Sealing Gas Lift Equipment. Ron Edwards Greene, Tweed Oilfield Group March 16, 206. Oilfield

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2 Sealing Gas Lift Equipment Ron Edwards Greene, Tweed Group March 16, 206

3 Sealing Gas Lift Equipment What Are the Compatibility & Temperature Issues? Modes of Seal Failure Seal Glands Hydrostatic Test? Installation / Extraction of Seals Non-elastomeric Seals Why Are Some New Seal Ideas / Designs Doomed To Fail?

4 Chemical and Thermal Compatibility of Elastomers

5 Oriented Filled Neoprene Greene, Tweed 978/980 Temperature Pressure Crude Oil/ H 2 S Crude Oil/ CO 2 With Water-based Inhibitors With Oil-based Inhibitors Zinc Bromide Brines, KCL, CACL Xylenes Toluenes Diesel Fuel Methanol to 140 F (60 C) Methanol to 176 F (80 C) Methanol Above 176 F (80 C) 0 to 300 F (-17 C to 148 C) 10,000 Psi (689 Bar) No Low Concentrations No No Below 150 F (66 C) YES No No No Maybe No

6 Nitrile Greene, Tweed 173 Temperature Pressure Crude Oil/H 2 S Crude Oil/CO 2 With Water-based Inhibitors With Oil-based Inhibitors Zinc Bromide Brines, KCL, CACL Xylenes Toluenes Diesel Fuel Methanol to 150 F (66 C) Methanol Above 150 F (66 C) -30 to 300 F (-34 C to 148 C) 15,000 Psi (1034 Bar)* No No Low Concentrations Below 150 F (66 C) No No No *275 F (135 C) and metal adapters

7 HNBR (Hydrogenated Nitrile) Greene, Tweed, 207, 208, & 209 Temperature Pressure Crude Oil/ H 2 S Crude Oil/ CO 2 With Water-based Inhibitors With Oil-based Inhibitors Zinc Bromide Brines, KCL, CACL Xylenes Toluenes Diesel Fuel Methanol -40 to 300 F (-40 C to 148 C) 15,000 Psi (1034 Bar)* Low Concentrations Low Concentrations Low Concentrations No No *275 F (135 C) and metal adapters

8 FKM, Viton /Fluorel Greene, Tweed 926, 936, 929 Temperature 0 to 400 F (-17 C to 204 C) Pressure 15,000 Psi (1034 Bar)* ** Crude Oil/ H 2 S Less Than 5 Percent Crude Oil/ CO 2 With Water-based Inhibitors No With Oil-based Inhibitors No Zinc Bromide Brines, KCL, CACL Xylenes Toluenes Diesel Fuel Methanol No * 275 F (135 C) and metal adapters **350 F (176 C) with Arlon adapters

9 Fluoraz, Aflas,TFE/Propylene Greene, Tweed 790, 799 & 794 Temperature 20 to 450 F (-6.6 C to 232 C) Pressure 15,000 Psi (1034 Bar)* ** Crude Oil/ H 2 S Less Than 15 Percent Crude Oil/ CO 2 With Water-based Inhibitors With Oil-based Inhibitors Zinc Bromide Brines, KCL, CACL Xylenes No Toluenes No Diesel Fuel Temperature Dependent Methanol * 300 F (148 C) and metal adapters **450 F (232 C) with Arlon adapters

10 Aflas Compounds Temperature Dependent 9 Percent Volume Well After Three Days at 212 F (100 C) 20 Percent Volume Swell After Three Days at 302 F (150 C)

11 Greene, Tweed s Chemraz 505, 510, 509, 522 & 526 Temperature -20 to 450 F (-28 C to 232 C) Pressure 15,000 psi (1034 bar)* ** Crude Oil/H 2 S Crude Oil/CO 2 With Water-based Inhibitors With Oil-based Inhibitors Zinc bromide Brines, KCL, CACL Xylenes Toluenes Diesel fuel Methanol **450 F (232 C) with PTFE Vees and Arlon adapters

12 Water-based Control Line Fluids Castrol Transaqua HT, EE1 Macdermid Canning HW 443, 525 Good to 194 F (90 C) Above 194 F (90 c) Viton (FKM) 2X Swell and Cracking; Chemraz Performed With No Problems Will Absorb Gas

13 Environmental Friendly Drilling Fluids Petro free Watch out!!

14 Methanol Compatibility Neoprene Excellent to 14 F (-10 C) Marginal to 176 F (80 C) Starts Swelling Above 158 F (70 C) Not Recommended Above 212 F (100 C) Temperature Dependent Nitrile and HNBR OK in Methanol up to About 150 F (66 C) Above 150 F (66 C) Swell of 18 Percent in Three 158 F (70 C) Some FKM's Swell at Any Temperature Aflas No Problems Chemraz No Problems

15 Elastomer Temperature Limits Material Minimum* TR Maximum 1. Neoprene -65 o F (-54 o C) -45 o F (-42.7 o C) 250 o F (121 o C) 2. Nitrile -60 o F (-51.1 o C) -0 o F (-17.7 o C) 275 o F (135 o C) 3. Nitrile Hydrogenated -40 o F (-40 o C) -25 o F (-31.6 o C) 350 o F (177 o C) 4. FKM (Viton) -20 o F (-28.9 o C) -5 o F (-20.5 o C) 400 o F (204 o C) 5. VITON GLT -40 o F (-40 o C) -19 o F (-28.3 o C) 400 o F (204 o C) 6. FLUORAZ (Aflas) 20 o F (-6.6 o C) 40 o F (4.4 o C) 450 o F (232 o C) 7. CHEMRAZ 505/ o F (-29 o C) -0 o F (-17.7 o C) 450 o F (232 o C) 8. CHEMRAZ 526 NEW -10 o F (-29 o C) -0 o F (-17.7 o C) 500 o F (260 o C) 9. CHEMRAZ 605 NEW 500+ o F (260+ o C)** *Brittleness Temperature **Consult your Greene, Tweed representative for higher temperature applications

16 Modes of Seal Failure

17 Modes of Seal Failure Weeping Improper Molding Elastomer Formulation Hardware Dimension Design Delayed Failure Chemical Attack Changes to the Elastomer s Physical Properties

18 Modes of Seal Failure Sudden Communication Dimension Design Changes to the Elastomer s Physical Properties Rolling Seal Dimension Hardware Sticking Damage to Seal Gland Pits, Corrosion, Scratches

19 Modes of Seal Failure Contamination Sand Rust Metal Shavings Explosive Decompression

20 O-ring with ED (Explosive Decompression) Damage

21 Cross-Sectional View of O-ring with ED Damage

22 Modes of Seal Failure Poor Manufacturing Processes Improper Molding Elastomer Formulation Dimension Trim Post Cure

23 How Critical is the Seal Gland? Hardware Surface Finish Static Seal - 32 RMS Dynamic - 12 to 16 RMS No Sharp Corners. Proper Lead-in Angles Corrosion, Pits, Wear Coatings and/or Plating

24 Why Can t I Get a Successful Hydrostatic Test? Hardware Elastomeric Material Damaged Seals Seal Material Temperature Limitations

25 Elastomer Temperature Limits Material Minimum* TR Maximum 1. Neoprene -65 o F (-54 o C) -45 o F (-42.7 o C) 250 o F (121 o C) 2. Nitrile -60 o F (-51.1 o C) -0 o F (-17.7 o C) 275 o F (135 o C) 3. Nitrile Hydrogenated -40 o F (-40 o C) -25 o F (-31.6 o C) 350 o F (177 o C) 4. FKM (Fluorocarbon) -20 o F (-28.9 o C) -5 o F (-20.5 o C) 400 o F (204 o C) 5. VITON GLT -40 o F (-40 o C) -19 o F (-28.3 o C) 400 o F (204 o C) 6. FLUORAZ (Aflas) 20 o F (-6.6 o C) 40 o F (4.4 o C) 450 o F (232 o C) 7. CHEMRAZ 505/ o F (-29 o C) -0 o F (-17.7 o C) 450 o F (232 o C) 8. CHEMRAZ 526 NEW -10 o F (-29 o C) -0 o F (-17.7 o C) 500 o F (260 o C) 9. CHEMRAZ 605 NEW 500+ o F (260+ o C)** *Brittleness Temperature **Consult your Greene, Tweed representative for higher temperature applications

26 Why Are Some Seals Difficult To Install and/or Extract? Dimensional Nitrile vs. Neoprene Excessive Squeeze Chemical Compatibility Well Fluids and Gasses Grease Gland Overfill

27 O-ring: In Situ Greene, Tweed & Co. 06/05

28 O-ring: Swell Starting to Take Place Greene, Tweed & Co. 06/05

29 O-ring: Extrusion Greene, Tweed & Co. 06/05

30 O-ring: Major Extrusion Greene, Tweed & Co. 06/05

31 Vee Rings In Situ, No Pressure Greene, Tweed & Co. 06/05

32 Vee Rings Elastomer Starts to Swell Greene, Tweed & Co. 06/05

33 Vee Rings Adapters Crack and Elastomer Swells

34 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion on Elastomers

35 Thermal Expansion Volumetric Nitrile Neoprene Fluorocarbon Aflas Chemraz 1.8 x 10-4 in 3 /in 3 / F 2.2 x 10-4 in 3 /in 3 / F 2.7 x 10-4 in 3 /in 3 / F 3.9 x 10-4 in 3 /in 3 / F 4.8 x 10-4 in 3 /in 3 / F Based on GT typical values

36 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion PTFE 59 F to 95 F 1.36% Volume (15 C to 35 C) Increase PTFE 95 F to 284 F 1.7 x 10-4 in/in/ F (35 C to 140 C) PTFE 284 F to 392 F 2.3 x 10-4 in/in/ F (140 C to 200 C) PPS (Ryton*) 7.2 x 10-5 in/in/ F Arlon (PEEK) Below 283 F 2.5 x 10-5 in/in/ F (139.4 C) Arlon (PEEK) Above 283 F 6.0 x 10-5 in/in/ F Based on GT typical values (139.4 C)

37 What About Non-Elastomeric Seals in Place of Elastomeric Seals? End Adapter Virgin PEEK Glass-filled Teflon Soft Teflon Vee Ring Center Adapter

38 Non-Elastomeric Seals

39 Non-Elastomeric Seal Advantages Chemically Inert Low Friction Low Wear Rate Wide Temp Range -423 F to 600 F (-252 C to 315 C) Unlimited Shelf Life Machined Rotary, Axial and Static

40 Non-Elastomeric Seal Disadvantages Subject to More Damage During Installation Minimal or No Stretch Cannot Be Abused

41 Why Are Some New Seal Ideas / Designs Doomed To Fail? Cost Mind Set Preference Aesthetics

42 Q & A

43 Trademarks Viton Is a Registered Trademark of Dupont Fluorel Is a Registered Trademark of 3M Company Fluoraz, Chemraz and Arlon Are Registered Trademarks of Greene, Tweed and Company.