Step 1: What is this? It is. What are these? They are s.

Transcription

1 ACADEMIC GRAMMAR 8: Write about purposes and methods. David Reeves 2010 Step 1: What is this? It is. What are these? They are s. Use this vocabulary: safety glasses, a hard hat, an apron, work gloves, steel toe boots, ear protectors, a face mask,

2 Step 2: Grammar. Give reason or purpose information in a sentence. Use one idea from each column (columns 1,2,3,4) and make sensible sentences. Write the sentences in your notebook. Example: Workers wear hard hats to protect their heads. Workers wear hard hats. Why?/ What is the purpose? Someone = Verb = Equipment = Purpose /Reason / Why? Subject of the sentence Action Something = Noun Workers wear safety glasses to protect their hands. Workers wear hard hats to protect their lungs. Workers wear work gloves to protect their clothes. Workers wear steel toe boots to protect their eyes. Workers wear a face mask to protect their ears Workers wear ear protectors to protect their heads. Workers wear an apron to protect their feet. Grammar information: In English, when we want to explain the purpose of our actions, we can use: to + verb (= infinitive form) to express the meaning. OR in order to + verb to express the meaning. Why do you go to the language laboratory after class? I go there to practice English. Why do you go to English classes? To learn English! OR, the same meaning: Why do you go to English classes? In order to learn English.

3 Step 3: Vocabulary. More safety equipment. Use this vocabulary. a helmet, a raincoat, a seatbelt, a car seat, What is this? It is Step 4: Use one idea from each column (columns 1,2,3,4) and make sensible sentences. Write the sentences in your notebook Someone Verb Equipment Purpose / Reason / Why? Parents use seatbelts to protect their heads People in cars wear helmets to protect their clothes Football players raincoats to protect their babies. People on bikes car seats to protect their bodies. People on motorcycles People

4 Step 5: Person 1: Excuse me, are you free? Can I talk to you for a moment? Person 2: I am sorry. I can t talk now. I need to go to the language lab to do a test Study the grammar in the EXAMPLE BELOW carefully! I need to go to the language laboratory to do a test VERB 1 VERB 2 WHERE? SOMEWHERE / PLACE WHY? / PURPOSE/REASON Write 16 or 17 complete sentences in your notebook. Use the grammar in the example. Begin each sentence with I need to go to Example: I need to go to the post office to buy some stamps Add information from each column to make sensible sentences. PLACE WHY? the DMV my doctor s office the post office my son s school the video store near my house the bank a pharmacy my teacher s office my babysitter s house the bakery near my house the airport Lancaster Mall my brother s apartment the hairdresser s the employment office/ The Human Relations Department the computer lab babysit buy do pick up talk to return visit get deposit withdraw hand in fill out my homework for tomorrow a haircut a blood test some new shoes some stamps my brother my kids his kids some cash from my account a birthday cake a driver s license my last homework my paycheck his teacher some cough medicine some movies my sick mother a job application

5 Step 6: Paraphrase: Rewrite the information but don t change the basic meaning. David Reeves Protect the money in your bank account. Memorize the PIN number for your debit card. Don t share the PIN number with anyone. = in order to protect, and you should not share your PIN number with anyone. = To,, and never. 2. Protect the money in your bank account. Don t use your birthdate or address for your PIN number. = To, never. = In order to, you should never. 3. You have to show the receipt or you won t get a refund. = to refund. = To, the receipt. 4. Your vocabulary will improve if you read a newspaper every day. = You should in order to. = To, should. 5. If you don t take notes in lectures, you won t remember the information later. You should to. = In order to,. 6. If you want to produce healthy flowers, you should give the plants some fertilizer every few weeks. = To, fertilize the plants. = in order to. 7. Light skinned people should use sunscreen when they go out in the sun. It protects their skin, and it reduces the risk of skin cancer. = To their and, people sun.

6 8. Regular exercise reduces the risk of heart disease later in life. Doctors advise it. = To, people to regularly. = Doctors people regularly in order to. 9. Bill didn t have any milk in his apartment. He went to the store for some milk. Bill was out of milk, so he the store buy. 10. Bill went to the Mall because he wanted to buy some new shoes. = Bill Mall to. = Bill Mall for. 11. Jack does not have a lot of money. He cannot take a long vacation this year. = enough take. = Jack enough for year. 12. Jack doesn t have a lot of savings, so he can t retire now. = enough. 13. Jack does not have a lot of free time. He cannot do a lot of homework outside class. = enough. 14. This house is too small for my family. = not space family. 15. Jack is 15. He cannot get a driver license. = Jack is 15, so he old a driver license. 16. I don t like this drink. I like more sugar in my drinks. = I don t like this drink because enough me. 17. Jack is still injured. He cannot play soccer yet. = Jack is still injured. healthy soccer yet. 18. Many people need to do more exercise to stay healthy. = don t enough stay healthy.

7 19. When I get home from work, I am usually too tired to exercise. = When I get home from work, I don t energy exercise. 20. This jacket is too small for me. = not me. 21. Jack failed the test. He didn t study very much before the test. = enough pass. 22. Jack didn t get a promotion. His boss said he needed more experience = Jack s boss said enough. 23. I don t know many words in English. I cannot understand American newspapers. = enough newspapers. 24. Construction companies are looking for new workers. They need to hire more workers to build the new school near my house. = Construction companies are looking for new workers because enough the new school near my house. 25. Many students don t study very much outside class, they don t do well in their classes. = enough to. 26. The salary that we offer is very low. Nobody applied for the job. I think we should increase the salary a little. = The salary was enough attract applications. I think we should a higher salary. 27. The store closed because sales were low. It didn t make a profit. = The store closed because in the store enough a profit. = The store profitable because. As a result,. 28. Jack still has a leg injury. His leg is weak, so he cannot play in the game tomorrow. = Jack s leg strong him to play.

8 Step 7: Write about Purpose (why?) and Method (how?) David Reeves 2010 How can you calculate the area of a rectangle? 2 meters 3 meters You can calculate the area by multiplying the length and the width ( 3 x 2 ). HOW? / METHOD When you want to give information about how to achieve something, (answer the question How? ), you can use by + ing form. Remember that by is a preposition so there is some grammar you also need to remember! ( see Academic Grammar 6 for a review of this grammar if you need it!) What is the grammar you need to remember about prepositions? You must use ing-forms after a preposition. Which is correct? a) I remember new vocabulary by I write new words in my notebook. OR b) I remember new vocabulary by writing new words in my notebook. OR Sentence b is correct. Sentences a and c are both wrong. Other ways to give the same information: In order to calculate the area of a rectangle, multiply the length and the width (3 x 2). PURPOSE = To calculate the area of a rectangle, multiply the length and the width. = Multiply the length and the width to calculate the area of a rectangle. = Multiply the length and the width in order to calculate the area of a rectangle. Now look at the next page.

9 Now rewrite this information but don t change the basic meaning. Write in your notebook. 1. Protect the money in your bank account. Memorize your pin number for your debit card. = To,. = You can by. 2. One way for foreign students to increase their vocabulary is to read newspapers regularly. = To, should. = can by. 3. In the USA, many students have part time jobs to pay for college. =, often have. = To,. =, students pay by. 4. Many governments think that building more roads is a solution for traffic congestion problems, but they are wrong. Building more roads is not a good solution for traffic congestion problems. = To, think should, but they are wrong. Building more roads is not a good solution for traffic congestion problems. = believe can solve by, but they are wrong. does not solve. 5. To attract more customers, the company redesigned the store. This strategy was successful. The number of customers increased. = The company wanted to attract more customers. attracted more customers by. 6. To attract more customers, the store owners added more parking space. This strategy worked. The number of customers increased. = wanted, so space to try to customers. This strategy was successful. Business improved. = wanted. They succeeded in attracting by.

10 7. Moving production from the USA to cheaper developing countries is one way for American companies to reduce costs. = To,. = can by. 8. To turn on the camera, press the red button. = by. 9. Students can learn new computer skills if they take this class. = If want, they should. = To, should. = can by. = improve their by. = who want should. 10. Last year, the store started to advertise on TV to try to increase business, but this strategy was not successful. = Last year, to try,, but this strategy did not work. =, tried by, but this strategy failed. 11. People relax in many different ways. For some people, working in their garden is one way to relax. = People relax in many different ways. in order to. = People relax in many different ways. by. 12. In my opinion, cities can reduce traffic congestion if city governments invest more money in public transport. = I think by. = In my view, one way cities.

11 13. Manufacturing companies can reduce the number of accidents in their factories if they have regular safety training seminars for workers. = It is a good idea for manufacturing companies have because safety classes help to reduce the number of accidents in factories. = by. 14. If you press the enter key, the cursor moves to the next line in the document. = in order to. = You can by. 15. These grammar exercises will help new students to practice for the test next week. = should do because these exercises. = If do, help students. = should do in order to them practice. = Doing practice test next week. = New students can practice by. 16. Community colleges offer classes which are connected to jobs. This helps students to get jobs. = In order to,. = by. 17. Many unemployed workers need to learn new job skills. They should take classes at a community college. The classes will give them new job skills and help them to find a new job. = should in order to. are useful because. = can by. The classes will job by.