SAPPHO Revisited: Factors of Innovation Success in Knowledge-Intensive Entreprises in Central and Eastern Europe

Transcription

1 Paper to be presented at the DRUID 2012 on June 19 to June 21 at CBS, Copenhagen, Denmark, SAPPHO Revisited: Factors of Innovation Success in Knowledge-Intensive Entreprises in Central and Eastern Europe Slavo Radosevic University College London SSEES - School of Slavonic and Eastern European Studies s.radosevic@ucl.ac.uk Esin Yoruk UCL - University College London SSEES - School of Slavonic and Eastern European Studies e.yoruk@ssees.ucl.ac.uk Abstract This research investigates the mutual and diverging factors for successful and less successful innovations in software and manufacturing of machine tools in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). We apply univariate and multivariate analyses on 115 indicators by revisiting the seminal SAPPHO project based on the analysis of pairs of innovations and conducted at SPRU? Science and Technology Policy Research during the 1970s. We aim to identify principal factors influencing firm success in innovation in the context of CEE and compare our results to those of SAPPHO and see whether any changes took place during the last 40 years in this context after several decades of globalization. Our initial findings from a database of 90 innovations and 45 pairs of innovations? introduced onto the market during the period from 51 CEE enterprises demonstrate that, in particular, user and market-driven factors differentiate successful innovations from less successful ones. Our results fully confirm the continuing relevance of SAPPHO results and methodology. Successful innovators have stronger user orientation and better understanding of market demand. Although, CEECs are catching up economies, continuous and strategic R&D and innovation collaboration is essential to

2 generation of greater commercial success from innovation activities. Given the catching-up character of the CEECs this is surprising result which may reflect knowledge-intensive nature of two sectors which form the basis of our sample. Results of this research clearly demonstrate that orientation of the CEEC innovation policies is inconsistent with the characteristics and behaviour of successful innovators. Jelcodes:O32,-

3 ABACDE FCBCABB ADCBACABBACDBC AABCDDEFCDFEDAFACCCD CDDEFCDCBFDD BBFBDBFCBDCDCFFCFBFB DFFCDDEFCDCBCDADDBCFFFDFD FCDBFDBBBFDFCDACDDEFCDFD CFDABCDDEFFCCDCBCDACDDEFCDCFFD FDDCFCDCCDDFACDDEFCDCFFCDFBCD CFFEFBCBCDFADBCDDCEDC CD ECCCDCACBBCEFCBCCDAACCDBBCCD CDDEFCDCCFECDFCCDFDCDF FCFFCEBBCBBFFDAFFACCDFB FDBFFFDCDDFACDDEFCDCFBB CDECACDFCFDACDDEFCDDCDBFFCDFD DBCDAFFECDDCACFCDFCFDADFBDA CDDEFCEDFDBBAADDCE BFDFDCDDEFCDBFACDABACDCDDEFCD EDCB; CCFCDFCAC AFAABFDBABCDDEFCDCDACFDDCFFCD DBADC BCCDFCDDCACFF BACDCDDEFCDCCDDCFCEFBBCDDCD FFFCEBCBBAFDFBCFDA CDDEFCDCBCDDDBFDFDBBAFCCECDCD BFDCBCDFBFFBBBADBE CFDCFBBCDECADDADCBAFACDDEFCD CDDBCDDCEDCCDDCDB EDFDBDBBFFDCFDB CFFCDFDDFDCECDAFACFBBAB CDDEFCDCDDBCDDCEDCCDDFBFDFDFD DCDFBDFBFDFDFCFADFBBFAFCECD 1 SAPPHO stands for Scientific Activity Predictor from Patterns with Heuristic Origins.

4 CDDEFCDFACBEBDBACCDFCDFDFFDDCD BCCCDFCDAFDABFDBABCDDEFCD DCFFACDFACFFCDDEFCEFECDCACFDDBCDDC CDCFCECFDCBFDBCCDDEFCEDCCFBFFDBE ACDCCDBFECDDFBFDFDCDBFDFDCFCDF DFBFDADBCDCDDEFCDFFDDFD CDDEFCDCFDBCDDCEFDDFDDFCDA DBFDCFBFA DDCDECBCFCCFBFCECD BFCDBCCFABCDAACFDACDCCDACD FCACDDEFCDCDCFFDAFDFBCCDADBCDEFBB FDAFFDFCDBDBCDDFBCFDCCFBB AECCD BABBDACDCDCDBEFDABFDBF FAFDCDCAADCDCDABCDDEFCDCCBBF BCDDDBFDFABCDDEFFEDCDFCDFD DFDCDAFFDEBFBCDCDCDCAAD FE CABC CFACDCFBCDDEFCDCACFBBABA BBFBCDCDFCDCCFBFDCDCACCDD FDCEFFFCFCDCAFDEFBFAFCCCDC CDDEFCDFFCECFBAFFEDDAB CDDEFCDFFFDFFBCFCBFACAB CDDEFCDFFAFCBFBCFCBFACEDDCFBB FEDCFDFBFDFF CFBBABCDDEFCDDDDDDBCFBAFCDFDCDA DFCDFDCFCDADFBDBFDBFC BBFBFDDDDFFAB CDDEFCDCBFBFABCDDBFDFD CCDFBCFDDCDABCDDBCDCFCCDBAFC CCDCDABCDDEFCDAAFCBFBCDCBCCFBB CDFFFFCFFDDCCDEBEFCBFCDA FCABFDDABCDDEFCDFCDDFCFFCD 2 This section draws on SPRU (1972; 1974). 2

5 FBFDACDEFCFBBBFBFDFBFC CDCFBFDCDCDCACCDD AABCDDEFCDFFFDFFBCFCB FACFBBFCDDCFBBABCAACDFDFFBADF FFABFAFCDCDCDEBECDDFD ABDBCFBCFCDCACDFBAFCCD CFEBCDFDFDAFCDFBFBFDBBCDCDFFCBB FDCD FFFCDCDECCDACCDECF FAFFCEFDCCDBCD ECBFEFDBFCDCDDEFCDFCAFDCFCD FDFDDCFFCCACDCECFBAEBDAAC DCFCDDECDDAACFDBFCDCCFDA FCCFBFDFBFDDFDCEFCCFBB CDCACFDCDCDCFBCDDAEFCFBBFBFEFCBFB DAEFCDFCFEBCEFCFDCFAFFDFB FDDEFCFBFDFBCECBCCFCD BCBACEDBCDAFCCCDFDABFDAFCB CDDEFCDFDECABBCFABBFC ABCDDEFDFEFCDEFDACFEDF ABCDDEFFAEA ABCDDEFEEAEDBEEAAFDAFCBD DFCBCB ABCDDEFFAACECFCFADDFAAADBA EDAACD EFFAADABADCFCDABFFFBBEFAEFDFE FFCFDCDFAFCB CECCCABDBDCB FDDACDCBACCDFCDFFDAAFFDFEFA CFCBCCFBFCDCDDEFCDCFADDD DBCFBAFFDFDFCDABDCFBDCDDEFCD EFBCDACDFFCDFDDCB ACDCDFCDCDCDCACCDDCDDEFCDDBCDB CDCACFDCDDEFCDCDFFFCFBCDCDDEFCD BCDDFBCDDEFCDFFFBAABCDDEFCD CDEBEFDCFBBBFFCDFFACDEDCDCDACB CDEEDCBEFCDFFDACDDEFCD CDDFCBFFDCFDAFCDFCDDEFCDCBCD 3

6 ACCDDFBAAACFDACDEBEDCDCDDEFCDF DCFAFCDEDCBFBCDFDEDCBFD DEFBBFBBFCCFBCDBFDCDDDEFBBFDCDCD FBDD BACDDBBFCDFAFBFCDABCDDEFCD FBCDBCDFAFBFCDDABCDDEFCDBFFD BFBEBEDFCBBFDFBFDFBCDDEFCDAFCBFDAD FAFCBCDDFDCADFDBBEBAF CDFDCDACFAFCBCDCDDEFCDCFBBDCDD DFBFDECDDCDEBEFDBBFFCDACDDEFCD FDDAFCCFBECFBDCF CDDEFCDBDCEFDEBCFFABFCAADCFB DACAACCBBCDCDCFBCAAD FAEBDCBFADFDBACD CDDEFCDFBDCBACBDEB BCCDEBECDCDDEFCDCFDABBDCCDA FCCFDADCDDEFCDBFCFDFF BEBFFBDCFCDFDDBCDABDCDCECD CDDEFCD ABCFCBFBADDFDCDAAFFCCCDF DABFDBABCDDEFAFCBCDCCDFB BCFCDFCFABCFFCFDDCCBFCDCDCAAD DAACDCFCBABCDDEFCD CCDFBFBADDFBACCDDEFCDFCDCDFB FECDFFDCDDCDECFAFFAC CDFCDFFDDFDFDFDFFBCDFDFD FBDDFBFDCDDFBACDFDECDFBC FFDFFCDEBEDEDCBDEFBB FDFAADABFDBABCDDEFCD CFECCBBFBCDDA DFBFDFDEFBFAFCCCDCABCDDEFCD ABABDFDAFFFAACDDEFCDFDFBAFFDF CCDDACCDDEFCDFCDCAFCACDECDDFBAF CFAACDDEFCDFDCFFDCFFCD DBADCDCDBFCFCDDCFFBC CDECFCDABEAFCBFCCDDFCFDBDCCDCDFFC BBCDECCDCDFDCCDCAADC CDDFBCDFCFDDCFDDFCFBCA DCBAFDDFCFDCFFFBCCBFA 4

7 CBCCDCFDADFCAFCDCFDADCFCD CDDFBFDDFBDCAAACCDEBDFEFDFAFF CDFCDFDCFBBBFFCDCDCECFBCDCDCDFC FCDFCBCCFBFDBFBCAADCDDEFFDFCD FEDECCCDCDFB CAADCBBCFDFCBFBEBDFB CFADFCAABFDBABCDDEFCDCDDBCDDCE DCCBBFBACDCFCCCDFCDAFFBEBA CDDEFCDFCDABDCFBFCDEFFCCAAF CACDDEFCDABFDBABFEFDCDC DABE FACCDAFCDCBDFCDABBC DCCCFBCFBCDAACCDDEFCDFDCFCCD CBFCDCCDDFCAFACCCDF CABCB FEACBDFBAFFDFDAFCDAFCDB FCBEFDADFAFDDCDA FDCFECDCDCCDFDCFBDBCACFBC CDFCDCDFCDBFBEFBFCDCDDFFBCFDAF BCDADFFCFBBDFFDACCCDB DCFDBFBABBCDFCDFDFCBCFCCF CAABEACA DCFFACDFACFFCDDEFCEFECDCACFDDBCDDC CDCFCECFDCBFDBCCDDEFCEDCCFECDDFB FDFDCDBFDFDCFCDFDFBFDADBCD CDDEFCDFFDDFDCDDEFCDCFDB CDDCEFDDFDDFCDADBFDCFBFA FBFCCFABCDAACCDBCDFB 3 DCBCAAACFDFBCDCACAFCBFD FADBFCEDFBCBBCDABDDABEB CDFFCDFDCBBDFBDFEDBEFDFBC FFFCDCCFBBFBCCDCFCDAFDFCADB CDFCDAACCDFCDCCFBBECBB 5

8 6 ACBCFCFFCECCCDAFFDFCD B ACBCDDEFCEBFECDD ECDFCDBFF FAFCDCCFFEFBACBFBFBFDAFCBCF CCFB CBCDCBCBBDDBCDDCDCDCD CDCDBDCDCDBCDECDCD FCFD ABACABDDAACABBB FCCDDCFFBFCDAFBDCBCDDFFBCDCFBBCB FDCFFFDDFBCCDCDDEFCDCCDED FBBACDCDFDACCCCCDCFFDB ACFFCFDCDCFBCDCCCBFCCACDCDA CCBFCFCCDFCCBFFCFFFCAADDCFBBCD DBACBACDDEFCDCDFBFDCDFB FBCBADBBFFCACDDEFCD ABBC CBC BFCD FCDFCD BCDCDFDDCDFCD CCDB F CBBCDFCD CBBCDFCDF CBBCDFCD CDCDFCD FBC FCDF C DBFDFD FDFDB DCBFDDCD CDFDCFBFDFD DDFB FCD DDCAFCBCDDEFCDCDFBBCDDEFCDCDFBFEDCD FCDDEFCDFABFDCDCFBC FCDFBDDEFCFFFCDFDCDCDBBFB DFCDFEFBBCDCAC CDFFCDFCDAFBFDBCDCDACDDEFCDFDAFBA DCFBDDFCDDEFCD FFCDADADCBFDFEFFBCDC BCDDCFDF

9 FAAFDCDDCDCAADCDABFDBABCDDEFCDF DACDCCDB ABCDDEFCDFFFDFFBCFCBF ACABCDDEFCDFFAFCBFBCFCBFAC EDDCFBBFED CAACBCFCDFBFBAECDCAADCFDABFD BABCDDEFCDCBFCDCDECFAFBAC BFCDDEFCDFACBFDCCFDCDFCDEAFFD AFDBDCFDFCD FDBCDCDBFDAFBACACDDEFCDFEAF AFDCCFABCDDEFCDACFBFCBCDCDDC CFBABCDDEFCDDFFCEBCFBFDA FACDDEFCDFBFFFDADEACDDEFCDD FFACBFDFDDBFBA CDCFFDCFBDACCDEFBCDACFBFDEFBC ACFBFCDFBFC FBBCCCDACDDEFCDDFDEB DFCDFECDAFCDFCDDEFCDEDBA ECBCFBCDAFCDFBFCBCFB FBCCCDACDDEFCDDFD AF FCDB FB BC FCF BFD DF FB CCA FAFCDECDCFDFCDACCDBCDF BFDFDFCFCDCBFFDFFEDFCD BFFDCCDCDFFCECCFDCDCCDFBCD DDCDCFACCDDEFCDFFECDDFD FDDAFCDFFBFADFDFBCDFA AC DACABDCCBC FCCDACCBFCDDEFCDDABBABFBBFCD FFECCDBAFBFBDCDDFDCDCECFBF FCCDFFCBFFCCCCDAFEACDAFEAB 7

10 DCCCFFCDACEBF FCBFBFCDADABFDBABCDDEFCDACDECEB C FD C ACDCDFAFD CAACACB FCDCCFBBDFCDCECFBCDCFFAAFCDCACD ABABABCDDEFCDCDCFFECDEBEFCBFAC CDFCDFDCDADCECCFCDCDBFDFDBCFBBF ACDFCDFDCDAFCFBBCFDFDFDDFCD FBCDBFBFBBCBFCBFCDFCECCCDACFDDFB DCCBCDCECCCDFCECCFFDBEB CDDFCFCBCDAFCDFDAFACBEBFBBFFD DFBDCFCECFDFCCDACACACCDDEFCDCD FDAFAFBDCDCDCFFBACDFDFDF BFD FBCDFDCDFBBCDCFCCDCF CDBBAB BCFFCACFFBCFCFCBFBAFDBFDFF DAFCFCDAFFCCCDFABAB ABCDDEFCDCDDCDCFFDFACDCDCC DAEFCFBFBDAFEFCDFCCDDEFCD DCDCCFBFCCDAFCDCFDBCEFCFFDFBC - CDCFBDFBBEFCFB - FCDCDDDCFDFFEFCFBCDFBBDACDF AFECFAFFDFBCCDEFCFB CFBBCDCFFEDCDCFBCCABCCDFCD CDCFFDCAADDABFDBABCDDEFCDFAB CBDFCDACBCDCDCFCFCCFBBCDCACFD CAADDABFDBABCDDEFCDCCDFFBBCCFC FCCFB FACDDEFCDFFACFBCFBBBFCE CFBCCDFCAACFDDCDCFBDC CECDDEFCDCBEFDDBFBDFCCCDFDABBCFBC DFFCDCDAFFCCCDFABABAB CDDEFCDCCDFCAACFFDDBCDCDCFBFBDCCBF CDCFBFDFFBCAFCCCDFDACCDC 4 The survey questionnaire is available from the authors upon request. 8

11 AADCFBAFFEDDBCBFB CDCCDADEFCAADCFDAFCF CCDFAFCBFCDADACACDFDFCBFCDAF FDFDCBCDFDDCCCFDCCDCD CDDFDCDFDEBCDFDACDDEFCDFD FFCDFDFBBFCDFDACACCA FCDFBCECDDEFCDACFDDDBDCCFDCCF CDFADCDFDCBBFDFB CDBCAB FCDCEFCFFDFBCFCDCFBBABDFF CCCDCDABFDBABCDDEFCDFCCFBCDCACFDA FCCCDCDCDCFBCEFCBCAEFDAFD CDDFFBBFBBCFCBCFCFCCFBCDCACFDA FABABBBCACDCFFCDCDCFCECCD DCFBCBBFCDDAABFDBABCDDEFCDFDC CDCFBACDCFDFCDFFBCDCFC ACDDEFCDCDCFFCCFBBCDCACFDFDAD FCAADDABFDBABCDDEFCDBA CDCFBFCEDCDFBACDCACFDEFCFBFCD CDACDFFFCDEBEDFDCDFCDDFDCDF FDFDFDBBFFCDFDCDDEFCDFDBBFFCDFCE CCDFBBAFCACDCFBDDFDFBFBDBAAF FDFBCAFAFBCFBBAFDCDFCDAAFBFCD C AFBAFCAFCFCDAFCCFBBCDCACFDCDCFCDA FCDFB AFDBDCDFBBCFFBFCDFDBCCEA CDCCDCFCCCEDFCEDBFCFDDCCD ACAADFCEDFCECDFDFFBB FCBCAFCDFBFCEFFBFFBBEFCD FDFBBFFEFAFAAAAFFDFFDCDCF CCBFCDFDABCDFCDCFBF DBBCDDEFCDFDFCFDDCDBBCBDFD DCDEDBCCDFCDABFCDCFDBBFFCDC ACDACACDFCECCFBBFCFCFFCEBFCFB 5 EFBACCAFFDFBCCFAFBFDFAFBFEDDCD DCFBFDFEFBDFDBFAFFDFBCCDBDFBBCDCFAC CDCFBCDCACFDCCB 6 factor loadings and this is not much different from a 5 factor model in terms of statistical measures. 9

12 DBFEDACCDDACFAFFDFBC AFAFBCFDCBDFBBFD EFCFBBFCDCDDEFCFDCDDBCDFACDCDAC CFCDFCDCECFDFDCDCDEBEDFD CDFCDDDCFCCFBBDDCDCACFDBCDABD CDEBEDACDEBDFACDDEFCDDCFBC DAABCDDEFFDFCECDACDEBECDCD EBDFCDFDFECDCACBCCFBFABFDA DFDCDDABABCDDEFCDACCD FFFDDCACFCDFBACDE ACDCDFBFCDFCDEFCDAFBCCACDFCD ABCDDEFFEBCEDCDEBDACDDEFCDF BBFFDDBFABFDABCDDEFFEFDF BAFCDCACDCFBBCDFBFA EBDCCFBFABFDDFDCDEBECDEBD FDDFCACFCDDFEFCAFBCCCDC CDFCDCFEFACDEBEDDBFA CDFCDCCDCCCDFEFCFBDABFDBAB CDDEFDCDCFECDFB FBDACFAFFDFBBAFAFB DACB Potential users were involved a lot during the development stage of the innovation A lot of steps were taken to educate the users If there were user problems, they became apparent after launch The demand for the innovation was estimated by market research of the firm The demand for the innovation was estimated by previous knowledge There was a formal R&D department in the firm and it was the entire R&D department in the firm to carry out the research activities for the innovation There was/were external R&D unit(s) and the project manager for the innovation in your firm was the leading/responsible person for this R&D work in the external R&D department There was/were external R&D unit(s) and number of qualified scientists and engineers in this external R&D department There was a formal R&D department in the firm and it was part of the R&D department in the firm to carry out the research activities for the innovation The kind of collaboration was subcontracting Foreign firms contributed to design activities The innovation arose partly in the company The demand for the innovation was estimated by customer's requests 10 B AC D ACCA DBCDA C C D CA ACA BD CA CAC DCA FCDFCFFCBCDFAFBCDFFBACCCCDCACFDFFBEFCFD BFCD

13 FBFCCFBBCDCACFDCDCFAEACFCACDDEFCDFDBADACFAFFDFB AB BCAB ACFCBABBCBDCBCB AAACADACB BBB ACAB BBBBB ACAB FDAB BACAD FDAB BDDB CCCB BAAC BA C A AD CA C D CA B ACD ACCA DBCDA CB CD CA CAB DCA C Potential users were involved a lot during the development stage of the innovation A lot of steps were taken to educate the users No steps were taken at all to educate the users If there were user problems, they became apparent after launch C ompound indicato r (average) The demand for the innovation was estimated by market research of the firm The demand for the innovation was estimated by previous knowledge The innovation involved going into an unrelated market area The demand for the innovation was estimated by customer's requests C ompound indicato r (average) There was a formal R&D department in the firm and it was the entire R&D department in the firm to carry out the research activities for the innovation There was/were external R&D unit(s) and the project manager for the innovation in your firm was the leading/responsible person for this R&D work in the external R&D department There was/were external R&D unit(s) and number of qualified scientists and engineers in this external R&D department There was a formal R&D department in the firm and it was part of the R&D department in the firm to carry out the research activities for the innovation The kind of collaboration was subcontracting Foreign firms contributed to design activities The innovation arose partly in the company The innovation was new to the firm The innovation was new to the country C ompound indicato r (average) C ompound indicato r (average) C ompound indicato r (average) EFCDAFDFDBEFCDAFDBFDBFECDEACDCFFABAADFCEDFBBFCD DCDCF

14 ABCDDEFCDDEFCECAFFDCFCFCDEFB FAACEFFCDCDFDACFB CDCACFCDADFDECDBFD FFFFCDFDFFCAACFDCCF DCDADCBCCCDAFCDFBFCBCAF DCDDEFFDCDEBECDCFFCDDEFCDDCDCD DBFFFFFAADCFCDAFFDF DECDBCDFFFEFAECFBCC FBDBDABCDDEFFDCDDBFF FFCCBFBCABDCFDECCDFB ECCAADCDACDFCDCFCDDCACDFCDA ABCDDEFCCDCACFDBCDFBABCDDEF DCDCFECDFBDAFBFFFCCFBBD CDCACFDACDDFBFCECDCACFDADFFD FDFDCDACFCDAFDDCDCDCFDFBCAB FDFDAFCDCDDEFCDDBACDCFCDFDC FCFCCDDEFCDFDBBFFCDDDCDAFBF FDCDFDCDFDDFBCAFDDAC CFBFDCDCDBACDCDDEFCDCCDEBECDFCDA BBFFCECDDEFCD CDBFFDFCDCDFCDDCBFACD CDFCCDCCDAFCDCDDEFCDCCEDCABF DFCDFBBEBFDFCDDCDCDCEB DCFFCDCFFFAFDFDFDBBFFCD CDCCCDFABCDDEFCDABABCDDEFCDCDFBC CCDFDAFCCDCCDAFCCAFCDDFB FDFCDCFCAFCDACFDFD CAADBCFBCEDFFBCDEBECFCB BFACCDFEFDDCCBFBDCBFBAFBBDCCD ACBCDFBDCCFEFCBFBCFFB FAACCFBFCCDCFCCDFDCCDFD CDDACCFAAFBCFCECFACDCDFFCFDFB CCDFBFACFDFFCDDCCBCACDDEFCDFF DFBFDBFADACFCDFCFF ABFFCFCFCFFDDC FDFCDEBECDCDDEFCDFCDBFFFCEBF FBDDFFCFFDFAFDF CDEBECDCDDEFCDCBFFFCEBFCFFABCECCD ABFCDFDCDFFCDFBFEFCBFBAAC

15 AACDDEFCDABACCDEBECDBBFFCE DFCDCACDACCDEBECDCDDCDDEFCDCDFCDCBA FDCDEBEDFBCDDEFCDCDCFDFCFCFFCEB FFBCFCDCAACBCFDCDCDCDDEFCDFDDF FDFBFCDBDBCCDCDFCECCFCCCDFCDAFD ABFDBABF CDFDACDFDAFACDDEFCDCCCCD FDCDBACDDEFCDCDFCECFCFDDBCDFCD CDFDFBFBBFCDFCACCFBECDDBACD FDCFCDFBDCDCDDEFCDBBFDFBCADA CDDEFCCFBBCFDAFBBACFCDFBE BFCCDBFCFBBCDDAAFDD FDBCDCFDFCDCDABBFFCDFDACDAC DCCDCDCDFCECCCCCDFDABFDBABCDDEF CCBABFDFFFCBDDCEDDDFFD CFBBCDFCFFBFFDCDFDCDAFCFDF CDFEACDACDCCDCDBFCCBFBAF DFDCDFFDFDFDBBFFCDFDCDDEFCDBBFFCD DCDAFCDEBEDFDCDFCDAFBCDFBE CDEBEDCEDCDCDDEFCDBBFFCDAFBFCDCD FCCAADDFDCDFDFD DFCDFCBFBBFCDCBCDEBEDAACDBCD DDFCBACDACFCDEBECDEFBFCDDBCDCDF FDFBFECFFDFB DEFBBFEFDCDCFACDCACFDFDFF CCCDFCDAFFCDFFACDEBEDFDCDFCDFDCDDFDCDA FFDFDFDBBFFCDFDDDEFCDFDBBFFCD FFBCAADCFCDDABFDBABCDDEFCD FEFBFCCFBFDCDCACFDBDAAAFC FBBFFDACAFFBBFDAFBCDCDDEFCDFDFDFD BBFFCDFBCFFBCCDEBECDCCF CAADCDDEFCDBFDCDDEFCDFDFDAFFCAAD ADEBCFDDCDEFCFBFDDDCDBCCD DACFFBFDFAFCCDACDDEFCDCD DFCBFAFCCCDCABABABCDDEFCDACDAF AFCCCCDFABABABCDDEFCDACFFD FFCAFCCDACDDEFCDCBDDAFA ABACCBCBFBFEFCCCDDEFCDCDFBBFCDCD CAADDACCCEAACFCCDBFBFD 13

16 BAFFFDBCDCFCDCACFDBCFCBCAAB CFBCFCDACCDDEFCD CDBC CDCFFADFCAADDABFDB ABCDDEFCDFFBACDCFBFDAACDCFB BAAFFFBFDFDCFBBCAADAFD FEABFBCDEBEDFDCDFCDFDDFDCDA FDFDACFAAFCCAADCFDABFD BABDDEFCDFBCDDEFCDFDFDCBCCE FCFCDCCDFFCBCADCDDEFFCDEBECDC FFFDFFCBCADCDCDDBFFFFCCDFB AFCDDFDCDFFCCDAFCFBBCDDCA CCDDDEFCDFAFCCDFACBFDAFA CDDEFCDBFCEBABDCDFEFCCCDFCDAF AFDCDDEFCDFDFDEFCFBFBFCEBBCDCACFDDF FDFAFCCCDACDAFFDDCDCF DBFCAADCFCDCDFDCDDEFCDFDFDAFFBAF FCDCACFDBBFCDDDDBCDAF ABDBC FFCAADCFDABFDBABFCDFCDB CDFBDDFAFCDFACF DCDACDEBEDFDDFDCDAFD FAFACCCFBFBCCDEBEFBFDA ACFFEABFCFBCFFCDBFDCF FBBCCCBFECCCCDFFCCCDFCDAFD ABFDBABCDDEFCDCCFCFFFBBFFCD CFCDEBEDFBDCCBFFCCDEBEFCDC FDFDBCBFEABCDDEFCDCFC FFCABCDBFDAABFFECDCDDEFCDD DFFDDAC 14

17 FBFCCFBBCDCACFDCDCFAEACFCACDDEFCDCDFDBADACFAFFDFB C AB B ACD ACCA DBCDA CB CA C D CA C AAACADACB No steps were taken at all to educate the users Potential users were involved a lot during the development stage of the innovation A lot of steps were taken to educate the users Potential users were not involved at all during the development stage of the innovation BBB BBBBB ACAB ACAB BA CAD BBB BBBBB ACAB ACAB BA CAD F DAB CCCB BAAC BA CA AD If there were user problems, they became apparent after launch C o mpo und indicato r (average) The demand for the innovation was estimated by market research of the firm The innovation involved going into an unrelated market area The demand for the innovation was estimated by previous knowledge The demand for the innovation was estimated by customer's requests There were a little after sales problems There were competitors already at work in the same field when it was decided to pursue the innovation The market situation confronting the firm in its regular product lines at the start of the innovation project was highly competitive C o mpo und indicato r (average) There was a formal R&D department in the firm and it was the entire R&D department in the firm to carry out the research activities for the innovation The innovation arose partly in the company The kind of collaboration was subcontracting Amount of total R&D expenditure for the innovation There was/were external R&D unit(s) and the project manager for the innovation in your firm was the leading/responsible person for this R&D work in the external R&D department There was/were external R&D unit(s) and number of qualified scientists and engineers in this external R&D department If the firm had any outside collaboration, it collaborated with the research institute The kind of collaboration was R&D agreement BCAB BCAB C o mpo und indicato r (average) The innovation was new to the firm The innovation was new to the country C o mpo und indicato r (average) ACFCBABBCBDCBCB 1. Observations for success better than/more than less success. 2. Observations for success worse than/less than less success. 3. We have used inverted scores for some indicators (harmful effect negative) when calculating the compound indicators.

18 ABBBABAAACDACB CDFBBDFBCBBFCDCDCFCFFDCDCACFDFBCF BEBCDCDFFFCCFBBDDBCDCACFDCFEFBFBFACDCD FFFCFBBCDCACFDCFBBCDECABCCFBCFBCDA BFFDCDABFDBABFBDD CDEBEDABFCDACBDCACFCDFBA CDFFCBABCDDEFDFDFDFFAB CDDEFCDEBECDBBFFCDBCACDFEAFBDC FFBFFFCFDCCDCDAFFABCDDEF BCBBBFFCCDCBDCDDEFCDACECAA CDDEFCDFDFBCDCECFBCDDEFCDFBABFBBFDBBFFCDF FDBCDFDCDFBBCDDCDCAACBBFCDBBCCD FCECCFDBFCDDACDDEFCDABCDCAADFDFBBFB ECFFBFFACDCDFBDFCCF ABCDDEFCDFBFCDCDD FBCCCDABFCCFBBDCDCACFDCDCFCCDAF B AC DACCA C D CA CA BD CA C C FDCDCF AB B AB C FCB FCDB B C B C AB AB AB FCB AB FCB DCFBDCDEBEFFBBCDEBDFACDDEFCD ABFFFDFBCDEBD ABFFFDBFCDEBD CACFCDCDFFBACD CDABBFFCDFFD FFAFBFDCDACFDCADCDAACF BFCDDCDFD FFAFBFDCDACFDFDFACDDEFCDF BFCDDCBDCDFD FFAFBFDCDACFDFAACDFDCD CDFDFFCCCBCD FDFBDCFDAEBDFDFF DCECFD FDFBDCFDAEBDFDFF FCDCFD AFDAFBDCCDACFFFCFDCCFBB DCF CDDEFCDFBBACFD CDDEFCDCCCDFACCDCECFBFFCD AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFCFCDC CDABBFFCDFBCDCDFD CDDEFCDFDAC CDFCECFDCDDEFCD FCFDCCCDFACDCDFEDFDDD ACADCCDFCECC FEDCCCDAFCDDCBFBBCCBFF CDCCDFACDCDCDDEFCD BBFBFC EFCDACDDEFCD AF EFCDACDDEFCD EFCDACDDEFCD

19 BABBDACDCDCDBEFDABFDBFB FFAFDCDCAADCDCDABCDDEFCDCCBB FBCDDDBFDFDCFFA FCDFBBBEFDFCFBCCFBBCCDCDDD FDFFDCFCDDCFBBCDCABCDDEFFE DCDFCDFDDFDCDAFFD BFFCDDCDCDFDFCCDCFBDFCD AFCFBACDDEFCDFCECCEFFDFBAD DDBFCCDCABABABCDDEFCCFFC FCDFBFDCFCDFDBDFCDFD FDCFCDCFCFDABBFFCDCDDEFCDCDABF CCDFACCDFDCCFCDCACFDBCDEBECDBBFFCE CDDEFCDFDBABFFDCFCDBACDACFDDFCD FD DFCFAACCDAF FCFFDCFDABBFFCDDAFCDFCD BCDCAAFCDBDFCCDCDABFDB ABFCBBFCCCDFCDAFFCDEBEDFDCDFCD CDFDCDAFFDCDDEFCDBBFFCDFBFCEBBCDCACFDD FAAFCECDCDFCDDEFCDBCCDDCCD DDCFDFDCAFBCFDF FCAADCFCDAFCDCDDEFCDCDCDACDBCCD CDCDBCDFBFBFCDCCEDDBCDDCE FDDCCFECEBDFCBEFDAC CEFDFBEFDADFFDCDDEFCDBBFFCDC FCEDACCECADFDCDFBCDDEFCDBCEFB CEBEFDCCFBFCAFCDFCDADFF DDFBBFECFCFDAFDCDFCDA CFBBABCDDEFCDFBBFFEDACFCDDEFCDCBFBF FCFFDACCBEFDADCBBBA CDDEFCDFDBCCCFBBCDFCDDCBCBFE DACCFDAFDFDCDCDDEFCDDF DBCEDCDDEFCDACDCDDDCDCFDA DFDBBCCFFFBDFDFCDFCD FBEFDA 17

20 FBFFCCAABCDDEFDFBABCFAFCB BADAB ADAB DFDCDAD DFDCDADFB CDEBED DCDFCD ACEBDAACCDB DFDCDAF ABBBFFCD AACEACDBFDCDCACFEC ABCDDEFCDBBFFCD DCBCDCECFBCDABF FFBBDC CFCBCCFBACDDEFCDFCCCBFCEBFBBECED CDAFCDFDBFCDDCEDFAFFDCBFFCC DBCBFCFDCDFCDAFDABCCCB CDAFFBFBCFCEFFCEFDFBCFCDCD BACBACDDEFCDDACFCDFDCDFBDFCEFFBCCACB FFCFCABEBABFADBCDDCEDDC DCBE C F F D AD EFDCD DBDDCE DDC FD DDEFCD A DC FD CFB BBCD CD CCD FDDCDEDFFFBBCFDFCDFFBFCBF FEFDDFFFEFCFDFCCFDBFECFCDBCFDCFFDCF FAFFBBCD 18

21 DA DCFCDFDAEFCDAABFDBABCDDEFCDCDFD BACDCFB FDCDCF 19 BBFBFC EFCDACDDEFCD AB B AB C FCB AF FCDB EFCDACDDEFCD EFCDACDDEFCD B C B C AB AB AB FCB AB FCB CDDEFCDFDAC CDDEFCDFDD CDDEFCDFDB ACFDACDDEFCD CBBCCDCDCACFBFCDDEFCD CDDEFCDFFFC CDDEFCDFBBCDFD CDDEFCDFBBACFD CDDEFCDFFBCDFD CDDEFCDCCCDFACDCECFFCD CDDEFCDCCCDFACFCDCFFCD CDDEFCDCCCDFACEDDFFCD CDDEFCDCCCDFACFFCD CDDEFCDCCCDFACCDCECFBFFCD CDDEFCDCCCDFACFDACFFCD CDDEFCDCCCDFACBCFFCD CDDEFCDCCCDFACCFFCD AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFCDCEC AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFCFCDC AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFCEDD AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFCFDAC AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFC AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFCCDCECFB AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFCFDAC AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFCBC AACFFDCBBFFCDCBBFFCDBFD CDABBFFCDFFCFBBCFD CDABBFFCDFFD CDABBFFCDFDCFBFCDFD CDABBFFCDFBCDCDFD CDABBFFCDFDFCD CDABBFFCDFFCDCD CDABBFFCDFFDF CDFCECFDCDDEFCD CDFACDFCECD ACCDACDFCECD ACDCDFACDFCECD FCDCDCECCDCCDFCECC CDACDCCDFCECC FCFDCCCDFACDCDFEDFDDD ACADCCDFCECC DFBDFFBCFDADDCCDFCECC FDCDFFCDFDDFBAACBDCCD CDFCDCDBFDCCDFCECC DCFBCDEBEFBCDEBDFACDDEFCD DCFBCDEBEFBCBCDEBDFACDDEFCD DCFBDCDEBEFFBBCDEBDFACDDEFCD ADCDDEFCDDBCFBBBFCCAACB ABFFFDFBCDEBD ABFFFDBFCDEBD ABFFFDFABFD BAFDF BCBDAFDF FDFFBBF BACACFCDCDFFBACD ACACFCDCDFFBACD CACFCDCDFFBACD CFBFFCDFACBDCFC CDDEFCD CDDEFCDFEBCDBCAFCCDFFDB FBAFAFBB FBCBFAFBB FAFBBFFBB DAFBDCACDDEFCD FFAFBFDCDACFFFCECCA FFAFBFDCDACFDCFDCFDCD ACFFFCECCACDDEFCD FFAFBFDCDACFDCFFAFDCD ACFFFCECCACDDEFCD

22 CAD BBFBFC AF FCDB EFCDACDDEFCD EFCDACDDEFCD EFCDACDDEFCD FDCDCF B C B C B C AB AB AB AB FCB AB FCB AB FCB FFAFBFDCDACFDFDFAACFFB BFCDDCDFD FFAFBFDCDACFDCADCDAACF BFCDDCDFD FFAFBFDCDACFDFDFAFDF BFCDDCDFD FFAFBFDCDACFDFDFACDDEFCDF BFCDDCBDCDFD DFACCDFDCDFDAACFBBFA FCDCDDEFCD FFAFBFDCDACFDFAACDFDCD FDDFC FFAFBFDCDACFDFAACDFDCD CDFDFFCCCBCD FFAFBFDCDACFDFAACDFDCD CDFD FFAFBFDCDACFDFAACDFDCD F FFDDFBFDCDEBECDCDDEFCD ADFBFDFDDCCDDEFCD FDFBDCFDAEBDFDFF DCECFD FDFBDCFDAEBDFDFF FCDCFD FDFBDCFDAEBDFDF FDFDFD FDFBDCFDAEBDFDFFD FDFF FDFBDCFDDAFBCACCDCFDDCDCDC DFBFD FDFBDCFDFDFAACFFBBFCDD ACCDDFBFD FDFBDCFDCADCDAACFBFCDD ACCDDFBFD FDFBDCFDFDFADFBFDF BFCDDACCDDFBFD FDFBDCFDFFDDCFDFCD ACFBFCDDACCDDFBFD AFDAFBDCCDACFFFCFDCCFBB DCF DFACCDFDFBBFFCDCDDEFCD CCDFCF FDFAACFFBBFCDDACFC CADCDAACFBFCDDACFC ACACDFDCFBFCFDAEDDCDDEFCD ACACDFDCFBFCFDAFDACCDDEFCD ACACDFDCFBFCFDACEFCDDEFCD FDACDDEFCDFCFDDB FDACDDEFCDFCFFFAAC FDACDDEFCDFCFCCDFF FDACDDEFCDFCFECDB FDACDDEFCDFCF FDACDDEFCDFCFCDAC FDACDDEFCDFCFBCBCF FDACDDEFCDFCFBFCD FDACDDEFCDFCFCDBC FCFCDDADCDACCDCBFBCDFFA CDDEFCDFCBCCE FCFCDDADCDACCDCBFBCDFFA CDDEFCDFFBCCE FCFCDDADCDACCDCBFBCDFFA CDDEFCDFCBCBDCCDFFBB CDDEFCDFFFCDCCD CDDEFCDFFCDCCD CDDEFCDCDEBECDCDFDDBFFFF CDDEFCDCDEBEFBCBDCDCDAFCDFDCFCD FFCDDEFCD CDDEFCDCDEBEFBADCDCDAFCDFDCFCD FFCDDEFCD CDDEFCDFFCFFDCEFADFCAADB BFBDFCDFBACDFFFACDDEFCDFACDCDC CDDFCDFBACDFFFACDDEFCDFACDCDC FD FEDCBCCDAFCDDCBFBBCCBFF CDCCDFACDCDCDDEFCD FEDCCCDAFCDDCBFBBCCBFF CDCCDFACDCDCDDEFCD FEDCBFCDAFCDDCBFBBCCBFF CDCCDFACDCDCDDEFCD 20

23 ACCBBBCBCD DACB FC FC FC Potential users were involved a lot during the development stage of the innovation A lot of steps were taken to educate the users If there were user problems, they became apparent after launch The demand for the innovation was estimated by market research of the firm The demand for the innovation was estimated by previous knowledge There was a formal R&D department in the firm and it was the entire R&D department in the firm to carry out the research activities for the innovation There was/were external R&D unit(s) and the project manager for the innovation in your firm was the leading/responsible person for this R&D work in the external R&D department There was a formal R&D department in the firm and it was part of the R&D department in the firm to carry out the research activities for the innovation There was/were external R&D unit(s) and number of qualified scientists and engineers in this external R&D department The kind of collaboration was subcontracting Foreign firms contributed to design activities The innovation arose partly in the company The demand for the innovation was estimated by customer's requests FCDFCFFCBCDFAFBCDFFBACCCCDCACFDF FBEFCFDBFCD ACCBBBCBCD DACB FC FC FC FC FC Potential users were involved a lot during the development stage of the innovation A lot of steps were taken to educate the users If there were user problems, they became apparent after launch The demand for the innovation was estimated by market research of the firm The demand for the innovation was estimated by previous knowledge The demand for the innovation was estimated by customer's requests There was a formal R&D department in the firm and it was the entire R&D department in the firm to carry out the research activities for the innovation There was/were external R&D unit(s) and the project manager for the innovation in your firm was the leading/responsible person for this R&D work in the external R&D department There was/were external R&D unit(s) and number of qualified scientists and engineers in this external R&D department There was a formal R&D department in the firm and it was part of the R&D department in the firm to carry out the research activities for the innovation The kind of collaboration was subcontracting Foreign firms contributed to design activities The innovation arose partly in the company FCDFCFFCBCDFAFBCDFFBACCCCDCACFDFFBEFCFDBFCD B FBCDFDEDCBBCDFFFCCADDEFCDFDD BBFFCEDDEFCDEAAAB BDFDDDCCFDCFBAFCDCF DA BAAEABEEADEAAE DFEFCDFC 21

24 22 DFDECDFBCEFFCCEDFDCDFDDDEFCD DAAFEABACEEB AAEDCFEAEFFEDC FC FCFCDBFDDCDAFCFBBDCEEA FFBFDFCDBAAEFABD AFAFFC BFDDEFCDCDBAFDFBCDFECBFEFDDDFFFEF FECEBAAFADECEA EFABFBFBDF FDFDFCBCDDCFBDDEFCDDAFDCFEABA FDFD FDFDAFDCFEABACDDDFDFCDD BCDDDEFCDFDEBDADCFBCDAFFBAEDF EBADEABEADEFBBDDCDBC CAACDFFDDFA EBDFDAFCBCEEDCBA FDFDFDFFDACFDCFDFCEFCCDDBCCD EAFAAFADDFDCDBC FFDDEEABACEEADEFDDFDB FBFDCDABFDCDDFDCFBBFDCDFEAB DDBFCDBFDCDDADCAA CAABAAFEFAEADFEFCDB CFDFCAFDDBCFBFDCDCDCDAEABA B CCCDCDFDFDCFCDFBFDCDFFCBCCBCDCDFCDFDFC EAAAB CCBCDDBCFBFFCBCADCFBCFCDDFBCFBFFDFCD DCFEADEEB FDFDFBFCDCFDFACDCECCFADDEFCD FEAB CBFCDFDDDEFCDDDDBBDDCFEABA FBFBDF DEFBBDDEFCDFDDFCDFBDCECFB DEFBBDDEFCDFFDCDFCEACDFCDDFCDFB ACDDEFCDDCFDBDCBEDCFBFD FDDCCDBCDD

25 23 DEFBBBFCDCFCDFBADDEFCD FDDDFCDFBCFCDCDAFFBAEDFEBADEAB EADEFBBDDCDBC DEFBBCDCDCDDEFCDFDDCCDFCDCD BFDCDDDCDDDDEFCDDFCEFDCDFDDC AFDBECCDF FFFDDFBFFCDACDAF FBFFDBEBCEFBDFBCCDDBCDDCE DDCDFDBFBCEFBAEFDCDDBDDCE DDCFDDDEFCDADCFDCFBBBCDCDFDF FDFECFDEDDBFDDEAADCFEAFECCEADECE BDD CBBCDECEFBACDCDBBFFCEBFCDCCFBC BEACE FDDCDABDAFFDDCDDEFCDFCCFBECA DCCFBCFEA BBFDFBADDEFFFBEDD BAADCECA FECCDDCDCDFDDEDCDFBBCCFCDFBCAD CAADB FCDFFCEECDDFBCFCEFDFDCFCEFC BDBDDDCEAFBCADCF FCDCFBCDCFDDDCECACF BBDFCFDDFDFCDFEA BBFDBECDDDF FFEA BBDDFBCBBBCFBFACDDEFCDF EACEAB BBADAEFCFEFDCEC CBBFDFBDFBCAFCBFBCB FDFCBCDDCFBDDEFCDDCDBCF DCDCECAFFDDCBBFBCECD BFFDBBBCDAADCFBDDEFCDCD CFDDCD AFDAFCBCDDDEFCDBDC FCCDBCFDCDCECAFCBBFBC ECDDFDBBFDB FFCFCDACDDFCFDBDCCDFEA

26 FDFFDDDCECCDCD DBADDEFCDADBFDCEFFFDCFCD FDBCCDFFEAB EDCBCDFDBACDCDCACCDDCDDEFCDFE AB EDCBFCEFFCACDCFBCFDFCDFE AB EDCBFFADEBDA EDCBCEFBAFDAADCEC EDCBCACDDDEFCDECFBCAF 24