Chapter 6:3: The Role of Prices

Transcription

1 Chapter 6:3: The Role of Prices

2 In this section, we will see how prices affect consumer behavior and how producers respond.

3 1Co_6:20 For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are God's.

4 Prices in a Free Market: Prices are a key element of equilibrium. Price changes can move markets toward equilibrium and solve problems of shortages and surplus.

5 Prices in a Free Market: In a free market, prices are a tool for distributing goods and resources throughout the economy. Prices are nearly always the most efficient way to allocate, or distribute, resources. Prices help move land, labor, and capital into the hands of producers and finished goods in the hands of buyers.

6 Prices in a Free Market: Alternatively, methods for distributing goods and resources, namely a centrally planned economy is not nearly as efficient as a market system based on prices. As you will see prices play other vital roles in a free market economy. Prices serve as a language, an incentive, and a signal of economic conditions. The price system is flexible and free, and it allows for a wide diversity of goods and services.

7 The Advantages of Prices: Prices provide a common language for buyers and sellers. Without prices, as a standard measure of value, a seller would have to barter for goods by trading shoes or apples for a sweater.

8 Price as an Incentive. Buyers and sellers alike look at prices to find information on a good s demand and supply. The law of supply and the law of demand describe how people and firms respond to change in prices. In these cases, prices are signals that tell producers or consumers how to adjust. Prices communicate to buyers and to sellers whether goods are in short supply or readily available.

9 Price as an Incentive. In the fad toy illustration, the sudden increase for demand for the toy told suppliers that people wanted more of those toys and soon. The higher prices tells firms that people want more of the toys, but also that the firms can earn more profit by producing these toys. Therefore the rising prices in a market will provide an incentive for existing firms to produce more of the goods that are in demand and will encourage new firms to enter a market.

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11 Prices as Signals: Prices acts like a traffic light. A relatively high price is a green light that tells producers that a specific product is in demand that they should use their resources to produce more. New suppliers will also join the market. But a low price is a red light to producers that a good is being overproduced. In this case, low prices tell a supplier that he or she might earn higher profits by using existing resources to produce a different product.

12 Prices as Signals: For consumers, a low price is a green light to buy more of a product. A low price indicates that the product carries a low opportunity cost for the consumer and offers a chance to get a good deal. By the same token, a high price is a red light that tells consumers to stop and think carefully before buying.

13 Flexibility: In many markets, prices are much more flexible than output levels. Prices can easily be increased to solve a problem of shortage, and they can just as easily be decreased to eliminate a problem of surplus.

14 Flexibility: For example, a supply shock is a sudden shortage of a good, such as gasoline or wheat. A supply shock creates a shortage because suppliers can no longer meet consumer demand. The immediate problem is how to divide up the available supply among consumers.

15 What are the options? Increasing supply can be timeconsuming and difficult process. For example, wheat takes time to plant, grow, and harvest. Rationing, a system of allocating goods and services using criteria other than price is expensive and can take a long time to organize.

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21 What are the options? Rationing is the basis of the economic system known as central planning. Raising prices is the quickest way to resolve a shortage. A quick increase in prices can reduce quantity demanded to the same level as quantity supplied and avoid the problem of distribution. The people who have enough money and value the product the most highly will pay the most for it. These consumers will be the only consumers still in the market at the higher price, and the market will settle at a new equilibrium.

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23 The Black Market: When people conduct business without regards for government controls on price or quantity, they are said to do business on the black market. Black markets allow consumers to pay more so they can buy a product when rationing makes it otherwise unavailable. Although black markets are a nearly inevitable consequence of rationing, such trade is illegal and strongly discouraged by government.

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25 Price System is Free: A free market distribution system, based on prices, costs nothing to administer. The free market pricing distributes goods though millions of decisions made daily by consumers and suppliers. Prices determine if consumers will buy. A farmer looks at prices to determine what crops to grow.

26 Choice and Efficiency: One benefit of a market-based economy is the diversity of goods and services that consumers can buy. Prices help consumers choose among similar products. The prices provided an easy way for you to narrow your choices to a certain price range. Prices also allow producers to target the audience they want with the products that will sell best to the audience. In a command economy, one organization decides what goods are produced and how much stores will charge for those goods.

27 Efficient Resource Allocation: All of the advantages of a free market allow prices to allocate, or distribute, resources efficiently. Efficient resource allocation means that economic resources land, labor, and capital will be used for their most valuable purposes. A market system, with its freely changing prices, ensures that resources go to the use that consumers most value highly. A price-based system also ensures that resource use will adjust relatively quickly to changing demands of consumers.

28 Efficient Resource Allocation: The highest return possible is sought and this is because producers will sell their resources to the highest bidder. The highest bidder will be that firm that produces goods that are in the highest demand. Therefore the resources will flow to the use that are most highly valued by consumers. This flow is the most efficient way to use our society s scarce resources in a way that benefits both producers and consumers.

29 Prices and the Profit Incentive: Efficient resource allocation goes hand in hand with the profit incentive. For example, a potential heat wave would have created a need among consumers for certain goods (air conditions, ice cream), and the rise in prices would have given producers an incentive to meet this need. Everyone seeks to have the most profitable manner.

30 The Wealth of Nations: Adam Smith Wealth of Nations, Businesses prosper by finding out what people want, and then providing it. This has proved to be a more efficient system than any other that has been tried in the modern era.

31 Market Problems: The first problem: Imperfect competition can affect prices, and higher prices can affect consumer decisions. If only a few firms are selling a product, there might not be enough competition among sellers to lower the market price down to the cost of production. When only one producer sells a good, this producer will usually charge a higher price than we should see in a market with several competitive businesses.

32 Market Problems: Second Problems is negative externalities such as unintended costs such as air and water pollution. They affect people who have no control over how much of a product is produced or consumed. Since producers do not have to pay these unintended costs, their total costs seem artificially low, and they will produce more than the equilibrium quantity of the good. The extra costs will be paid by the consumer, or, in some cases, by society at large.

33 Market Problems: Imperfect information is a third problem that can prevent a market from operating smoothly. If buyers and sellers do not have enough information to make informed choices about a product, they may not make the choice that is best for them.

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