Adverse Health Effects of Particulate Air Pollution

Transcription

1 Adverse Health Effects of Particulate Air Pollution V. Stone 1, J.H. Lightbody 1, L. Hibbs 2, C.L. Tran 3, M. Heal 2, and K. Donaldson 2. 1 Napier University 2 University of Edinburgh 3 IOM, Edinburgh

2 Adverse health effects of PM 1 Asthma symptoms 2 Hospital admissions Mortality % change in health effect indicator Peak flow reduction DoE 1995 and Richards 1997 Change in PM 1 daily concentration mg/m 3

3 PM 1 Composition Combustion derived carbon-centred e.g. ultrafines Metals Secondary atmospheric chemistry eg ammonium nitrate 5nm QUARG Biological e.g. spores, bacteria Natural minerals e.g. soil, wind-blown Which component is responsible for driving the adverse health effects?

4 Belfast UK sampling locations 2/1 2/2 Samples collected for 24h 12 months for toxicology In vivo inflammation In vitro 6 months for metals analysis Water soluble Acid digest ICP-MS Port Talbot Birmingham Harwell Marylebone Road North Kensington Source apportionment model Primary Secondary Coarse Endotoxin Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay

5 Method Toxicological analysis 24h PM 1 samples at 6 UK locations Metals analysis 24h samples at 4 locations Gravimetric analysis Water extract ICP-MS Each 24 h sample extracted into 1ml Endotoxin.5ml instilled into one rat Acid digest ICP-MS Neutrophils in BAL after 18h Stepwise regression / lasso analysis

6 Mean effect of 24 h PM 1 sample on BAL neutrophils % Neutrophils 25 2 *** 15 * 1 5 Control Harwell B ham Marylebone Road Port Talbot North Kensington Belfast

7 Relationship between PM 1 mass dose and BAL neutrophils % Neutrophils / µg instilled Harwell B ham Marylebone Road Port Talbot North Kensington Belfast

8 Source apportionment analysis of PM 1 PM 1 (µg/m 3 ) Roadside Industrial 2 15 Coarse 1 Secondary 5 Harwell B ham Marylebone Road Port Talbot North Kensington Belfast Primary

9 Relationship between PM 1 mass and primary dose instilled and % neutrophils Harwell Birmingham Marylebone Road Port Talbot North Kensington Belfast Control 6 5 r 2 = r 2 =.363 % Neutrophils % Neutrophils Mass instilled (ug) Primary (ug/m 3 ) Lightbody et al., 23 Manuscript in prep

10 Relationship between PM 1 composition and % neutrophils Harwell Birmingham Marylebone Road Port Talbot % Neutrophils r 2 = Secondary (ug/m 3 ) % Neutrophils North Kensington Belfast r 2 = Coarse (ug/m 3 ) Lightbody et al., 23 Manuscript in prep

11 Relationship between composition and % neutrophils 7 r 2 = % Neutrophils Endotoxin (EU/mg PM1) Lightbody et al., 23 Manuscript in prep

12 Relationship between PM 1 composition and MIP-2 protein MIP-2 (pg/ml) r 2 = Mass Instilled (ug) HW BH MR PT NK BT Pro-inflammatory chemokine

13 Relationship between PM 1 composition and MIP-2 protein MIP-2 (pg/ml) * * * Control Harwell Birmingham Marylebone Port Road Talbot North Kensington Belfast

14 Relationship between PM 1 composition and LDH activity LDH (U/ml) r 2 =.13 HW BH MR PT NK BT Mass Instilled (ug) Marker of lung cell damage

15 Association between PM 1 composition and toxicological endpoints Endpoint Primary Secondary coarse % neutrophils LDH Protein MIP

16 Metals analysis of PM 1 Total water-soluble metal (ng/24h) Harwell Birmingham Marylebone Road Belfast Lead Cadmium Arsenic Zinc Copper Cobalt Nickel Iron Manganese Chromium Vanadium Titanium

17 Relationship between PM 1 metal composition and % neutrophils 7 r 2 = r 2 = HW % Neutrophils % Neutrophils BH MR BT Combined water soluble metals (ng) Combined total water and acid soluble metals (ng)

18 Relationship between PM 1 water soluble zinc content and % neutrophils Harwell Birmingham Marylebone Road 7 6 r 2 =.65 Belfast % Neutrophils Zinc graph Water Soluble Zinc (ng)

19 Relationship between PM 1 water soluble metal content and % neutrophils 7 6 r 2 = r 2 =.417 HW % Neutrophils % Neutrophils BH MR BT Water Soluble Iron (ng) Water Soluble Nickel (ng)

20 Summary of results The PM 1 collected over 24 h was most inflammogenic for Marylebone road and Belfast out of the 6 sites tested. Most of the inflammation could be explained by the mass of particulate instilled, ie more PM 1 collected at Marylebone Road and Belfast. However, mass could not account for all of the variability in the data.

21 Summary of results The most prevalent metals measured were iron, zinc, and lead. The zinc (and nickel) content of PM 1 had the best association with inflammation out of all of the compositional measurements analysed. Primary particulate content of PM 1 was also positively associated with inflammation. There was no relationship between coarse or endotoxin content of PM 1 and inflammation.

22 Ranking of PM 1 dose parameters driving inflammation Increasing importance Mass dose Zinc (and nickel) Primary Secondary particles? Endotoxin Coarse No clear relationship with inflammation

23 Napier University Vicki Stone Janet Lightbody David Brown Acknowledgements University of Edinburgh Ken Donaldson Mat Heal Leon Hibbs Institute of Occupational Medicine Lang Tran AEA Technology Paul Willis Casella Stanger Richard Maggs