EOSINT M Materials for Direct Metal Laser-Sintering (DMLS)

Transcription

1 EOSINT M Materials for Direct Metal Laser-Sintering (DMLS)

2 EOS offers a range of application-optimized metal powder materials for EOSINT M systems Commercially available DMLS materials Material name DirectMetal 20 DirectSteel H20 EOS MaragingSteel MS1* EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 EOS Titanium Ti64* EOS Titanium TiCP* Material type Bronze-based mixture Steel-based mixture 18 Mar 300 / Stainless steel 17-4 / CoCrMo superalloy Ti6Al4V light alloy Pure titanium Typical applications Injection moulding tooling; functional prototypes Injection moulding tooling; functional prototypes Injection moulding series tooling; engineering parts Functional prototypes and series parts; engineering and medical Functional prototypes and series parts; engineering, medical, dental Functional prototypes and series parts; aerospace, motor sport etc. Functional prototypes and series parts; medical, dental For system requirements please refer to information quotes or ask for details * under development EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 2

3 Contents DirectMetal 20 DirectSteel H20 EOS MaragingSteel MS1 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 EOS Titanium Examples of other possible future materials EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 3

4 DirectMetal 20 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 4

5 DirectMetal 20 - bronze-based material for rapid tooling and rapid functional prototypes Characteristics and applications Key characteristics good mechanical properties very fast build rate very easy to finish Typical applications injection mould tool inserts for moulding up to hundreds of thousands of plastic parts other tooling applications prototype parts, e.g. for functional tests, wind tunnel testing etc. fixtures, test parts etc. injection mould insert (Source:: EGi, EOS) propeller prototype for wind tunnel testing, EGi EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 5

6 DirectMetal 20 quickly and easily produces functional tooling and parts Key properties Mechanical properties UTS: approx. 400 MPa yield strength: approx. 200 MPa Young s Modulus: approx. 80 GPa hardness: 115 HV Physical properties min. remaining porosity : 8 % surface porosity closed by micro-shot-peening massive parts typically built using Skin & Core build strategy max. operating temperature 400 C EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 6

7 DirectSteel H20 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 7

8 DirectSteel H20 - steel-based material for heavy-duty tooling and prototyping Characteristics and applications Key characteristics high strength and wear resistance dense, highly polishable surfaces Typical applications injection mould tool inserts for moulding up to millions of plastic parts other tooling applications, e.g. die casting, extrusion prototype parts Injection mould tool inserts in DirectSteel H20 (right Bosch, left Kashiyama), Bósch, Kashiyama EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 8

9 DirectSteel H20 produces heavy-duty tool inserts with highly polishable surfaces Key properties Mechanical properties UTS: approx MPa yield strength: approx. 800 MPa Young s Modulus: approx. 180 GPa hardness: HRC Physical properties min. remaining porosity : <0.5 % massive parts typically built using Skin & Core build strategy max. operating temperature 1100 C Micrograph of laser-sintered DirectSteel H20 part, etched EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 9

10 DirectSteel H20 has similar behaviour to conventional steel materials Typical tensile testing behaviour of DirectSteel H20 Stress (MPa) Horizontal sample laser-sintered on EOSINT M250 Xtended Strain (%) EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 10

11 EOS MaragingSteel MS1 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 11

12 Various types of steels are conventionally used for injection moulds, depending on the requirements Summary of tool steel types with examples Material type Nitriding steels Case-hardened steels Through-hardened steels Maraging steels Pre-hardened steels Corrosionresistant steels Examples / designations AISI / Material No. / German ---- / / 14 CrMoV 6 9 P4 / / X 6 CrMo 4 P21 / / X 19 NiCrMo 4 H11 / / X 38 CrMoV 5 1 D2 / / X 155 CrVMo Mar 300 / / X 3 NiCoMoTi P20 / / 40 CrMnMo 7 P20+S / / 40 CrMnMoS SS / / X 42 Cr / / X 36 CrMo 17 Characteristics & applications Hard surface but low toughness. Used for screws and extruders Case-hardening: hard surface with tough core; warpage risk Typ. precipitation hardening. High hardness but low toughness Age hardening: hard and tough, very low shrinkage No post-hardening needed For moulding corrosive plastics, e.g. PVC Source: Mold-Making Handbook, ed. Menning, 1998 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 12

13 Maraging steels are high performance, hardenable steels typically used for e.g. aerospace and tooling Characteristics of standard maraging steels Maraging = "mar"tensite + "aging" [treatment] Low-carbon steels with martensitic structure e.g. 18 Mar 300 / / X 3 NiCoMoTi has 0.2% carbon In solution-annealed condition has high strength (~1,000 MPa) but can be easily machined Age-hardenable up to approx. 55 HRC hardness and much increased strength e.g. 6 hours at 490 C Originally developed as high-strength steels for aerospace, also conventionally used for injection moulding tools with particularly complex cavities Source: Mold-Making Handbook, ed. Menning, 1998 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 13

14 Maraging steels are noted for their high strength, high crack resistance and simple hardening Quotes from "Maraging steel is an iron alloy which is known for possessing superior strength without losing malleability.... Maraging steel is essentially free of carbon, which distinguishes it from most other types of steel. The result is a steel which Possesses high strength and toughness Allows for easy machining with minimal distortion Has uniform, predictable shrinkage during heat treatment Can be easily nitrided Resists corrosion and crack propagation Can be finely polished" Maraging steels "Offer the best available combination of ultra-high yield and tensile strength, ductility and fracture toughness of any ferrous materials. Can retain strength at least up to 350 C.... Readily machinable.... Possible to finish-machine before aging. Very little dimensional change after aging treatment. Parts uniformly harden throughout the entire section because they have high hardenability. Exhibit good weldability." Source: EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 14

15 Maraging steels are noted for their high strength, high crack resistance and simple hardening Quotes from "Maraging steels work well in electro-mechanical components where ultra-high strength is required, along with good dimensional stability during heat treatment. Several desirable properties of maraging steels are: Ultra-high strength at room temperature Simple heat treatment, which results in minimum distortion Superior fracture toughness compared to quenched and tempered steel of similar strength level Low carbon content, which precludes decarburization problems Easily fabricated Good weldability" "As compared with martensite-hardenable carbon-containing steels, carbonless maraging steels show, for the same strength, a substantially greater resistance to brittle fracture, which is their most remarkable merit. On tempering to the maximum strength, the ductility indices and impact toughness, though diminish somewhat, still remain rather high. The high ductility of the carbonless matrix and the high dispersity of uniformly distributed intermetallic precipitates are responsible for a very high resistance to cracking, which is the most valuable property of modern high-strength structural materials." Source: EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 15

16 Maraging steels offer excellent properties for manufacturing and tooling applications Quotes from "Maraging in Tool & Die Making Maraging has a significant cost advantage over other alloys. Uniform predictable shrinkage during heat treatment means Maraging does not require excessive reworking. It is easily machined. Its hardness and strength allow it to withstand the repeated pressures of compression molding for longer tool life with a very good surface finish." "Maraging in Manufacturing Maraging's ability to expand without cracking make it the material of choice for drill chucks. Its uniform machinability and durability make it ideal for producing gears in sophisticated robotic arms in assembly lines, and its high strength and wear resistance make it perfect for grippers in automation lines. Other Maraging (Vascomax) benefits for the manufacturing arena include excellent polishability and weldability with pre- or post heating." Source: EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 16

17 EOS MaragingSteel MS1 - high performance steel for series tooling and other applications Characteristics and applications Key characteristics 18 Maraging 300 type steel (1.2709, X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5) fully melted to full density for high strength and polishability easily machinable as-built age hardenable up to approx. 55 HRC good thermal conductivity Typical applications series injection moulding, also for high volume production other tooling applications, e.g. die casting high performance parts, e.g. for aerospace applications Injection mould insert with conformal cooling, built in EOS MaragingSteel MS1, Oase EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 17

18 EOS MaragingSteel MS1 is a high performance steel for series tooling and other applications Key properties (provisional data) Mechanical properties as built (EOSINT M270) hardness: HRC Mechanical properties after age hardening (6 hours at 490 C) UTS: > 1900 MPa yield strength: > 1700 MPa hardness: HRC Physical properties Relative density: approx. 100 % 200 internally cooled pin inserts for injection moulding, built in EOS MaragingSteel MS1. Source: LBC GmbH, LBC EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 18

19 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 19

20 EOS StainlessSteel stainless steel material for prototyping and series production Characteristics and applications Key characteristics raw material corresponds to 17-4 (1.4542, X5CrNiCuNb16-4) corrosion-resistance excellent ductility Typical applications engineering applications including functional prototypes, small series products, individualised products or spare parts parts requiring high corrosion resistance, sterilisability, etc. parts requiring particularly high toughness and ductility Demonstration part in EOS StainlessSteel 17-4, partly polished Benchmark test geometry in EOS StainlessSteel Source: NASA / General Pattern. EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 20

21 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 opens up new applications due to its corrosion resistance Medical devices, food processing etc. Sieve in EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 for packaging machinery for foodstuffs. Medical devices in EOS StainlessSteel Source: PEP / DePuy, PEP / DePuy EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 21

22 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 opens up new applications due to its aesthetic appearance Designer products Metal shifter knob for new concept vehicle eye-catching hollow, lightweight look surface machined to match metal trim components premiered at Los Angeles Auto Show 2006 attendees asking, "How did you do that?" opens up possibility of economic production of customized or limited edition shifter knobs Volkswagen's GX3 concept vehicle Designer shifter knob in EOS StainlessSteel 17-4, Volkswagen N.A. EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 22

23 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 is an industrially accepted stainless steel material Chemistry and metallurgy Composition corresponds to US 17-4 and European Metallurgy of as-sintered material characterized by laser processing very fast melting and solidification microstructure and properties are not identical to cast- or wrought-type alloy Element Iron Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silicon Carbon Chromium Copper Content (by weight) balance max. 1 % max. 0.5 % 3-5 % max. 1 % max % % 3-5 % EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 23

24 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 produces fully dense parts Physical & thermal properties Relative density: approx. 100 % Density: approx. 7.8 g/cm³ Max. operating temperature 550 C Thermal conductivity: at 20 C: 13 W/m C at 100 C: 14 W/m C at 200 C: 15 W/m C at 300 C: 16 W/m C Coefficient of thermal expansion: C: 14 x10-6 m/m C Micrograph of laser-sintered EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 in solution-annealed and H1150 aged condition showing fully remelted, dense structure ; NCMS / General Pattern EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 24

25 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 produces fully dense parts Optical micrograph 100µm Optical micrograph of EOS StainlessSteel Top view Micrograph of laser-sintered EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 showing fully remelted, dense structure. Side view along the layers ; Helsinki University of Technology EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 25

26 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 produces parts with good mechanical properties Mechanical properties Property Ultimate tensile strength, MPa Yield strength (Rp 0.2 %), MPa Young s Modulus (GPa) Horizontal orientation 1050 ±50 MPa 152 ±7.3 ksi 540 ±50 MPa 78 ±7.3 ksi 170 ±20 GPa 25 ±3 msi Vertical orientation 980 ±50 MPa 142 ±7.3 ksi 500 ±50 MPa 72,5 ±7.3 ksi n/a Remaining elongation 25 ±5 % Surface hardness - as laser-sintered - (ground & polished) 230 ±20 HV1 ( HV1) * * Work hardening effect EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 26

27 EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 produces parts with good mechanical properties and excellent ductility Typical tensile testing behaviour of EOS StainlessSteel 17-4 Stress (MPa) Strain (%) EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 27

28 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 28

29 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 - CoCrMo superalloy material for prototyping and series production Characteristics and applications Key characteristics high strength, temperature and corrosion resistance biocompatibility fulfils ISO and ASTM F75 (cast CoCrMo implant alloys), and most of ISO and ASTM F1537 (wrought CoCrMo implants) Typical applications high-temperature engineering applications, e.g. turbines medical implants dental devices Engine exhausts in EOS CobaltChrome MP1 Knee implant in EOS CobaltChrome MP1 ; Knee implant: Stryker Orthopaedics EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 29

30 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 is a biomedical CoCrMo alloy Chemistry and metallurgy Biomedical CoCrMo alloy, composition UNS R31538: Co: wt-% Cr: wt-% Mo: 5-7 wt-% Si, Mn: < 1 wt-% Fe: < 0.75 wt-% C: 0.15 wt-% Nickel free, contains < 0.05 wt-% of nickel Uniform, fine distribution of elements see picture Dot-mapping analysis of SEM micrographs of crosssection through laser-sintered sample. Left: Co distribution Right: Cr distribution, EU-CRAFT Project HIPED HIPS II, photographs by PERA. EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 30

31 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 produces parts with very fine μm grain size Micrographs Micrographs of EOS CobaltChrome MP1 samples, laser-sintered on EOSINT M 270 and etched Left: 10x optical micrograph Middle: 1000x SEM micrograph Right: 5000x SEM micrograph EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 31

32 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 is fully dense with only skin or with Skin&Core parameters Micrographs Micrographs of EOS CobaltChrome MP1 samples, laser-sintered on EOSINT M 270 and etched Left: 100x SEM micrograph of only skin parameters Right: 100x SEM micrograph of faster Skin&Core EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 32

33 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 produces fully dense parts suitable for high-temperature operation Physical & thermal properties Relative density: approx. 100 % Density: 8.29 g/cm³ Max. operating temperature 1150 C Melting range: C Thermal conductivity: at 20 C: 13 W/m C at 300 C: 18 W/m C at 500 C: 22 W/m C at 1000 C: 33 W/m C Micrograph of laser-sintered EOS CobaltChrome MP1 showing fully remelted, dense structure Coefficient of thermal expansion: C: 13.6 x10-6 m/m C C: 15.1 x10-6 m/m C EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 33

34 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 produces parts with excellent mechanical properties Mechanical properties at 20 C Property Horizontal orientation Vertical orientation Ultimate tensile strength, MPa Yield strength (Rp 0.2 %), MPa Young s Modulus (GPa) 1400 MPa ± 50 MPa 203 ksi ± 7 ksi 960 MPa ± 50 MPa 139 ksi ± 7 ksi 210 GPa ± 10 GPa 30 msi ± 1.5 msi 1150 MPa ± 50 MPa 167 ksi ± 7 ksi 880 MPa ± 50 MPa 128 ksi ± 7 ksi 200 GPa ± 20 GPa 29 msi ± 3 msi Remaining elongation - as laser-sintered 9-13 % 8-10 % - after hot isostatic pressing % Surface hardness HRC Note: Mechanical properties improve with increased operation temperature up to C EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 34

35 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 produces parts with excellent mechanical properties Tensile behaviour Tensile behaviour of EOS CobaltChrome MP1 sample laser-sintered on EOSINT M 270 Left: horizontal orientation Right: vertical orientation EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 35

36 EOS CobaltChrome MP1 parts fulfil relevant industrial standards well Comparison with cast and wrought material Properties fulfil ISO and ASTM F75 of cast CoCrMo implant alloys Properties fulfil ISO and ASTM F1537 of wrought CoCrMo implants alloys, except remaining elongation also elongation requirement can be fulfilled by using hot isostatic pressing EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 36

37 EOS CobaltChrome SP1 - special purpose CoCrMo superalloy for veneered dental restorations Characteristics and applications Key characteristics high strength, temperature and corrosion resistance biocompatibility thermal characterisitcs suitable for veneering with dental ceramic Typical applications dental restorations (crowns, bridges etc.) Availability custom development for Sirona available by special agreement Dental restorations in EOS CobaltChrome SP1 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 37

38 EOS Titanium Ti64 / TiCP EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 38

39 Titanium alloys offer a unique combination of properties for many biomedical applications Summary of important biomedical properties Excellent corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and bioadhesion Titanium and its alloys are used for many biomedical and dental applications (implants, screws, crowns...) Property Stainless steel Titanium alloys CrCo alloys Nb/Ta Corrosion resistance O Biocompatibility O Bioadhesion O ++ Price EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 39

40 Titanium alloys offer a unique combination of properties for many engineering applications Summary of important engineering properties Light weight material with high specific strength (strength per weight) Ti6Al4V with high strength also at elevated temperatures The combination of mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance is the basis for applications in Formula 1 and aerospace EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 40

41 Various grades of Titanium (alloys) are commonly used in industrial applications Summary of the most important Ti materials Material name Composition Typical applications CP Ti grade 1 CP Ti grade 2 CP Ti grade 3 CP Ti grade 4 Ti6Al4V (grade 5) Ti6Al4V ELI Ti; O <0.18%; N <0.03% Ti; O <0.25%, N <0.03% Ti; O <0.35%, N < 0.05% Ti; O < 0.40%, N < 0.05% Ti; Al 6%; V 4%; O <0.20%, N < 0.05% Ti; Al 6%; V 4%; O <0.15%, N < 0.05% Medical and dental Medical and dental, chemical industry Medical and dental Medical and dental Aerospace, motor sport, sports goods, medical and dental Medical and dental CP = commercially pure, ELI = extra-low interstitials EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 41

42 Various grades of Titanium (alloys) are commonly used in industrial applications Mechanical properties of conventional barstock Material name Tensile strength (*) [ MPa ] Elongation at break (*) [ % ] CP Ti grade CP Ti grade CP Ti grade 3 CP Ti grade Ti6Al4V (grade 5) CP = commercially pure, ELI = extra-low interstitials (*) Source: Euro-Titan Handels AG, Solingen, Germany EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 42

43 EOS Titanium - light alloy materials for prototyping and series production Characteristics and applications Several versions will be available EOS Titanium Ti64 (Ti6Al4V) EOS Titanium Ti64 ELI (higher purity) EOS Titanium TiCP (commercially pure) Key characteristics lightweight high strength biocompatibility Typical applications aerospace and engineering applications biomedical implants Dental device built in EOS Titanium Ti64 Spinal implants built in EOS Titanium Ti64 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 43

44 Due to its high reactivity, EOS Titanium is processed on a special version of EOSINT M 270 System requirements Hardware and software requirements argon atmosphere from external bottles cylindrical radial-flow nozzle in process chamber additional safety features special version of PSW to control additional features titanium building platforms EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 44

45 EOS Titanium Ti64 parts fulfil relevant industrial standards and relevant requirements Physical and chemical properties Physical properties laser-sintered density: approx. 100 % only single pores Chemical properties laser-sintered parts fulfil requirements of ASTM F1472 (for Ti6Al4V) and ASTM F136 (for Ti6Al4V ELI) regarding maximum concentration of impurities oxygen < 2000ppm or 1500ppm nitrogen < 700ppm Bioadhesion cell growth tested with good results EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 45

46 EOS Titanium Ti64 produces fully dense parts with dendritic, martensitic grain structure Metallurgy Typically martensitic structure with grains growing from layer to layer preferential Z orientation grain size >> layer thickness Optical micrographs of laser-sintered EOS Titanium Ti64, showing fully dense structure (only single pores) and dendritic, martensitic structure with preferential orientation, EADS EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 46

47 EOS Titanium Ti64 produces parts with excellent mechanical properties Mechanical properties (provisional) Property Horizontal orientation ValueVertical orientation Ultimate tensile strength approx MPa approx. 159 ksi Yield strength (Rp 0.2 %) approx MPa approx. 145 ksi Young s Modulus approx. 120 GPa approx. 17 msi Elongation at break approx. 8% Hardness approx. 450 HV 45 HRC 425 HB EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 47

48 Properties of EOS Titanium Ti64 are comparable to or better than with conventional manufacturing GPa, MPa x Ti6Al4V, EOSINT M 270 Ti6Al4V, PM + HIP Ti6Al4V, forged DIN ISO % 14 HV Ultimate tensile Young s Elongation strength Modulus *) Hardness **) at break *) No values available for Ti6Al4V, forged DIN ISO **) No values available for Ti6Al4V, PM+HIP 0 0 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 48

49 EOS Titanium Ti64 produces parts with excellent mechanical properties Typical tensile testing behaviour of EOS Titanium Ti64 Stress (MPa) Strain (%) EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 49

50 Many different kinds of parts have been built in EOS Titanium Ti64 Examples of parts built in EOS Titanium Ti64, Protocast, Technikon EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 50

51 EOS Titanium TiCP produces fully dense parts with very fine, uniform grain structure z x y x Optical micrographs of laser-sintered EOS Titanium TiCP (commercially pure), etched, showing fully dense structure and no sign of layer structure. Build orientation as indicated. EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 51

52 EOS Titanium TiCP produces parts with excellent mechanical properties Mechanical properties (provisional) Property Horizontal orientation ValueVertical orientation Ultimate tensile strength approx. 567 MPa approx. 82 ksi Yield strength (Rp 0.2 %) approx. 477 MPa approx. 69 ksi Young s Modulus approx. 114 GPa approx. 16 msi Elongation at break approx. 32 ± 5 % EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 52

53 Examples of other possible future materials EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 53

54 EOS has successfully produced parts in Inconel alloys on EOSINT M 270 Description Material type nickel-based superalloy, commonly used for high-temperature engineering applications such as aerospace turbine parts Alternatives can in many cases be substituted by EOS CobaltChrome MP1 Commercialization status so far only in R&D Impeller in Inconel 625 (2.4856), built on EOSINT M 270 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 54

55 EOS has successfully produced parts in gold on EOSINT M 270 Description Material type precious metal, used in various purities / alloys for jewellery, electronics and dental restorations Alternatives currently no comparable commercial material available for EOSINT M Commercialization status so far only in R&D Parts built in 18 carat gold on EOSINT M 270 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 55

56 Hallmarkable gold and silver jewellery products have been built on EOSINT M 250 Xtended Examples by Particular AB Process development enabled lasersintering of precious metals (gold, silver) in hallmarkable quality, e.g. 18 carat Freedom of design allows novel jewellery concepts to be imlpemented Technology patented by Particular AB and licensed exclusively to EOS Commercialization status so far only implemented on EOSINT M 250 Xtended by Particular AB and also tested on EOSINT M 270 by EOS further development and commercialization to be confirmed project partners: Above: Fan chain in yellow 18 carat gold, 21 cm, 28 links. Below: Wing Ding chain in silver, 5 cm, 8 links Both built in one step on EOSINT M 250 Xtended. Design by Towe Norlén, Particular AB EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 56

57 EOS is developing micro-laser-sintering of metals in cooperation with 3D Micromac Technology development Micro-laser-sintering uses powder grain size typ. 1-20µm, layer thickness 1-5µm to achieve detail resolution <30µm Originally developed by Laserinstitut Mittelsachsen and licensed exclusively to 3D Micromac development cooperation between EOS and 3D Micromac EOS has exclusive sales rights Commercialization status currently R&D status with limited part-building possibilities further development towards commercialization is ongoing Cylinder built partly in silver and partly in copper EDM electrode built in copper-tungsten mixture, 3D Micromac EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 57

58 EOS 2007 EOSINT M Materials Page 58