Indian Minerals Yearbook 2013 (Part- III : Mineral Reviews)

Transcription

1 Indian Minerals Yearbook 2013 (Part- III : Mineral Reviews) 52 nd Edition LATERITE (FINAL RELEASE) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, NAGPUR PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) PBX : (0712) , , cme@ibm.gov.in Website: July,

2 31 Laterite The mineralogical & chemical composition of laterite depends on their parent rock. Laterite is a residual ferruginous rock commonly found in tropical regions and has close genetic association with bauxite. The term laterite was originally used for highly ferruginous deposits first observed in Malabar Region of coastal Kerala and Dakshin Kannada & other parts of Karnataka. It is a highly weathered material, rich in secondary oxides of iron, aluminium or both. It is either hard or capable of hardening on exposure to moisture and drying. Laterite and bauxite show a tendency to occur together. Aluminous laterites and ferruginous bauxites are quite common. The most common impurity in both is silica. Laterite gradually passes into bauxite with decrease in iron oxide and increase in aluminium oxide. The laterite deposits may be described on the basis of the dominant extractable minerals in it: (i) aluminous laterite (bauxite), (ii) ferruginous laterite (iron ore), (iii) manganiferous laterite (manganese ore), (iv) nickeliferous laterite (nickel ore) and (v) chromiferous laterite (chrome ore). Laterite with Fe 2 :Al 2 ratio more than one, and SiO 2 :Fe 2 ratio less than 1.33 is termed as ferruginous laterite, while that having Fe 2 :Al 2 ratio less than one and SiO 2 :Al 2 ratio less than 1.33 is termed as aluminous laterite. Laterite can be considered as polymetallic ore as it is not only the essential repository for aluminium, but also a source of iron, manganese, nickel and chromium. Furthermore, it is the home for several trace elements like gallium and vanadium which can be extracted as by-products. RESOURCES Laterite occurrences are widespread in the country. Almost all Indian bauxite deposits are associated with laterite, except those in Jammu & Kashmir. Laterite generally occurs as capping on the hills and plateaus of Madhya Pradesh and in some states of the Deccan peninsula at altitudes ranging from coastal to 2,000 m with thickness up to 60 m. As per UNFC System as on , the total resources of laterite are placed at 471 million tonnes. Out of these, 24.7 million tonnes are the reserves and million tonnes are the remaining resources. Major share of about 87.5% resources was distributed in two states, namely, Madhya Pradesh (61%) and Rajasthan (26%). The remaining 13% of resources are spread across the states of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Jharkhand. Gradewise and Statewise reserves resources are given in Table-1. Table - 1 : Reserves/Resources of Laterite as on (By Grades/States) (In 000 tonnes) Grade/State Reserves Remaining Resources Proved Probable Total Feasibility Pre-feasibility Indicated Inferred Reconn- Total Total STD111 (A) STD211 STD332 STDD333 aissance (B) Resources STD121 STD122 STD221 STD222 STD334 (A+B) All India: Total By Grades Unclassified By States Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Jharkhand Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Rajasthan Figures rounded off. 31-2

3 EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT Directorate of Mining & Geology, Kerala carried out exploration in 625 sq. km. area of Lateritic Plateaus between Vidhyanagar and Manjeshwaram in Kasargod district. The rock types are of Khondalite Group belonging to Eastern Ghat Super Group, amphibolite, hornblende biotite gneiss intruded by later acid intrusive such as granite, syenite and basic intrusives of dolomitic composition. All of the rock types have been subjected to laterisation of various degree. Bauxite/aluminous laterite occurs in the form of massive sheets or blankets capping plateaus. Samples collection has been completed. A total number of 101 samples were subjected for chemical analysis. Resources will be estimated after completion of drilling. The area is proposed to be studied through remote sensing techniques followed by field visits and detailed drilling. The DMG, Kerala also carried out exploration in ha. area of Peringome East and Peringome West in Taliparambu Taluk of Kannur District for China Clay/Aluminous Laterite/ Bauxite. The general geological formation of the area are mainly laterite of Quarternary age of the top, followed by variegated clay with yellow, red and pink patches and yellowish clay of Tertiary age overlying the Archeans-gneissic charnockite. A total number of 40 boreholes were drilled in the area at a grid interval of 250m by achieving a total meterage of 791.5m. The average thickness of China clay is about 11m and that of overburden laterite is about 7m. The investigation is being continued by core drilling techniques. PRODUCTION, STOCKS AND PRICES The production of laterite at 3,373 thousand tonnes in increased by 20% as compared to that of the previous year owing to more demand in market. There were 62 reporting mines during as against 53 in the previous year. Besides, the production of laterite was reported as associated mineral by 17 mines during as against 23 in the previous year. Six principal producers accounted for about 57% of the total production. Forty four mines, which include 37 mines of laterite and 7 associate mines each producing more than 10,000 tonnes annually, accounted for 97% of the total production during the period under review. About 3% of the total production was reported from captive mines in as against 8% in the preceding year. Andhra Pradesh was the leading state in laterite production contributing 77% of the total production, followed by Madhya Pradesh (11%), Karnataka (5%) and Gujarat (3%). The remaining 4% was contributed by Kerala & Maharashtra. Gradewise analysis of production in revealed that the bulk of production was of cement grade, accounting for 96% of the total production during the year. Four percent production was in below 40% Al 2 grade which was reported from Madhya Pradesh only. Nominal production of Chemical grades has been reported from Karnataka (Tables 2 to 5). Mine-head stocks of laterite at the end of were 855 thousand tonnes as against 870 thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year (Tables 6(A) & 6 (B)). The average daily employment of labour in laterite mines was 906 in as against 625 in the previous year. 31-3

4 Table 2 : Principal Producers of Laterite Name and address Location of mine of producer State District S. Soban Babu, Andhra East D.No /A, Pradesh Godavari Lalitha Nagar, Rajahmundry, East Godavari, Maheswari Minerals, Andhra East /1, Kondaiahpalem, Pradesh Godavari Gangeyulu,Vari Street, Near Nukalamma Temple, Kakinada, East Godavari, Belgaum Minerals, Karnataka Belgaum 91, Ganesh Krupa, Vinayak Nagar, Hindalga Road, Belgaum , Karnataka. T. Gangadhar Reddy, Andhra East , Bhaskar Nagar, Pradesh Godavari Near C.T.R.I., Rajahmundry, East Godavari , V. Prabhakar Rao, Andhra Warangal H. No , Pradesh Mankammathota, Karimnagar, S. Tanuja Reddy, Andhra Ranga , Flat No. 402, Pradesh Reddy Opp. KFC, Gharondamaya Apartment, Himayatnagar Main Road, Hyderabad, USES & SPECIFICATIONS The compact and ferruginous variety of laterite is used widely as a road metal and as a local stone for culverts and buildings. It cannot withstand heavy pressure and as such it is used for construction of light structures, partition walls, boundary walls, etc. Laterite as a building stone possesses one advantage that it is soft when quarried and can be easily cut and dressed into blocks and bricks which on exposure to air become hard. The industrial use of laterite is in the cement industry. It is used as an additive for lowering the clinkerisation temperature and supplementing aluminous and iron contents required in the manufacture of cement. It is also reported that laterite is capable of removal of phosphorus from solutions and percolating columns of laterite remove cadmium, chromium and lead to very low concentrations. Specifications of laterite for cement industry are given in Table - 7. CONSUMPTION Laterite is used as an additive in cement industry. The industrial end-use consumption of laterite in , and was approximately 3.74 million tonnes, 3.89 million tonnes and 4.02 million tonnes, respectively. Other consuming sectors are building construction and road metal. FUTURE OUTLOOK Though vast resources of laterite are available in India, systematic exploration and estimation of resources need to be taken up. There seems to be no major change in the enduse pattern of laterite. The consumption of laterite in cement has increased due to increased demand of cement in the country. In future, laterite could be used as a source of metallic minerals like iron, aluminium, chromite and of trace elements like gallium and vanadium. 31-4

5 Table 3 : Production of Laterite, to (P) (By States) (Quantity in tonnes; value in L'000) States Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value India Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Table 4 (A) : Gradewise Production of Laterite, (P) (By Sectors, States and Districts) (Quantity in tonnes; value in L 000) For use in alumina & No. of aluminium extraction, For use in other than State / District mines Production by Grades : alumina & aluminium Total Al 2 Content extraction Below 40% Cement Chemical Quantity Value India 62(17) Public Sector Private Sector 60(17) Andhra Pradesh 37(2) Adilabad Cuddapah (1) East Godavari Medak Nellore (1) Nizamabad Ranga Reddy Warangal Gujarat Kachchh Porbandar Karnataka Belgaum Kerala 2(1) Kannur Kasargod Thiruvananthapuram (1) Madhya Pradesh 18(14) Jabalpur 5(9) Katni Rewa (1) Satna 7(4) Maharashtra Chandrapur Figures in parentheses indicate number of associated mines. 31-5

6 Table 4 (B) : Gradewise Production of Laterite, (By Sectors, States and Districts) (Quantity in tonnes; Value in L 000) State/District No. of For use in For use in other than mines alumina & alumina & aluminium aluminium extraction Total extraction, Production by Grades:Al 2 Content Below 40% Cement Abrasive Chemical Quantity Value India 53(23) Public sector Private sector 51(23) Andhra Pradesh 26(1) Cuddapah East Godavari 4(1) Khammam Medak Ranga Reddy Warangal Gujarat Kachchh Porbandar Jharkhand (1) Lohardaga (1) Karnataka Belgaum Kerala 3(1) Alapuzha Kannur Kasargod Thiruvananthapuram (1) Madhya Pradesh 19(20) Jabalpur 5(10) Rewa (1) Katni 6(2) Satna 8(7) Maharashtra Chandrapur Rajasthan Chittorgarh* * Reported production of ochre only. Figures in parentheses indicate number of associated mines. 31-6

7 Table 5 : Production of Laterite, & (P) (By Frequency Groups) (Quantity in tonnes) No. of mines Production Percentage in Cumulative Production group total production percentage Total 53(23) 62(17) Up to (7) 12(3) (3) 3(2) (1) 5(4) (2) 5(1) (10) 24(6) & above 12 13(1) Figures in parentheses indicate number of associated mines. Table 6 (A) : Mine-head Stocks of Laterite at the beginning of the year (By States/Grades) (In tonnes) For use in alumina & For use in other than alumina & aluminium extraction aluminium metal extraction State Al 2 Content Total Below 40% 40 45% Chemical Cement Refractory Abrasive India Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Tamil Nadu

8 Table 6 (B) : Mine-head Stocks of Laterite at the end of the year (P) (By States / Grades) (In tonnes) For use in alumina & For use in other than alumina & aluminium extraction aluminium metal extraction State Al 2 Content Total Below 40% 40-45% Chemical Cement Refractory Abrasive India Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Table 7: Specifications of Laterite Consumed in Different Cement Plants (In Percentage) Plant Al 2 Fe 2 SiO 2 ACC Ltd, Wadi Cement Works, Distt. Gulbarga, Karnataka. Anjani Portland Cement Ltd, Anjanipuram, Distt. Nalgonda, Birla Cement Works, Chanderia, Distt. Chittorgarh, Rajasthan. Birla Corporation Ltd, P.O. Birla Vikas, Distt. Satna, Cement Corporation of India, > 22 > 40 Tandur, Distt. Ranga Reddy, The India Cements Ltd, Chilamkur, Distt. Cuddapah, The India Cements Ltd, Vishnupuram, Wadapally Distt. Nalgonda, The India Cements Ltd, Malkapur, Distt. Ranga Reddy, Heidelberg Cements (Diamond Cements) P.O. Narsingarh, Distt. Damoh, (Contd.) Table - 7 (Contd.) Plant Al 2 Fe 2 SiO 2 Jaypee Rewa Cement, 15(min.) 30(min.) Jaypee Nagar, Distt. Rewa, J.K. Cement Works, Nimbahera and Mangrol, Distt. Chittorgarh, Rajasthan. Kakatiya Cement & Sugar Industries, Distt. Krishna, J.K.Cement Works, - >50 - P.O. Gotan, Distt. Nagaur, Rajasthan. Keerthi Industries Ltd, Mellacheruvu, Distt. Nalgonda, Kesoram Cement, P.O. Basantnagar, Distt. Karimnagar, The KCP Ltd, Macherla, Distt. Guntur, Madras Cements Ltd, 12 Kumarasamy, Raja Nagar (max.) Distt. Krishna, Maihar Cement,(Unit -2) >45 < 18 P.O. Sarla Nagar, Maihar, Distt. Satna, (Contd.) 31-8

9 Table - 7 (Contd.) Table - 7 (Concld.) Plant Al 2 Fe 2 SiO 2 Malabar Cements Ltd Walayar, Distt. Palakkad, Kerala. Manikgarh Cement, >25 >30 Gadchandur, Distt. Chandrapur, Maharashtra. Mancherial Cement Company (P) Ltd, Mancherial, Distt. Adilabad, Orient Cement, Devapur Cement Works, Distt. Adilabad, Panyam Cements & Mineral Industries Ltd, Cement Nagar, Distt. Kurnool, Penna Cement Ind. Ltd, Ganeshpahad, Distt.Nalgonda, Penna Cement Ind. Ltd, 38 Boyareddypalli Distt. Anantapur, Penna Cement Ind. Ltd, Vill. Talaricheruvu, Distt. Anantapur, Rajashree Cements, Malkhed Road, Distt. Gulbarga, Karnataka. Rain Commodities Ltd, 35(min.) Distt. Nalgonda, Ramapuram, Sanghi Cement Sanghipuram, Kachchh, Gujarat. Satna Cement Works, Ghurdang, Dist. Satna, (Contd.) Plant Al 2 Fe 2 SiO 2 Shree Cements, Beawar, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan. Shri Durga Cement Company Ltd, Hesla, Ramgarh Cantt; Ramgarh, Jharkhand. Ultra Tech Cement Ltd Adityanagar, Malkhed Road, Gulbarga, Karnataka. Ultra Tech Cement Ltd (Unit-Vikram Cement Works) Vill. Khor, Kheda Rathore, etc. Teh. Jawad, Neemuch, Sri Vishnu Cement Ltd, Dondapadu, Distt. Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh Toshali Cements Pvt. Ltd, Distt. Koraput, Ampavalli, Odisha. Vasavadatta Cement, 55 < 30 Sedam, Distt. Gulbarga, Karnataka. Vikram Cement, 58 (min) Vikram Nagar, Khor, Distt. Neemuch, Zuari Cement, Krishna Nagar Distt. Cuddapah, Zuari Cement Ltd, Sitapuram, P.O. Dondapadu Distt. Nalgonda. Source : Individual plants. 31-9

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