1 Introduction and History Introduction Origins and history Aluminium Gold bronze Copper 8

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1 Contents 1 Introduction and History Introduction Origins and history 4 2 Metal Pigment Types Aluminium Gold bronze Copper Nickel Stainless steel Zinc Iron Tin Silver Gold Other metals 10 3 Manufacture Dry milling Aluminium Gold bronze Continuous dry milling Aluminium Gold bronze 13

2 Metallic Pigments in Polymers 3.3 Wet milling Aluminium Gold bronze Silver Nickel Stainless steel Zinc Continuous wet milling Spherical metal pigments Rapidly solidified flakes Vacuum deposition Cut foil glitters Flakes with coloured surfaces Chemical modification of metal surfaces Colour formation in situ Attachment of pre-formed colorants Metal coatings on non-metallic substrates Other methods 30 3 I 4 Pigment Characteristics 3S 4.1 Morphology 3S Particle size Particle sha pe Aspect ratio Surface uniformity Physical properties Specific gra viry Water covering area 41 II

3 Contents Specific surface area Heat and lighrfastness Chemical resistance Magnetism Visual properties Colour and hrightness Opacity Flop Leafing and non-leafing Sparkle Distinctiveness of image Glitter flakes Delivery Forms Dry powder Paste Dispersion in resin and solvent Plasticiser dispersions Granules Dry masterbatch Liquid rnasterbatch Compound Comparison of Mass Pigmentation and Coating Advantages of coating Brightness Colour uniformity 64 III

4 Metallic Pigments in Polymers 6.1,3 Flop, Application temperature 65 6,1,5 Vacuum rnerallisation Mass pigmentation advantages Depth of coloration Single stage versus multisrage processing Environmental and legislative pressures Cost Mass Pigmentation Application Characteristics Colour Dispersibiliry Opacity and tint strength Orientation Mechanical properties Cost, Interrelationships Compatibiliry, Spherical metal pigments Metal flake pigments with coloured surfaces 'Glitter' flakes 79 8 Flow and Weld Lines in Mass Pigmented Applications Description and origins Tool design for injection moulding Orientation in multiphase and glass filled polymers Orientation of metal pigments 89 lv

5 Contents 8.5 Mould tool design for metal pigments Gates, sprues and runners Tool texruring Additional cavity Dynamic melt techniques SCORTEC Other techniques 8.10 Localised mould heating Other techniques Formulation of Mass Pigmented Polymers General techniques Optimising the formulation Flake size Flake concentration Polymer transparency Polymer viscosity Metallic/organic pigment combinations Deep shades Spherical pigments Incorporation in polymers Low shear forces Improvement of flake orientation Increasing pigment quality Summary Conversion Processes 113 v

6 Metallic Pigments in Polymers 10.1 Injection moulding Blow moulding Blown film Blown containers Extrusion Co-extrusion Paint-less film moulding In-mould decoration Vacuum forming and thermoforming Rotational moulding Glass reinforced plastic Thermosetting polymers Applications of Mass Pigmented Systems Household goods Sports goods Agricultural film Sacks and bags Containers Automotive Pearl simulants Mineral simulants Fibres and textiles Metal Pigmented Coatings 131 VI

7 Contents 12, 1 Substrate preparation """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'" ,2 Coating formulation and properties ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,""",,,..".."..",,,,,,,,, ,2,1 Pigment particle size """""""""""""""""""'''''''''''''''''''''''' Concentration..,...,...,.,..."",,,"...,,.,...,.""""""" Leafing and non-leafing.."..""..."" """".." """...".."" Dispersion and incorporation ".."...""".."..."."..".."..."""... ".." Application to the substrate " """"" "" ".."" "..""..""" ,5 Solvent based systems "" " " " "" " Water-based systerns.." ""." "" """ "" """ "" " UV/EB cured coatings " """ " ".." "" " "" 139 "..,,.', " '".,,".,, "" ' Applications of Metal Pigmented Coatings """""""""'"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,1 Painting... "..,...,...,,,,,, ",,."..,.,,..,., "" "",, Solvent-based paints " " ".." "." " " " ,1.2 Water- based paints "" " " "" In-mould coating "."""" " " ".." "" ".", ,1.4 Miscellaneous paints """".".." """" "" " ".." Printing.., "".,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,.,.,,,,,,,.,.,,.,.,..,, ,1 Solvent-based inks ".".""".." """ "" """... ".." Paste ink s.."" """..."." "" "".." ""..""""...""", Water-based inks '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,4 Laminates..., ""..."" ",...""" ".."",,, Security Inks 157 v.; " ''''''.""" "" ". ".. ".. " " " " 13.2,6 Bronze replacement" " "" "."" " " " ".., UV cured coatings "" "" " "".." " " PVC Plastisols "''''''''''''''''''''''''''""""""""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Anticorrosive and barrier coatings '"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Ot her appl ications """""""..." """"'""...".." """""...""..."" 163 VII

8 Metallic Pigments in Polymers 14 Powder Coatings Material types and properties Manufacture Dry blend Bonding Co-extrusion Coated flakes Other technologies Formulation, application techniques and markets Safety and handling Non-colourisric Applications Mechanical reinforcement Microwave heating Electrical conductivity Product forms EM1 shielding Origin and measuremenr Legislative requirements Shielding principles and techniques Shielding of polymers Coating techniques Mass pigmentation techniques Light exclusion Heat and light reflection Thermal conductivity Lubrication and wear reduction Gas and moisture barrier 196 Vlll

9 Contents UV protection Laser marking Magnetic applications Corrosion resistance flame retardation Radiation absorption Health, Safety and Handling Health Aluminium Gold bronze and copper Other metal pigments Safety Aluminium Gold bronze Other metal pigments Health and safety in use Mass pigmentation Coatings Environment Handling, storage and disposal Aluminium Other metals UV grades Fire fighting Aluminium Other metals IX

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