SVENSK STANDARD SS-EN :2004. Obundna och hydrauliskt bundna vägmaterial Del 7: Treaxialtest för obundna vägmaterial

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1 Povläsningsexempla / Peview SVENSK STANDARD SS-EN :2004 Fastställd Utgåva 1 Obundna och hydauliskt bundna vägmateial Del 7: Teaxialtest fö obundna vägmateial Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 7: Cyclic load tiaxial test fo unbound mixtues ICS Spåk: engelska Publicead: mas 2004 Copyight SIS. Repoduction in any fom without pemission is pohibited.

2 Povläsningsexempla / Peview Euopastandaden EN :2004 gälle som svensk standad. Detta dokument innehålle den officiella engelska vesionen av EN :2004. The Euopean Standad EN :2004 has the status of a Swedish Standad. This document contains the official English vesion of EN :2004. Upplysninga om sakinnehållet i standaden lämnas av SIS, Swedish Standads Institute, telefon Standade kan beställas hos SIS Fölag AB som även lämna allmänna upplysninga om svensk och utländsk standad. Postadess: SIS Fölag AB, STOCKHOLM Telefon: Telefax: E-post: sis.sales@sis.se. Intenet:

3 Povläsningsexempla / Peview EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM EN Januay 2004 ICS English vesion Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues - Pat 7: Cyclic load tiaxial test fo unbound mixtues Gaves taitées aux liants hydauliques et gaves non taitées - Patie 7: Essai tiaxial sous chage cyclique pou mélanges sans liant hydaulique Ungebundene und hydaulisch gebundene Gemische - Teil 7: Deiaxialpüfung mit zyklische Belastung fü ungebundene Gemische This Euopean Standad was appoved by CEN on 14 Novembe CEN membes ae bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Intenal Regulations which stipulate the conditions fo giving this Euopean Standad the status of a national standad without any alteation. Up-to-date lists and bibliogaphical efeences concening such national standads may be obtained on application to the Cental Secetaiat o to any CEN membe. This Euopean Standad exists in thee official vesions (English, Fench, Geman). A vesion in any othe language made by tanslation unde the esponsibility of a CEN membe into its own language and notified to the Cental Secetaiat has the same status as the official vesions. CEN membes ae the national standads bodies of Austia, Belgium, Cypus, Czech Republic, Denmak, Estonia, Finland, Fance, Gemany, Geece, Hungay, Iceland, Ieland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemboug, Malta, Nethelands, Noway, Poland, Potugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzeland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Cente: ue de Stassat, 36 B-1050 Bussels 2004 CEN All ights of exploitation in any fom and by any means eseved woldwide fo CEN national Membes. Ref. No. EN :2004: E

4 EN :2004 (E) Povläsningsexempla / Peview Contents Page Foewod Scope Nomative efeences Symbols and abbeviations Pinciple Pocedue fo the study of the esilient behaviou Pocedue fo the study of pemanent defomations Multi-stage pocedue Appaatus Geneal Tiaxial pessue chambe ( cell ) Geneal Chambe medium Top and bottom plate Loading device Method A Vaiable confining pessue Method B - Constant confining pessue Pessue tansduces Axial load tansduce Response measuing equipment Othe equipment Specimen cap and base Poous discs Semi-pemeable filtes Membane Specimen-size measuement devices Balance Testing envionment Pepaation Geneal Set up of specimen and defomation measuing equipment Test pocedues fo the study of the esilient behaviou Pinciple Method A: Vaiable confining pessue Geneal Conditioning of the specimen Repeated loading fo esilient testing Method B: Constant confining pessue Geneal Conditioning of the specimen Repeated loading fo esilient testing Test pocedues fo the study of pemanent defomation Pinciple Single Stage loading Geneal Method A: Vaiable confining pessue Method B : Constant confining pessue Multi-stage loading

5 Povläsningsexempla / Peview EN :2004 (E) 9 Test epot Geneal Geneal data Conditioning of the specimen Resilient behaviou Pemanent behaviou (single stage o multi-stage loading)...20 Annex A (infomative) Measuement of specimen defomations...21 A.1 Measuement system using LVDTs...21 A.2 Measuement system using linea vaiable displacement tansduces and ings with stain gages...24 Annex B (infomative) Pepaation methods...25 B.1 Geneal...25 B.2 Specimen conditions...25 B.3 Method 1 Compaction by vibocompession...25 B.4 Method 2 Compaction by vibating hamme...26 Annex C (infomative) Guidance on test pocedues and anking of mateials...28 C.1 Pupose...28 C.2 Expeimental stess levels fo pemanent defomation tests...28 C.3 Ranking of mateials based on esilient behaviou tests...28 C.4 Ranking of mateials based on pemanent defomation tests...29 C.4.1 Pocedue...30 C.4.2 Intepetation...30 C.4.3 Ranking...31 C.4.4 Application...31 Annex D (infomative) Suggested tables fo pesentation of test esults...33 Bibliogaphy

6 EN :2004 (E) Povläsningsexempla / Peview Foewod This document (EN :2004) has been pepaed by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 Road mateials, the secetaiat of which is held by DIN. This Euopean Standad shall be given the status of a national standad, eithe by publication of an identical text o by endosement, at the latest by July 2004, and conflicting national standads shall be withdawn at the latest by July Annexes A, B, C and D ae infomative. This Euopean Standad is one of a seies of standads as listed below. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 1: Test methods fo laboatoy efeence density and wate content Intoduction, geneal equiements and sampling. pen , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 2: Test method fo the detemination of the laboatoy efeence density and wate content Pocto compaction. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 3: Test methods fo laboatoy efeence density and wate content Vibocompession with contolled paametes. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 4: Test methods fo laboatoy efeence density and wate content Vibating hamme. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 5: Test methods fo laboatoy efeence density and wate content Vibating table. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Test methods - Pat 7: Cyclic load tiaxial test fo unbound mixtues. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 40: Test method fo the detemination of the diect tensile stength of hydaulically bound mixtues. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 41: Test method fo the detemination of the compessive stength of hydaulically bound mixtues. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 42: Test method fo the detemination of the indiect tensile stength of hydaulically bound mixtues. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 43: Test method fo the detemination of the modulus of elasticity of hydaulically bound mixtues. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 44: Test method fo the detemination of the alpha coefficient of vitified blast funace slag. pen , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 45: Test method fo the detemination of the wokability peiod of hydaulically bound mixtues. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 46: Test method fo the detemination of the moistue condition value. EN , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues - Pat 47: Test method fo the detemination of the Califonia beaing atio, immediate beaing index and linea swelling. 4

7 Povläsningsexempla / Peview EN :2004 (E) pen , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 48: Test method fo the detemination of the degee of pulveisation. pen , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 49: Acceleated swelling test of soil teated by lime and/o hydaulic binde. pen , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 50: Methods fo making test specimens using pocto equipment o vibating table compaction. pen , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Pat 51: Methods fo making test specimens by vibating hamme compaction. pen , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Methods fo making test specimens - Pat 52: Making specimens by vibo-compession. pen , Unbound and hydaulically bound mixtues Methods fo making test specimens - Pat 53: Making cylindical specimens by axial compession Accoding to the CEN/CENELEC Intenal Regulations, the national standads oganizations of the following counties ae bound to implement this Euopean Standad: Austia, Belgium, Cypus, Czech Republic, Denmak, Estonia, Finland, Fance, Gemany, Geece, Hungay, Iceland, Ieland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemboug, Malta, Nethelands, Noway, Poland, Potugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzeland and United Kingdom. 5

8 EN :2004 (E) Povläsningsexempla / Peview 1 Scope This Euopean Standad specifies test pocedues fo detemining the esilient and pemanent behaviou of unbound mixtues unde conditions that simulate the physical conditions and stess states of these mateials in pavement layes subjected to moving loads. These pocedues allow to detemine mechanical popeties that can be used fo pefomance anking of mateials and fo calculating the stuctual esponses of pavement stuctues. The test is applicable to cylindical specimens of unbound mixtues pepaed by laboatoy compaction, with an absolute maximum paticle size smalle than one fifth of the specimen diamete. Fo the loading of the specimen, two methods ae povided : Method A: The Vaiable Confining Pessue method in which the cell pessue is cycled in phase with the axial load. Method B: The Constant Confining Pessue method in which only cyclic axial loading and constant confining pessue ae pefomed. 2 Nomative efeences This Euopean Standad incopoates by dated o undated efeence, povisions fom othe publications. These nomative efeences ae cited at the appopiate places in the text and the publications ae listed heeafte. Fo dated efeences, subsequent amendments to o evisions of any of these publications apply to this Euopean Standad only when incopoated in it by amendment o evision. Fo undated efeences the latest edition of the publication efeed to applies (including amendments). EN 13285, Unbound mixtues - Specification. 6

9 Povläsningsexempla / Peview EN :2004 (E) 3 Symbols and abbeviations Fo the puposes of this Euopean Standad, the symbols and definitions in Table 1 apply. Table 1 Symbols and definitions Symbol Definition Unit w Wate content % ρ d Dy density Mg/m 3 N Numbe of load cycles σ Nomal stess kpa σ 1 Total axial stess (majo pincipal stess) kpa σ 1min, σ 1max Minimum and maximum values of σ 1 duing one load cycle kpa σ 1 σ 3 Resilient axial stess, σ 1 = σ 1max σ 1min Total adial stess; i.e. the applied confining pessue in the tiaxial chambe o the vacuum inside the specimen when no tiaxial chambe is used (mino and intemediate pincipal stess) σ 3min, σ 3max Minimum and maximum values of σ 3 duing one load cycle kpa σ 3 Resilient adial stess, σ 3 = σ 3max σ 3min σ d Deviato stess, σ d = σ 1 σ 3 kpa L 0 Gauge length fo axial displacement, immediately following specimen pepaation mm R 0 Gauge length fo adial displacement, immediately following specimen pepaation mm L p (N) R p (N) L (N) R (N) ε 1 ε 1 p ε 3 ε 3 p E Pemanent axial displacement at cycle N, defined as the displacement accumulated duing the application of a single stess combination, fom the beginning of the fist cycle to the end of cycle N Pemanent adial displacement at cycle N, defined as the displacement accumulated duing the application of a single stess combination, fom the beginning of the fist cycle to the end of cycle N Resilient axial displacement at cycle N, defined as the displacement duing the unloading pat of the cycle (between the point whee the applied stesses ae maximum and the end of the cycle) Resilient adial displacement at cycle N, defined as the displacement duing the unloading pat of the cycle Resilient o ecoveed axial stain. At cycle N, ε 1 (N)= L (N)/ L Pemanent axial stain. At cycle N, ε 1 p (N)= L p (N)/ L Resilient o ecoveed adial stain. At cycle N, ε 3 (N)= R (N)/ R Pemanent adial stain. At cycle N, ε 3 p (N)= R p (N)/ R Resilient modulus, E = σ ε1 + σ σ σ σ 2σ ε1 σ 3ε 3 When σ 3 = 0, (constant confining pessue) : E = σ ε 1 1 kpa kpa kpa mm mm mm mm MPa NOTE Compessive stesses and stains ae positive. 7

10 EN :2004 (E) Povläsningsexempla / Peview 4 Pinciple The cyclic tiaxial test consists of imposing, on a cylindical specimen of unbound ganula mateial, cyclic stesses that epoduce the stess ange in an unbound pavement laye, and in measuing the axial and adial stains of the specimen induced by this loading. In method A (Vaiable Confining Pessue), a cyclic axial deviato stess and a vaiable (cyclic) confining cell pessue, vaying in phase, ae applied. A simplified stess egime with a cyclic axial deviato stess and a constant confining pessue may also be adopted, method B. The standad poposes thee diffeent test pocedues, descibed below. 4.1 Pocedue fo the study of the esilient behaviou The esilient behaviou of the mateial epesents the behaviou duing one load application. The esults of the test can be used to detemine values of the elastic modulus of the mateial fo diffeent stess levels, o paametes of non linea elastic models which can be used in analytical and numeical pavement design pocedues. In this pocedue, a cyclic conditioning is fist applied to stabilise the pemanent stains of the mateial and attain a esilient behaviou. This conditioning is pefomed by applying a lage numbe of cycles of a stess path that coesponds to the maximum stess level applied duing the test. The esilient behaviou is then obseved fo seveal stess paths applied each one with a small numbe of cycles on the same specimen. 4.2 Pocedue fo the study of pemanent defomations Each pemanent defomation test consists in applying a lage numbe of load cycles of a single stess combination, without pio conditioning. This pocedue can be used to detemine pemanent defomations of the mateial fo a paticula stess level, o paametes of models of pediction of pemanent defomations, which can be used fo pavement analysis and design. 4.3 Multi-stage pocedue This pocedue can be used fo a apid evaluation of pemanent defomations poduced by diffeent stess levels. It consists of applying seveal load sequences, with inceasing stess levels, to the same specimen, until the cumulated pemanent axial defomation exceeds a specified limit. 5 Appaatus 5.1 Geneal The test appaatus shall be able to apply the equied cyclic loading to a cylindical specimen with a diamete lage than 5 times the maximum paticle size of the mateial, and a height twice the diamete (±2 %). In test method A, the appaatus shall be able to cycle the cell pessue in phase with the axial load. Hence, a tiaxial cell shall be used. In test method B, only the axial load is cyclic, and the confining pessue is held constant. Hence, the tiaxial cell may not be necessay, and the constant confining pessue may be applied by patial vacuum inside the specimen. NOTE Using a system without a tiaxial cell will pevent applying some of the additional stess paths in this standad that ae consideed impotant fo some types of stuctues. 8

11 Povläsningsexempla / Peview EN :2004 (E) 5.2 Tiaxial pessue chambe ( cell ) Geneal The pessue chambe, o cell, is simila to most conventional tiaxial cells except that it is somewhat lage to facilitate the intenally mounted load and defomation measuing equipment, and has additional outlets fo the electical leads fom the measuing devices Chambe medium Wate, ai, silicon oil o othe suitable medium may be used as the chambe medium. Wate is not suitable if the instumentation does not have fully sealed electical connections Top and bottom plate Top and bottom plate alignment is citical to maintain unifom stesses and stains in the specimen. A ball joint may be suitable fo alignment. 5.3 Loading device Method A Vaiable confining pessue Fo test pocedues with vaiable confining pessue (descibed in 7.2 and 8.2.2) the loading device shall satisfy the following equiements: The loading device shall be capable of applying vaiable epeated axial loads and confining pessues, in fixed cycles of load and elease. Duing loading, the axial load and the confining pessue shall emain popotional and vay in phase. The axial loading device shall be able to apply a maximum deviatoic stess of 600 kpa on the specimen, and the cyclic pessue contol system shall be able to apply a maximum confining pessue of 300 kpa. Duing each cycle, the minimum and maximum values of deviatoic stess and confining pessue shall be applied with an accuacy of ±2 kpa o 1 %, whicheve is the geate. The fequency of loading shall be maintained between 0,2 Hz and 10 Hz. The phase diffeence between the pulses of the axial load and of the confining pessue shall not exceed 1 % of the cycle duation Method B - Constant confining pessue Fo test pocedues with constant confining pessue (descibed in 7.3, and 8.3), the loading device shall satisfy the following equiements: The axial loading device shall be able to apply vaiable epeated axial loads, in fixed cycles of load and elease, and to apply a maximum deviatoic stess of 600 kpa on the specimen. The pessue contol system shall be able to apply a maximum confining pessue of at least 70 kpa. The confining pessue may also be applied by patial vacuum inside the specimen. Duing each cycle, the minimum and maximum values of deviatoic stess and the constant confining pessue shall be applied with an accuacy of ±2 kpa o 1 %, whicheve is the geate. 9