internatonal Journal of Toursm Research, -. [] Pan Wenrong, LuYuzh, Deng Lulu (0). The spatal evoluton pattern of nbound toursm n Chna and ts mpact factors. Journal of Dscrete Mathematcal Scences and Cryptography 0, -. [] unck (0). The nnovatve potental of nbound toursm n Japan for destnaton development a case study of Hda Takayama. Contemporary Japan, -. [] Ln Hayng, Meng Nana, L Wenlong. The Spatal and Temporal Evoluton of the Market of Inbound Toursts from Inner Mongola under the "One Belt, One Road" Strategy [J]. Regonal Research and Development, 0 (). [] Lü Zhqang, Pang Rong, Da uqang. Analyss of the Tme and Space Evoluton of Chna's Toursm Industry and Toursm Envronment Coordnaton n the Past Ten Years [J]. Toursm Resources, 0 (). [0] Yang Weqong, Zhang Hua. Spatal Econometrc Analyss of oregners' Travel to Chna [J]. Toursm Journal, 0 (0). [] Yapng Lu, Ynchang L, Parnpree Parkpan (0). Inbound toursm n Thaland: Market form and scale dfferentaton n ASEAN source countres. Toursm Management, -. [] Xu Xu and Markum Reed (0). Perceved polluton and nbound toursm n Chna. Toursm Management Perspectves, 0-. [] Elena Cavagnaro, Smona Staffer, ona Ngesa (0). Lookng from a local lens: Inbound tour operators and sustanable toursm n Kenya. Research n Hosptalty Management, -. [] Wenmng Sh, Kevn X. L (0). Impact of unexpected events on nbound toursm demand modelng: evdence of Mddle East Respratory Syndrome outbreak n South Korea. Asa Pacfc Journal of Toursm Research, -. [] Sh, J, Wang, L (0). Impacts of star-rated hotel expanson on nbound toursm development: evdence from Chna. Appled Economcs, 0-0. [] Chor oon Tang, Eu Chye Tan (0). The determnants of nbound toursm demand n Malaysa: another vst wth nonstatonary panel data approach. Anatola, -0